Network-Driven carbon attribution and mitigation in biopharmaceutical supply Chains: Integrating life cycle assessment and social network analysis

Design and application of a novel acridine-based fluorophore BAA12C as a theranostic agent

Delayed chemiluminescence of luminol/ascorbic acid system triggered by ultrasound.

Research on the coupling coordination and spatial influence effect of the digital economy and carbon emission

As cities are the main carriers of carbon emissions, researchers have been continuously exploring the relationship between various elements in cities and carbon emissions. In this study, a multisource data set was produced for the Hefei Municipal District in Anhui Province, China, and the carbon emission data estimated by both direct and indirect methods were fitted and corrected by the function of nighttime lighting data. Carbon emission drivers were established in accordance with the current 5D spatial indicator system. Based on the current 5D spatial indicator system, the carbon emission driver indicators were established, taking into account the complex process of carbon sources and sinks, and incorporating natural spatial factors other than man-made space. The spatial autocorrelation model was used to analyze the distribution of carbon emissions and each indicator separately and spatially, and the driving force of each factor in the driving system was measured and verified by combining the characteristics of multiple models. The results showed that among the five dimensions of urban space, the driving forces of functional composite strength, public transport station density, and road network density are higher, which are 70.2%, 63.3%, and 63.3%, respectively, which are important factors affecting carbon emission intensity. By prioritizing the improvement of these factors and optimizing public transport and land use, valuable lessons can be provided for spatial planning for carbon reduction and the construction of low-carbon cities.

Surface ozone pollution over the Tibet, China: Characteristics, drivers, and source analysis.

This study presents the long-term performance of a 3.3 kWp semi-transparent photovoltaic (STPV) system using five years (2017-2021) of operational data collected in Gödöllő, Hungary. A comprehensive 4E (energy, exergy, economic, and environmental) framework is applied to quantify system performance under real climatic conditions. The system generated an average yearly electricity production of 2490 kWh, with variability driven by irradiance and temperature fluctuations. Exergy analysis based on Petela model revealed average exergy efficiencies significantly lower than energy efficiency due to spectral mismatch and the partial transmittance inherent to the STPV design. Environmental assessment was conducted using updated life-cycle emission intensities (28-100 g CO 2 eq/kWh and 40-110 g CO 2 eq/kWh), resulting in an embodied carbon range between 1.74 and 6.85 tonnes CO 2 eq across the two literature scenarios. Under three grid emission scenarios (0.35, 0.25, and 0.15 kg CO 2 eq/kWh), carbon payback time (CPT) ranges from 2.0 to 18.3 years. Economic evaluation yielded a levelized cost of electricity (LCOE) ranging from €0.095 to €0.117 per kWh, with a simple payback period of 9.5-11.7 years. The results demonstrate that STPV systems can achieve carbon neutrality within their operational lifetime under grid conditions, although environmental performance remains sensitive to future decarbonisation pathways. The proposed framework provides reproducible methodology for evaluating STPV systems using long-term empirical datasets. • Five-year operational analysis of a 3.3 kWp semi-transparent PV system. • Comprehensive 4E framework applied: energy, exergy, economic, and environmental. • Average annual electricity generation reached 2490 kWh under real climate conditions. • LCOE ranges from €0.095–0.117 kWh with a payback period of 9.5–11.7 years. • Carbon payback time varies between 2.0 and 18.3 years depending on grid emissions. • Results confirm long-term viability of STPV systems for BIPV applications.

Impact of dual value Chain embeddedness on carbon emission intensity

This study investigates the prevalence and determinants of repeat breeding and infertility among small dairy farms in a district with intensive crossbred and traditional dairy farming systems in India. Data were collected from 2,254 animals and 579 farmers representing diverse herd compositions and management systems. Results revealed that repeat breeding affected 20.4% of animals, while infertility was observed in 44.7%, exceeding national averages. Species, breed type, age, milk yield, and farmer type were significant factors influencing reproductive outcomes. Crossbred cows (based on Holstein-Friesian, Jersey, and indigenous breeds) exhibited higher reproductive disorders than indigenous cattle breeds, while buffaloes recorded the highest infertility rates (62.5%). The consequences of reproductive inefficiencies include involuntary extended calving intervals, reduced lifetime milk yield, and hence an increased carbon footprint through increased methane emission intensity. Poor reproductive efficiency therefore impacts both farm profitability and environmental sustainability. The study emphasizes evidence-based reproductive management, digital herd monitoring, and farmer training as essential strategies for improving fertility and advancing climate-smart dairy practices in Tamil Nadu.

