Intensity Of Electromagnetic Radiation Research Articles

Design of highly selective ultrawideband FSS based on deep learning for EMI shielding in 5G bands

Abstract In this paper, a frequency selective surface (FSS) for n41, n78, n257, n258, n260, and n261 bands electromagnetic interference (EMI) shielding is proposed using a deep learning method. The size of the FSS unit cell is 4.8 mm (0.071 λ 0 ), where λ 0 is the wavelength corresponding to the cutoff frequency of the −10 dB stopband where the n41 and n78 bands are located. This FSS exhibits three key characteristics. Firstly, it possesses ultrawideband capability, with a stopband frequency range of 23.922–40.023 GHz and a relative bandwidth reaching 50.4%. Secondly, it effectively shields against electromagnetic radiation in multiple 5 G bands, including n41, n78, n257, n258, n260, and n261. Thirdly, it demonstrates high selectivity, with a very narrow transition band of only 0.405 GHz between the passband and the stopband. To validate the designed FSS, a prototype of this structure was first fabricated for experimentation. The experimental results show that the measured S21 is highly consistent with the simulated S21. Secondly, the unit cell array of FSS is placed above the monopole antenna for co-simulation. It can be observed that after placing the FSS, the intensity of electromagnetic radiation propagating in space is significantly reduced by up to more than 90%. Therefore, the proposed FSS can be effectively applied for EMI shielding in 5 G bands.

Research on high-entropy spinel microwave absorption materials: Exploration of machine learning and experimental integration

With the advancement of electronic communication technology, the intensity of electromagnetic radiation is increasing, and traditional wave-absorbing materials no longer meet the demands in various current environments. Spinel ferrite is one of the earliest materials used for absorbing electromagnetic waves, and the introduction of "high entropy" and controlling the degree of entropy disorder can achieve performance regulation. Nonetheless, the lengthy testing period and high costs associated with trial and error have posed challenges, limiting the development of high entropy microwave absorbing materials. This study utilized machine learning techniques to construct a high-entropy spinel microwave absorption property database. The design of CoxNi0.4-xCu0.2Zn0.2Mn0.2Fe2O4 (X = 0, 0.1, 0.2, 0.3, 0.4) was informed by the SHAP plots of the GBR model. Machine learning demonstrates that factors such as cobalt and nickel content, particle size, and others significantly influence microwave absorption performance. The experimental result manifests it and Co content regulate the microwave absorbing performance through adjusting the defect density and particle size. The CoxNi0.4-xCu0.2Zn0.2Mn0.2Fe2O4 with optimized Co content achieved a reflection loss (RL) of −45.32 dB, and an effective absorption bandwidth (EAB) of 6.48 GHz. This approach significantly reduced the research period, presented a novel research methodology for other scholars, and expedited the research progress in the field of microwave absorbing materials.

Mapping of Electromagnetic Field Radiation Intensity in the JL Base Transceiver Station (BTS) Area. Kenangan 05 and the Impact of Health in Society


 
 
 
 Electromagnetic waves are a type of wave phenomenon. Electromagnetic waves are transverse waves that arise due to changes in electric fields and magnetic fields that oscillate with each other. Electromagnetic waves can be generated, one of the ways, from BTS towers so that they can produce intense electromagnetic field radiation. Health problems resulting from exposure to electromagnetic wave radiation cannot be felt directly. However, the longer you are exposed to electromagnetic wave radiation, the more dangerous it will be to your body's health. The aim of this research is to carry out mapping from measuring the intensity of electromagnetic field radiation in the BTS area and to determine the health impact of large electromagnetic field radiation on the surrounding community. Data processing in this research was carried out using quantitative techniques and qualitative techniques, namely by measuring the intensity of the electric field and magnetic field of electromagnetic waves and evaluating the results of the intensity of electromagnetic field radiation as well as conducting interviews as a public health survey. The data obtained in this research was processed using ArcGis and Surfer software for mapping results. Based on the evaluation and mapping results, it shows that the intensity of electromagnetic field radiation is still below the threshold value according to the 2020 ICNIRP standards. Based on the results of this research, there are no significant health effects occurring in the surrounding community.
 
