Intense Migratory Flow Research Articles

Ecological risk assessment for metals in sediment and waters from the Brazilian Amazon region

Pollution by metals is a matter of concern around the world. In recent decades, the high population growth in urban centers has significantly magnified the entry of these pollutants into aquatic ecosystems. The Amazon region, intense migratory flow, gold mining, and industrialization have been considered the main driving forces for increasing metal pollution. Thus, the main aim of this study is to conduct, for the first time, an Ecological Risk Assessment (ERA) based on metal concentrations measured in the sediment and water of several aquatic environments from the Amazon basin, based on the risk quotient values (RQ = measured environmental concentration - MEC/predicted no effect concentration - PNEC). In addition, the metal contamination factor (CF) was estimated. Although metal concentrations in water were generally low, these values were far above the limits established by current national legislation in many areas, showing higher concentrations for the metals Co, Pb, Cr, Cu, and Ni. Concentrations of Mn, Cu, Ba, Pb, Co, Ni, Cr, Zn, Cd, and As were especially high in the sediment for several evaluated environments. The ERA for the water compartment revealed that 56% of the studied areas presented high risk (RQ > 1) for aquatic biota. In the sediment, 66% of the sites presented a high risk and 40% medium risk (RQ = 0.1–1). The CF indicated that 49% of the sampling points had high contamination and only 24%, had low contamination. These results reveal that monitoring studies in the Amazon region, provides important information so that public policies for the preservation of water resources can be strengthened in the Amazon.

Possible Impact of the Construction of the Belo Monte Hydroelectric Power Plant on Cases of Congenital Syphilis in the Xingu Region

Syphilis is considered a serious public health problem in Brazil and worldwide. The disease is especially worrying during pregnancy, as the mother can transmit the infection to her fetus, causing congenital syphilis. In this context, few articles have established a causal relationship between the growth in the number of cases of gestational and congenital syphilis in the Xingu Region and the construction of the Belo Monte Hydroelectric Plant. Objective: This study aims to analyze the influence of the intense migratory flow resulting from the construction of the Belo Monte Hydroelectric Power Plant on the cases of congenital syphilis. Methodology: This is an ecological study of congenital syphilis reported in the Xingu Region from January 2007 to 2019, using data obtained from the Information System of Notification Grievances. Results: It was found that there was an influence of the construction of the Belo Monte hydroelectric plant on the number of cases of congenital syphilis in the region.294 cases of congenital syphilis were reported. The most affected pregnant women were between 16 and 20 years old, were brown, had incomplete primary education and lived in the urban area. The study revealed numerous shortcomings in prenatal care provided in the Xingu Region.

Social Sustainability and School Segregation in the Region of Murcia (Spain)

In this article we show an anthropological analysis of the processes of distribution and segregation of students in the Autonomous Community of the Region of Murcia (Spain). This region has experienced an intense migratory flow in the last three decades from Africa, America and Europe. In a short time, the region has become a heterogeneous society, affecting social cohesion. The objective of the research was to analyze the degree and causes of school segregation by sex, socioeconomic reasons and origin of the students. In order to know the degree of segregation, we have carried out a quantitative analysis of the enrollment data from last five years through the databases of the Regional Center for Statistics of the Region of Murcia, and of the Ministry of Education and Professional Training, EDUCAbase. To understand the causes underlying this distribution, an ethnographic fieldwork was carried out visiting nine educational centers (four public, three subsidized and two private) that present a high segregation of students. Members of the management team of the centers, teachers and parents were interviewed, compiling their interpretations about the social reality of the center and the environment, as well as their point of view on education and the inclusion of diversity in the classroom. The information obtained sufficiently clarifies the reality and the causes of the distribution between the public and private network of immigrant students, and even makes visible important differences between the different groups according to their origin.

More destructive than guns: contagious epidemic fever and public health in Lisbon, 1810-1812

The paper analyzes the controversy on the contagious epidemic fever in Lisbon between 1810 and 1811. Occurred during the last French invasion in Portugal, the epidemic was caused, among other factors, by the intense migratory flow of refugees displaced to the capital from countryside villages. Faced with the spread of the disease, the health services of Lisbon put in place preventive measures to curb its reach and disseminated preventive guidelines to the population. However, after French retreat in the early spring of 1811, the status of the epidemic itself, as well as the legitimacy of the measures taken, would be the subject of intense dispute. We propose an analysis of the controversy between Henrique Xavier Baeta, a navy physician who reported the events in theMemória sobre a febre epidêmica contagiosa (1812), and the editors ofJornal de Coimbra, who published a critical examination of Baeta’s book. For the latter, the main disease in those months would have been dysentery rather than fever, and its extent, much smaller than that reported by Baeta. The paper aims to show how different conceptions of disease and health underpinned both sides of the debate that spanned months in local newspapers. The analysis focuses on three of the main axes of the dispute: the effectiveness of the quarantine methods applied, the dispute over the most appropriate fumigation techniques, and the ability of Lisbon's public health services to respond to the crisis.