Designing luminescent materials with controllable responses to external stimuli is important for optical sensing applications. Here, two heavy-halogen-substituted donor-acceptor emitters based on a dibenzo[a,c]phenazine-3,6-dicarbonitrile scaffold were synthesized and investigated as low-pressure optical sensors under UV excitation (365 nm). In Zeonex films, both compounds exhibit thermally activated delayed fluorescence (TADF), where the emission intensity strongly depends on oxygen concentration, enabling pressure-dependent luminescence. Reduced pressure suppresses oxygen-induced triplet quenching, resulting in enhanced delayed fluorescence. Halogen substitution modulates the photophysical processes and leads to different sensing performances. The brominated derivative shows a maximum pressure sensitivity of 6.8% mbar-1 in the range of 0.1-100 mbar, while the iodinated analogue reaches 1.8% mbar-1 between 1 and 700 mbar. The weak temperature dependence allows reliable pressure readout within the investigated temperature range. These results demonstrate that heavy-halogen substitution provides an effective strategy for developing oxygen-regulated TADF materials for optical pressure sensing.

Laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy (LIBS) is a commonly used elemental analysis technique, often combined with other methods to achieve effective detection of element concentrations in samples. In this work, we investigated the effects of silica nanoparticles and a microwave plasma torch (MPT) on the emission spectral signals of titanium (Ti) in LIBS. The laser energy was optimized, and the emission intensities at different silica nanoparticle concentrations were compared. Furthermore, the finite-difference time-domain (FDTD) method was employed to simulate variations in electric field intensity in order to verify the optimal nanoparticle concentration, and time-resolved experiments were conducted to explore the evolution of the emission spectra. The results silica nanoparticles significantly increase plasma electron density, which in turn enhances both emission intensity and signal-to-noise ratio (SNR). In addition, it demonstrates that the MPT extends the plasma lifetime, thereby enhancing the accumulated emission signal. When silica nanoparticles were combined with MPT using nanoparticle-enhanced laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy (MPT-NELIBS), it achieved substantial improvements in spectral intensity and SNR and reduce the dependence of NELIBS on nanoparticles. Ultimately, this method exhibited excellent performance in the quantitative detection of Ti, with the determination coefficient (R2) of the calibration curve increasing to 0.999 and the limit of detection (LOD) decreasing to 0.14 parts-per-million (ppm), highlighting its great potential for highly sensitive trace element analysis.

The impact of trade activities on the balance between interregional environmental and socio-economic development is critical for sustainable regional cooperation. This study integrates a nested multiregional input-output (MRIO) model with an atmospheric chemical transport model (WRF-CAMx) to quantify the complex impacts of embodied emission transfers on PM2.5 concentrations under significant interregional differences in energy consumption and emission intensity, enabling a regionally development status-aligned assessment of environmental benefits; furthermore, by coupling environmental (PM2.5 concentration), social (employment opportunity), and economic (value-added) benefits, a regional multidimensional balance index (RESI) was constructed. Results indicate that in 2017, trade between China and its 33 neighboring countries was generally balanced (RESI values close to zero), suggesting relatively equitable exchanges of environmental and socio-economic impacts. The path of China's sustainable development has played a positive role in promoting mutually beneficial and win-win regional cooperation. At the provincial level, developed coastal regions gained economic benefits while outsourcing pollution, whereas less-developed inland regions bore environmental burdens without receiving corresponding socio-economic returns. Incorporating PM2.5 concentration and employment factors alters inequality assessments for some regions, providing a more realistic evaluation. This study provides a scientific basis for improving cross-regional environmental compensation and promoting more balanced and sustainable development.

Detection and discrimination of structurally similar triazole fungicide (TF) subtypes remain highly desirable yet challenging. This work presents a straightforward room-temperature phosphorescence (RTP) sensor array for the visual discrimination of TFs, based on host-guest doping-induced RTP signal amplification. Five TF subtypes were doped into a boric acid (BA) matrix via thermal treatment, yielding intense, multicolored, and long-lived afterglow composites. The rigid BA matrix amplified the phosphorescence of guest molecules by reducing the singlet-triplet energy gap and suppressing nonradiative decay. The composites exhibited concentration-dependent RTP fingerprints in terms of emission color, intensity, and lifetime, enabling the discrimination of TFs, including binary and ternary mixtures, through linear discriminant analysis and hierarchical cluster analysis. Time-resolved RTP signal collection effectively eliminated background interference from autofluorescence and scattering, ensuring robust detection in real samples. Furthermore, an intelligent artificial vision platform utilizing the DenseNet algorithm achieved automated identification of TF types and concentrations directly from afterglow images with high accuracy (>91%) and speed (<1 s). This study offers a visual strategy for trace-level TF discrimination, demonstrating significant potential for on-site environmental and food safety monitoring.