 
 

Charged Particles Orbiting Charged Black-Bounce Black Holes

The detailed and comprehensive analysis of radiation processes in accretion disks consisting of electrically charged particles around black holes may provide powerful information about the spacetime geometry of the central black hole. We investigate the circular orbits of electrically charged particles around an electrically charged black-bounce Reissner–Nordström (RN) black hole, known as an RN Simpson–Visser (SV) black hole. We also study the profiles of the innermost stable circular orbits (ISCOs), energy, and angular momentum of the particles in their ISCOs, as well as the efficiency of energy release processes in the accretion disk in the Novikov–Thorne model. Finally, we calculate and study the effects of the black-bounce parameter as well as the black-hole charge on the intensity of the radiation of ultrarelativistic charged particles orbiting the charged RN SV black hole along circular orbits and falling into the black hole. It is observed that the black-bounce parameter essentially decreases the ISCO radius, and consequently the energy extraction and intensity of electromagnetic radiation.

Electromagnetic danger of electric and hybrid vehicles

Problem statement. In electric and hybrid transport, passengers sit very close to the electrical system of considerable power, usually for a considerable time. People are concerned about the level of frequency, intensity of electromagnetic radiation, and the time spent in transport. The relatively high currents achieved in these systems and the short distances between power devices and passengers mean that the latter can be exposed to the corresponding magnetic fields. This means that there is a need to assess the electromagnetic environment inside these vehicles before they are put on the market. When designing electric and hybrid vehicles and their components, it is necessary to take into account the hazards of magnetic field exposure to drivers, passengers and the environment. The aim is to study the effect of electromagnetic radiation on people and improve the efficiency of vehicle operation by assessing the electromagnetic safety of electric and hybrid vehicles at the stage of their operation, as well as to improve methods for assessing electromagnetic radiation depending on operating conditions. Methodology. Methods are a systematic approach to research, protection against electromagnetic radiation in transport, conducting measurements of electromagnetic radiation in electric and hybrid transport, finding out the spatially strong inhomogeneity of the magnetic field and building 3D topology using numerous uniformly distributed magnetic field sensors in the vehicle interior, i.e. by a differential phase-gradient method for the study of ultra-low frequency amplifiers from 0.001 - 100 Hz of geomagnetic variations, a method of testing magnetic fields. This method allows using three three-component magnetic sensors arranged in a triangle at a short distance from each other (magnetic gradiometer) to construct a vector of gradients and phase velocities of magnetic variations for any of the three components of magnetic fields. As a result, the phase-gradient method has found its application for measuring magnetic fields in electric and hybrid vehicles, as well as for detecting the topology of magnetic fields, taking into account their extreme spatial heterogeneity, the sensors in the cabin should be located quite densely, i.e., the number of sensors should be at least 10-20 (evenly at a distance of ten centimeters at floor level, at head level of drivers and passengers, etc.). Scientific novelty: the study of electrical equipment in electric and hybrid transport has shown that the source of electromagnetic fields, which have a strong temporal and spatial heterogeneity in the frequency range from 0 to hundreds of megahertz, that they are a superposition of fields from many sources (from electric motors, traction batteries, live elements, various electrical equipment (starting and braking resistance, group switches, rheostat units, electrical circuits for ventilation, lighting, heating, etc.). Practical relevance. The problems of determining the moment of occurrence of electromagnetic hazards in electric and hybrid vehicles are considered. It is established that electronic devices on board are usually higher in frequency than magnetic fields, which is associated with changes in traffic modes. Safety measures against electromagnetic radiation in electric and hybrid modes of transport are presented.