La movilidad humana y su influencia en la dinámica delictiva, análisis comunidad venezolana y colombiana en Ecuador

The intense migratory flow to Ecuador, driven by social problems associated with insecurity due to the guerrillas in southern Colombia and, more recently, by the Venezuelan economic breakdown, due to political tensions and failed government economic measures, has put Ecuadorian society in contact with human groups fully identified with another culture. Problems arise when Ecuadorian citizens associate foreign social groups, particularly Colombians and Venezuelans, with crime and insecurity. The present study is to determine if there is a relationship between the migratory waves of the last decade and the increase in crime in areas of influence of migration. The methodology used was documentary analysis. It was concluded that a high number of Venezuelan citizens in transit commit crimes of opportunity, driven by necessity. Likewise, Colombian citizens commit crimes more related to organized crime, but nevertheless, crime in this population segment is minimal, hence there is not enough evidence to indicate that the increase in crime is a direct consequence of migration of citizens Venezuelan and Colombian.

Peacetime planning: the question of Venezuelan refugees in Brazil

Venezuela suffers severe economic and political crisis that affect the population across the socio-economic spectrum. The crisis has led to immeasurable consequences, such as the intense migratory flow to neighboring countries, including Brazil. A lack of infrastructure necessary to absorb the number of refugees in the welcoming cities in the state of Roraima, in Brazil, has caused problems for the Brazilians themselves. Increased refugees require effective government action to conduct planning of migratoryissues during peacetime, and not just in the wake of or during a crisis. The aim of this paper is to show eventual problems arising from the migratory flow. The research question is: based on Venezuela situation, how the Brazilian Government can host the mass of refugees, without compromising its commitments to its own population security? The methodological approach of the paper addresses a bibliographical review of world policies about refugees, current Brazilian legislation on refugees, the political and economic situation of state of Roraima in Brazil. As a conclusion, it will analyze how the Brazilian Government can better prepare its peacetime planning to welcome refugees

Integrative review on the incidence of HIV infection and its socio-spatial determinants.

to identify the socio-spatial determinants associated with the incidence of infection by the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) described in national and international literature. integrative literature review that included original articles indexed in the LILACS, PUBMED, CINAHL, and Scopus databases, from 2015 to 2019. The synthesis of the articles was done in a descriptive manner in two categories according to the type of approach. 13 articles were selected, with a predominance of ecological studies. Regions with deficient access to health services, high population density, higher rates of poverty, intense migratory flow, border areas, as well as precarious socioeconomic conditions, and risk behaviors are associated with higher rates of infection. the influence of regional inequalities on the incidence of HIV infection is revealed, confirming the relevance of spatial analysis techniques for mapping the distribution of diseases and identifying risk areas.

A consolidação das fronteiras na América Portuguesa: assentamento dos lavradores de cana na expansão para o Oeste (Campinas, SP, 1790-1810)

The frontiers of Portuguese America were in movement throughout the colonial period, as occurred in Minas Gerais. However, after the revolution of enslaved people in Saint-Domingue in 1791 and the consequent increase in sugar prices in international markets, there was an intense migratory flow to the colony’s unoccupied, uninhabited regions. It was in this historical framework that Campinas, countryside of São Paulo, witnessed its free population increase by more than five times in addition to the slave population being increased by ten times. Thus, this article aims to investigate the migration of sugar producers to Campinas and to understand how the origins of these individuals explain the formation of this sugar production complex. In this sense, there was a considerable migration of descendants of the colonial elite, especially those born in Itu and Minas Gerais

Prevalence and epidemiological characteristics of human immunodeficiency virus-1 infection in an iron mining area with intense migratory flow in Pará State, Brazilian amazon, 2005-2014.

Acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) caused by human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) is a major global public health problem. The aim of this study is to determine the prevalence of HIV-1 infection in four municipalities of Pará State (Marabá, Parauapebas, Curionópolis, and Canaã dos Carajás), in northern, Brazil. The municipalities are located in the Carajás Complex iron mining area. The employment opportunities result in extensive migratory flow of people. A total of 4771 serum samples were obtained from 2005 to 2014 and were sent to Evandro Chagas Institute, Belém-Pará, where they were tested by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, with reactive samples confirmed by Western blot analysis. The samples were from individuals from 23 Brazilian states and the Federal District, mainly Maranhão (39.53%) and other municipalities of Pará (34.25%). The total positivity rate was 0.48% (23/4771). The rate was 0.47% (14/2975) in males and 0.50% (9/1796) in females. Of these, 0.33% (14/4275) were from asymptomatic individuals whose serum were collected during the serological survey, 1.81% (9/497) were from cases featuring clinical symptoms including fever/diarrhea/jaundice, which were included in febrile, diarrheal, and icteric syndromes analyzed during the study. The findings indicated the presence of HIV-1 infection in the general population studied. The majority of cases (60.9%, 14 of 23 positive cases) were asymptomatic.