To address the key issues of traditional carbon quantum dots (CQDs), such as unstable photophysical and photochemical properties and limited carrier transport performance, N,P-CQDs were prepared via a one-step hydrothermal synthesis method in this study. By regulating the mass ratio of carbon-to-nitrogen sources, we systematically explored the fluorescence properties of four N,P-CQDs. The findings demonstrated that N,P-CQDs-2 prepared at 180 °C for 8 h with a citric acid-to-ammonium dihydrogen phosphate molar ratio of 1.15:1.0 exhibited the optimal optical performance. The material showed excellent stability with 76.96% fluorescence retention after 180 days of storage at room temperature and stable fluorescence in pH 1-13, demonstrating favorable acid-base resistance. Structure, morphology, and optical properties were characterized by X-ray powder diffractometer (XRD), Fourier transform infrared spectrometer (FT-IR), X-ray photoelectron spectrometer (XPS), transmission electron microscope (TEM), fluorescence spectrophotometer (PL), ultraviolet-visible (UV-vis), and steady-state/transient fluorescence spectrometer (FLS). All samples emitted blue fluorescence under UV light. The carbon-nitrogen ratio did not change the core structure but obviously affected fluorescence intensity and emission peaks. N,P-CQDs-2 was used as a fluorescent probe for ion detection. After different metal ions (Ni2+, Fe2+, Cu2+, Mg2+, Cr3+) were added to its aqueous solution, the system's fluorescence emission intensity showed differential attenuation. Among them, the fluorescence quenching effect induced by Cr3+ was the most significant. The fluorescence quenching efficiency of N,P-CQDs-2 shows a good linear relationship with the concentration of Cr3+ in the range of 150-330 μg/mL, with a correlation coefficient R2 of 0.977 and a limit of detection as low as 0.25 mg/L. Based on the characterization results of FT-IR, UV-vis absorption, and fluorescence lifetime, the fluorescence quenching process is verified to be dominated by the static quenching mechanism. This green and low-cost method provides a valuable reference for efficient Cr3+ detection.

As the greenhouse effect and the environmental problems thus arising become increasingly prominent, great concern has been aroused for agricultural carbon emissions reduction and sustainable development. Aiming at exploring how to reduce agricultural carbon emissions from agricultural green finance perspective, this study theoretically analyzed the impact and mechanism of agricultural green finance on agricultural carbon emission intensity, and empirically examined the specific impact and the corresponding impact mechanism of agricultural green finance on agricultural carbon emission intensity. Specifically, a two-way fixed effect model was employed to conduct the study based on the panel data of 30 provinces in China from 2011 to 2022. The results show that agricultural green finance can significantly reduce agricultural carbon emission intensity, which has been verified to be valid after a series of robustness tests; and the reduction displays a heterogenous pattern. As it is, the impact of agricultural green finance is more prominent in the eastern region than in the central and western regions, and greater in non-major-grain-producing areas than in major grain-producing areas. On this basis, some policy suggestions are put forward, mainly including developing agricultural green finance, promoting agricultural and green technological innovation, and implementing differentiated agricultural green finance policies so as to reduce agricultural carbon emission intensity.

Semiconducting single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWCNTs) are emerging as powerful near-infrared probes for deep-tissue imaging. While SWCNT samples involving multiple chiralities can be seen as a collection of spectrally resolved fluorophores, their multiplex imaging capabilities remain underexplored. This work presents a filter-resolved evaluation of DSPE-mPEG-coated CoMoCAT SWCNTs integrating optical characterization, biodistribution, pharmacokinetics, and toxicity studies in BALB/c mice. Band-pass filters centered at 1000, 1050, and 1100 nm are used to isolate emission from the dominant (6,5) species and coexisting (7,5) and (7,6) chiralities within the NIR-II window. Following intraperitoneal administration, longitudinal whole-body imaging (0.5-24 h) illustrates rapid systemic spread and preferential uptake in reticuloendothelial organs. Ex vivo organ analysis reveals a hierarchy of emission intensities (liver >> spleen >> lung > heart > kidney > brain > thymus) preserved across all three detection channels, suggesting a negligible influence of SWCNT chirality on biodistribution. Serum kinetics show monoexponential decay with an apparent elimination half-life of ∼2.69 h. In a 21-day toxicity study, treated animals maintain stable body mass and normal behavior, organ-level fluorescence returns to the baseline, and H&E sections of the liver, kidney, and lung reveal preserved architecture without inflammatory or fibrotic lesions. Collectively, this work defines an initial in vivo tolerability profile, safe dosing, and imaging conditions for DSPE-mPEG/CoMoCAT SWCNTs and demonstrates that filter-resolved NIR-II fluorescence can be exploited for multiplex tracking of nanotube probes in vivo, providing a foundation for future biosensing and image-guided therapeutic applications.