Эволюция динамики интенсивности миллиметрового излучения биологически активных зон человека в результате воздействия миллиметрового излучения

Studies have been carried out on the properties of the dynamics of the intensity of mm-radiation of biological active zones (BAZs). The fundamental principles have been developed for creating a new method for diagnosing the state of the body in normal and pathological conditions, based on an analysis of the dynamics of the intensity of millimeter radiation of active biological zones of a person. Fundamental patterns of correspondence between the nature of the dynamics of the intensity of electromagnetic radiation and the presence and absence of pathological conditions of internal organs and the body as a whole have been established. The effect of correction of a pathological condition of a person caused by EHF (extremely high frequency) exposure on biological active zones was discovered and studied.

Modelling the Interaction of Illuminations with a Sensor Matrix Used in Vision Systems

The article discusses a method of modelling the interaction of industrial illuminators with sensor arrays used in industrial vision systems cameras. The research used a model containing a light source and a sensor matrix. As part of the research, the average intensity of electromagnetic radiation in the visible range on the surface of the sensor matrix was measured, as well as its analysis and interpretation using a model of illuminators. The light source is described based on the measurement of an authentic industrial illuminator, for which a photometric solid was determined using a photogoniometer and spectral irradiance with a spectroradiometer. A theoretical model of the matrix was prepared, enabling the selection and control of the parameters of its work. As part of the conducted research, the impact of changing the lighting model parameters, such as the photometric solid, spectral irradiance, and number of rays, and the effect of changing the matrix parameters, such as the dimensions, number of pixels, on the irradiance measurement, were checked. The results of simulation tests are presented for selected sets of models of the light source and for the model of sensors’ matrix. The summary presents the impact of changes in parameters adopted for models on the simulation results.

Synchrotron radiation by slowly rotating fermions

We study the synchrotron radiation emitted by a charged fermion, rotating as a part of a larger system, in a constant magnetic field $B$ parallel to the axis of rotation. The rotation is classical and independent of the magnetic field. The angular velocity of rotation $\mathrm{\ensuremath{\Omega}}$ is assumed to be much smaller than the inverse magnetic length $\sqrt{qB}$, which allows us to ignore the boundary effects at $r=1/\mathrm{\ensuremath{\Omega}}$. We refer to such rotation as slow, even though in absolute value it may be an extremely rapid rotation. Using the exact solution of the Dirac equation, we derived the intensity of electromagnetic radiation, its spectrum, and its chirality. We demonstrate by explicit numerical calculation that the effect of rotation on the radiation intensity increases with the particle energy. Depending on the relative orientation of the vectors $\mathbf{\ensuremath{\Omega}}$ and $\mathbit{B}$ and the sign of the electric charge, the rotation can either strongly enhance or strongly suppress the radiation.

Вивчення малоамплітудної тектоніки вугільних родовищ геофізичними методами

An analysis was made as to the usage of geological-geophysical methods for studying of low-amplitude tectonic dislocations in coal-enclosing massifs. As a result of geophysical researches conducted at coal fields, mine fields and mine workings of the Lviv-Volyn Coal Basin, the methods of field observations by means of natural electromagnetic and electric fields were worked and their results were processed for prediction and diagnostics of tectonic dislocations with a break of continuity and zones of unstressed state. To raise the efficiency of the methods of electromagnetic fields it is recommended to carry out measurements at wide frequency range (from 5 to 50 hz) with orientation of the antenna according to the world sides (azimuthal surveying) and at narrow frequency range (5; 12.5; 17 khz) with the southern orientation of the antenna (frequency sensing). According to azimuthal surveying one can calculate the vector of maximum intensity of electromagnetic radiation. It was ascertained that over distinctive dislocation one can observe the variation in the direction and absolute value of vectors. Displacement of the anomaly of electromagnetic radiation intensity at different frequency range by profile indicates the direction of dipping of the area of displacement of dislocations with a break of continuity. The method of natural electromagnetic impulse field of the Earth fixes both the dislocations, distinguishes by geological-geophysical methods before, and new low-amplitude dislocations and stressed zones.Tectonic dislocations, that are displayed only in Paleozoic deposits, are distinguished by contrast anomalies of electromagnetic radiation in electromagnetic field, but dislocations with a break of continuity that cut the Mesozoic thickness and in most cases are accompanied by zones of rock fracturing in the Cretaceous deposits: by wide destructive anomalies. Plots over worked-out lavas with stressed deformational state are characterized by strongly differential abnormal values of the intensity of natural impulse electromagnetic field of the Earth. The method of natural electric field allows us to detect zones with water-bearing fracturing rocks in the upper part of the geological section. Methods of natural impulse electromagnetic field of the Earth and natural electric field may be used both independently and in the complex with other geophysical methods for detection and tracing of tectonic dislocations and dynamically-unstressed zones. Thus, the optimum apparatus-methodical complex for detection and diagnostics of low-amplitude dislocations with a break of continuity of coal-enclosing series by electromagnetic methods (NIEMF, NEF) was formed and effective methods of field observations, processinf and interpretation of data were developed.