Análise espaço-temporal da doença de Chagas e seus fatores de risco ambientais e demográficos no município de Barcarena, Pará, Brasil

Chagas disease is a parasitosis considered a serious problem of public health. In the municipality of Barcarena, Pará, from 2007 to 2014, occurred the highest prevalence of this disease in Brazil. To analyze the disease distribution related to epidemiological, environmental and demographic variables, in the area and period of the study. Epidemiological and demographic data of Barcarena Health Department and satellite images from the National Institute For Space Research (INPE) were used. The deforestation data were obtained through satellite image classification, using artificial neural network. The statistical significance was done with the χ2 test, and the spatial dependence tests among the variables were done using Kernel and Moran techniques. The epidemiological curve indicated a disease seasonal pattern. The major percentage of the cases were in male, brown skin color, adult, illiterate, urban areas and with probable oral contamination. It was confirmed the spatial dependence of the disease cases with the different types of deforestation identified in the municipality, as well as agglomerations of cases in urban and rural areas. Discussion: The disease distribution did not occur homogeneously, possibly due to the municipality demographic dynamics, with intense migratory flows that generates the deforestation. Different relationships among the variables studied and the occurrence of the disease in the municipality were observed. The technologies used were satisfactory to construct the disease epidemiological scenarios.

EMIGRATION AND IMMOBILITY IN THE BRAZILIAN NORTHEAST: ADAPTATION OR RESISTANCE?

O Nordeste foi marcado durante décadas por intensos fluxos migratórios com destino especialmente ao Sudeste. Esses fluxos, que foram mais acentuados entre as décadas de 1950-1970, são interpretados pela literatura como uma resposta à seca ou aos diferenc

A systematic follow-up of Mycobacterium tuberculosis drug-resistance and associated genotypic lineages in the French Departments of the Americas over a seventeen-year period.

The population of the French Departments of the Americas (FDA) is highly influenced by the intense migratory flows with mainland France and surrounding countries of the Caribbean and Latin America, some of which have high incidence rates of tuberculosis (Haiti: 230/100,000; Guyana: 111/100,000; and Suriname: 145/100,000) and drug resistance. Since the development of drug resistance to conventional antituberculous drugs has a major impact on the treatment success of tuberculosis, we therefore decided to review carefully Mycobacterium tuberculosis drug resistance and associated genotypic lineages in the FDA over a seventeen-year period (January 1995–December 2011). A total of 1239 cases were studied, including 153 drug-resistant and 26 multidrug-resistant- (MDR-) TB cases, representing 12.3% and 2.1% of the TB cases in our study setting. A significantly higher proportion of M. tuberculosis isolates among relapse cases showed drug resistance to isoniazid (22.5%, P = 0.002), rifampicin (20.0%, P < 0.001), or both (MDR-TB, 17.5%; P < 0.001). Determination of spoligotyping based phylogenetic clades showed that among the five major lineages observed—T family (30.1%); Latin-American and Mediterranean (LAM, 23.7%); Haarlem (H, 22.2%); East-African Indian (EAI, 7.2%); and X family (6.5%)—two lineages, X and LAM, were overrepresented in drug-resistant and MDR-TB cases, respectively. Finally, 19 predominant spoligotypes were identified for the 1239 isolates of M. tuberculosis in our study among which 4 were significantly associated with drug resistance corresponding to SIT20/LAM1, SIT64/LAM6, SIT45/H1, and SIT46/undefined lineage.

Central American maras: from youth street gangs to transnational protection rackets

Most of the empirical research on Central American street gangs, called maras, has been published only in Spanish. Reviewing that literature, the American scholarship on gangs, and my own research on Central American gangs from the mid-1990s, this article depicts the processes through which the maras (Mara Salvatrucha and the Eighteenth Street Gang) evolved from youth street gangs in the late 1980s to protection rackets with features of transnational organisations. Intense migratory flows between El Salvador, Guatemala, Honduras, and the United States, and the hard-line suppression policies against youth gangs in institutionally weak Central American countries created the conditions that prompted networking and organisation among Central American street gangs. This article highlights the changes in the dynamics of violence and the transformations in the gangs' social spaces to illustrate the evolution of the maras.

Migración internacional, remesas y cambios en la estructura territorial de la economía en el municipio de Cerritos, San Luis Potosí, México

The migration of Mexicans to the United States of America is an ancient process, but it is now having new connotation. One the most important aspects of this international migration is the fact that it has become the second source of national income, second to resources obtained from oil. Numerous investigations have examined the causes and effects associated to the migrations such as poverty, unemployment, political conflicts, education, and the salary differences between the two nations. However, there are other manifestations that accompany this migration, such as changes generated in the organization and structure of places where money is invested. San Luis Potosi can be distinguished has the place that shows an intense migratory flow towards the United States of America and that attracts remittances. This work reveals the impacts of migration motivated by remittances on the territorial structure of the economy of Cerritos, which presents the highest numbers of changes in economic dynamics on its territory due to the process of migration.