Cr3+-activated phosphors are prevalent in red to near-infrared (NIR) luminescent applications but face the contamination problem of Cr6+ coexistence. This work presents a competitive site occupation strategy in spinel-type MAl2O4:Cr3+ (M = Zn, Mg) by introducing tetrahedral structural units, including [BO4] and [SiO4], to occupy the tetrahedral sites, thereby preventing Cr3+ from entering and oxidizing to Cr6+. This preferred tetrahedral occupancy exhibits excellent universality in the spinel system, eliminating Cr6+ formation at its source. Moreover, the photoluminescence properties of the phosphors are greatly improved. Among them, ZnAl1.78B0.2O4:Cr3+ (ZABO:Cr) has over five times the emission intensity of pristine ZnAl2O4:Cr3+ (ZAO:Cr). The internal quantum efficiency (IQE) and external quantum efficiency (EQE) increase from 10.03 and 5.62% for ZAO:Cr to 81.31 and 35.87% for ZABO:Cr, respectively. Furthermore, [BO4] substitution increases the electron-trapping defect concentration, which endows ZABO:Cr with thermal quenching resistance and X-ray-responsive photochromism. The multistimuli response and multipeak far-red to NIR emission of this material provide versatile application prospects, including plant cultivation, night vision, biological imaging, optical thermometry, and anticounterfeiting. This study proposes a general method to stabilize the Cr3+ valence state in Cr3+-doped materials while enhancing their functional properties and opening new application avenues.

Against the backdrop of growing resource constraints and ecological degradation, green development has emerged as the core pathway for advancing sustainable economic transformation. Using data from Chinese A-share listed companies on the Shanghai and Shenzhen Stock Exchanges between 2010 and 2023, this study examines the impact and underlying mechanisms of the environmental fee-to-tax reform (EPFT) on corporate green governance performance (GGP). We find that EPFT significantly improves corporate GGP and this positive effect exhibits clear heterogeneity. It is stronger in non-resource-based cities while insignificant in resource-based cities, where stronger local environmental regulation can offset the policy's ineffectiveness. In terms of industry characteristics, the effect is significant in non-heavy-polluting and capital-intensive industries but insignificant in heavy-polluting and non-capital-intensive industries. For managerial characteristics, the effect is concentrated in firms led by executives with environmental education or work experience, particularly CEOs, while it is insignificant for those without such backgrounds. Mechanistically, EPFT enhances GGP by alleviating financing constraints, attracting green investors, and promoting green innovation. Furthermore, EPFT strengthens the spillover effects of GGP on corporate ESG performance and CSR fulfillment, and ultimately reduces carbon emission intensity by elevating GGP levels. These findings provide empirical support and actionable insights for optimizing the environmental tax system and advancing regional sustainable development.

A cellulose-based fluorescence aerogel for Hg2+ monitoring and its applications in food samples: From sensitive detection to efficient adsorption.

Monolayers of transition-metal dichalcogenides have shown that uniaxial strain changes both the photoluminescence emission energy and intensity. The changes are attributed to the band-structure evolution under tensile strain, where both the bandgap decreases and a direct-to-indirect transition occurs. This was shown for relatively high strains, whereas this is not the case at low strain values <1% in which, in this work, we observe nonmonotonic dependency of the photoluminescence intensity at low strain values as a function of strain. We find that in the regime of low excitation power and low strain, the dominant physical property is the dependence of the optical-dipole emission on the curvature of the substrate and not the direct-to-indirect transition, which is more dominant at high strain values. We validate the behavior of the photoluminescence intensity with experimental angular emission spectroscopy (k-space imaging). These findings are supported by finite-difference time-domain simulations, in agreement with the experimental data. Our findings present the importance of choosing the right substrate for flexible devices based on transition-metal dichalcogenides.