Bound states and electromagnetic radiation of relativistically rotating cylindrical wells

We compute the effect of rigid rotation on the non-relativistic bound states. The energy levels of the bound states increase with the angular velocity of rotation until at certain value of the angular velocity they are completely pushed out into the continuum which corresponds to dissociation of the bound states. When the angular velocity exceeds the critical value at which the ground state disappears into the continuum, no bound state is possible. This effect should have important consequences for the phenomenology of the quark-gluon plasma. One of the ways to study it experimentally is to observe the electromagnetic radiation emitted by a rotating bound state. We compute the corresponding intensity of electromagnetic radiation and show that it strongly depends on the angular velocity of rotation.

Indoor Electromagnetic Radiation Intensity Relationship to Total Energy of Household Appliances

The rapid technological developments in the modern era have led to increased electrical equipment in our daily lives, work, and homes. From this standpoint, the main objective of this study is to evaluate the potential relationship between the intensity of electromagnetic radiation and the total energy of household appliances in the living environment within the building by measuring and analyzing the strength of the electric field and the entire electromagnetic radiation flux density of electrical devices operating at frequencies (5 Hz to 1 kHz). The living room was chosen as a center for measurement at 15 homes in three different environmental regions (urban, suburbs, and open areas). The three measurement methods are (Mode 1: people in a sitting position with electrical appliances on. Mode 2: People in a standing position with electrical appliances on. Mode 3: People are in the upright position while turning off the electrical devices) in the living room. These measurement methods and their results reinforce the importance of this research. The results showed that the average electric field strength measured in Mode 2 is much greater than the two methods, and we also found less electromagnetic radiation in Mode 3 than in the two modes. All results remain within the recommended overall exposure developed by the International Committee for the Prevention of Non-Ionizing Radiation and the International Electrotechnical Commission.

Black-body radiation in space plasmas

We generalize Planck's law for black-bodies, classically described by Maxwell-Boltzmann distributions, to include space and astrophysical plasmas described by kappa distributions. This provides the spectral intensity of electromagnetic radiation emitted by black bodies in thermal equilibrium with the surrounding and interacting plasmas. According to the generalized concept of thermal equilibrium, systems with correlations among their particles' velocities/energies reside in stationary states described by kappa distributions associated with the thermodynamic parameters of temperature and kappa index. Using these distributions, we derive the generalized expressions of the i) mean energy of photon ensemble, ii) spectral intensity with respect to frequency and wavelength, and iii) Stefan-Boltzmann law, characterized by the well-known fourth power of temperature, but now multiplied by a new kappa-dependent factor. Finally, we discuss the implications of these new developments for space and astrophysical plasmas.

Nonlinear Correction to Intensity of Dipole Radiation of Uncharged Drop Oscillating in External Electrostatic Field

An asymptotic calculation of a dipole electromagnetic radiation of an uncharged conductive drop oscillating with a finite amplitude in an external electrostatic field to within the second order of smallness inclusive on the relation of the amplitude of oscillations to the radius of an initial drop is carried out. It is shown that the first mode of oscillations is excited in the calculation of the second order of smallness. As a result, the centers of the induced charges with different signs will synchronously oscillate, and the drop will radiate electromagnetic waves of dipolar type, forming the nonlinear correction to intensity of dipole radiation of the first order of smallness. An assessment of the intensity of electromagnetic radiation of this correction and of the width of a strip of frequencies depending on the size of a drop and the strength of an external electrostatic field is carried out.

Development and Validation of RP-HPLC Method for the Simultaneous Estimation of Salbutamol Sulphate and Ambroxol Hydrochloride in Oral Liquid Dosage Form

Pharmaceutical analysis is imported branch of science deals with to check the identity, strength, quality and purity of chemical and herbal compounds. Qualitative analysis of drugs and pharmaceutical compounds. Quantitative analysis is of much importance and done by various methods. One of the most accurate and precise methods is spectrophotometry which comprises the measurement of intensity of electromagnetic radiation emitted or absorbed by the compound. Another most popular method of for quantitative analysis is high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). In the present article a RP-HPLC method was developed for the simultaneous determination of salbutamol sulphate and ambroxol hydrochloride in oral liquid doses form and validation of the developed method. Developed methods include selection of mobile phase, chromatographic method, and wavelength whereas validation involves the system suitability, accuracy, precision, linearity, reproducibility, robustness, specificity and solution stability of the developed method. The result showed that the developed method is the best suited to the simultaneous determination of salbutamol sulphate and ambroxol hydrochloride and validated as per the standards.

Study on the electromagnetic spectrum characteristics of underground coal fire hazardous and the detection criteria of high temperature anomaly area

Electromagnetic radiation (EMR) is an optimal non-contact and directional geophysical detection method, which has been applied in geotechnical engineering, monitoring and giving early warning about the coal and rock dynamic disaster. In this paper, the different frequencies EMR signals generated in the process of coal heating and spontaneous combustion are tested and analyzed, and the detection criterion of locating anomalous heating areas by EMR is illustrated. During the spontaneously-heating process of coal, the EMR signals are detected by antennas with frequencies of 30 kHz, 100 kHz, 300 kHz and 1 MHz, covering both low and high frequencies. In the process of coal spontaneous combustion, the spectrum of EMR signal changes with the increase of coal temperature. The amplitude of EMR also fluctuates, showing the characteristics of high frequency and high amplitude, and the corresponding thermal damage of coal occurs in different degrees (intensities). Further, in order to use EMR as an effective detection method of coal fire, the relationship between the intensity of EMR and coal size, test distance and temperature is discussed. With the dominant spectrum of EMR determined by field tests, researchers can employ different EMR frequency to detect the fire risk based on the concrete conditions of coal field. This study provides a meaningful method for improving the level of safety and environmental protection during mining process.

Biological effect of microwave electromagnetic radiation: methods of registration and protection

The development of modern electronics, communications, high-tech production and other technologies lead to a significant increase in the intensity of microwave electromagnetic radiation. This article discusses the problem of registration (including biological detection) and protection from microwave electromagnetic radiation. To consider the method of integral biological and instrumental recording of the intensity of microwave electromagnetic radiation and to evaluate the method of protection using a passive multifrequency re-emitter generator with a radio holographic antenna (trade mark EQVILUM). A series of experiments were carried out to determine the number of double-strand breaks in DNA (DS DNA) by the foci of γH2AX repair proteins, to assess proliferative activity and clonogenic ability after 3 hours of exposure to microwave electromagnetic radiation with a frequency radiation of 1200 MHz both with shielding and without it on a culture of human lung fibroblasts (MRC5 line). It is shown that no changes in the level of DS DNA were revealed in experimental cells, however, a decrease in the clonogenic ability of irradiated cells without shielding was observed against the background of their high proliferative activity. The mechanisms of the observed cellular effects formation are unclear and we suppose that they can be associated with both a change in the metabolism of irradiated cells and with the triggering of certain intracellular mechanisms initiated by electromagnetic radiation (EMR). This study made it possible to identify effective ways of integral assessment of the biological effects of microwave electromagnetic radiation as well as ways of protection against it. A film microcircuit – an autonomous module of a passive multi-frequency re-emitter generator with a radio holographic antenna (EQVILUM trademark) has shown its high efficiency in protection against man-made microwave electromagnetic radiation and can be recommended as an additional means of effective protection.

Влияние концентрации носителей заряда на механическую прочность кремниевых пластин

The article discusses the infiuence of the concentration of charge carriers on the mechanical strength of silicon wafers. Electromagnetic radiation`s research for silicon wafers has been carried out. An analysis of the experimental results showed that the intensity of electromagnetic radiation in the space surrounding the silicon wafer depends on the value of electrical conductivity. The intensity of electromagnetic radiation increases with an increase in electrical conductivity in the region (from 0.085 to 1 Ohm-1cm-1), and does not change further, up to (100 Ohm-1cm-1).

Optical properties of polymer-graphene composites coated with gold and silver alloy nanoparticles

The plasmon resonance phenomenon occurring in the system of graphene-polymer-nanoparticles of an alloy of gold and silver is investigated. The possibility of controlling the attenuation of the intensity of electromagnetic radiation passing through the sample by changing the composition and thickness of the deposited coating is shown. For the investigated gold and silver alloy nanoparticles, the highest degree of radiation attenuation falls on the wavelength range from 400 to 600 nm. It was shown that by changing the composition of the nanoparticles (changing the ratio of gold and silver in the alloy), it is possible to achieve the maximum selective light attenuation by more than 2.5 times in the 500 nm region. In the 700 nm region, light attenuation by not more than 2 times is achieved. It was revealed that the use of films with different metal ratios allows us to shift the position of plasmon absorption in the entire visible wavelength range.

Analysis of the intensity of electromagnetic radiation for the estimation of vegetation cover

The remote monitoring of electromagnetic radiation allows to differentiate the behavior of five different wavelengths that are shown as images in their respective visible and non-visible light spectral, these are subjected to a processing in which it is calculated for each pixel using the red band and near infrared the normalized difference vegetation index, with which a multispectral orthophoto mosaic is generated which is later analyzed with the objective of estimate the quantity and quality of vegetation of 15 hectares of different properties in the municipality of Tuta in the department of Boyacá, Colombia, that they possess with a high productive potential and in which the process of information acquisition was carried out before and after proceeding with the implementation of crops with a previous agroecological model, Later, a statistical analysis was carried out using polynomial trend models, and this remote inspection system identified that the behavior of radiation intensities at different wavelengths is associated with variable vegetation densities and, indirectly, with the presence of water stress and the quality of the shrubs and plants.

Reverse Synchronous Transmission of Electrical Signals Based on Parallel Injection and Series Pickup

To eliminate the interference with the transmission of electrical signals, this paper puts forward a reverse synchronous transmission (RST) control method based on parallel injection and series pickup. Firstly, the synchronous transmission mechanism of electrical signals was analyzed, followed by the design of the framework and workflow of signal transmission. Next, an RST channel model was established for electrical signals, and the transmission parameters were configured based on the transmission properties of these signals. Through alternative current (AC) impedance analysis, the Laplace transform was performed on the transmission loop to increase the voltage of the transmission channel, and to elevate the signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) of the voltage across the resistor. Finally, the voltage comparator was adopted to obtain the digital information of the baseband signal, and the power signal was transmitted to the RST channel, completing the RST control of electrical signals. The experimental results show that the transmission speed of the system was 0.7488, and the reverse transmission of electrical signals was only delayed by 5ms, when the intensity of electromagnetic radiation was 2.0μT. Through parallel injection and series pickup, the proposed system can effectively realize the RST of electrical signals, without changing the topology of the transmission system.