Mind the gap: The impact of discrepancy between current cognitive function and premorbid intelligence on psychosocial functioning in older age bipolar disorder.

Corrigendum to ‘analysis of the intelligence quotient and its contribution to reactive violence: A systematic review and meta-analysis’ [intelligence 114 (2026) 101969

Influence of childhood excess weight on cognitive, behavioural and emotional outcomes.

Analysis of the intelligence quotient and its contribution to reactive violence: A systematic review and meta-analysis

Abnormal dynamic connectivity patterns in self-limited epilepsy with centrotemporal spikes.

Survival among extremely preterm infants has increased markedly due to advances in neonatal care. These children remain at elevated risk for neuropsychological difficulties, particularly ADHD, autism spectrum disorder (ASD), and executive function deficits, which impacts learning, behavior, and emotional regulation. This study aimed to assess the prevalence of such difficulties at 6-7 years of age and the proportion referred to The Councelling and Diagnostic Center (CDC). This was a retrospective cohort study. Data from neuropsychological assessments by the Children's Hospital follow-up care for preterm infants and CDC evaluations were analyzed using RStudio 4.3.3. The cohort included 60 children born before 28 weeks of gestation and/or with birthweight below 1000g. 18 (30.0%) were followed at the CDC and 45 underwent neuropsychological assessment at the Children's Hospital. Attention difficulties were present in 53.3%, executive function deficits in 46.7%, hyperactivity in 28.6%, and signs of ASD in 13.3%. Full-scale IQ could not be determined in 64.4% of the children due to significant discrepancies between subtest scores, making it an unreliable measure of cognitive ability. Significant differences in the ability to obtain a full-scale IQ score (p<05) by sex. No significant associations were observed with ADHD or ASD or executive function deficits. Neurodevelopmental disorders are common among extremely preterm infants, and the findings suggest that a large proportion of them need to undergo further diagnostic evaluation. The results also indicate that many will require support within the educational and healthcare systems.

The article addresses the challenges of modelling the collective intelligence of innovation-integrated enterprises in the context of digital transformation. An overview of mathematical models used to describe collective intelligence technologies is given. It is noted that collective intelligence technologies focus on the effective use of intellectual potential in working with an enterprise’s organisational capital. The concept of IQ as a measure of intelligence has been confirmed as applicable to the enterprise. The paper proposes a new mathematical model for calculating the collective intelligence quotient IQ, which makes it possible to compare group capabilities with individual ones, and, in particular, allows demonstrating the possibility of increasing the efficiency of the intelligence quotient for each group member by dividing work according to the competencies of the participants. This mathematical model for calculating collective IQ can serve as a basis for assessing the efficiency of enterprises in using collective technologies. To address the most difficult modelling task – the synergy of the intelligence of different people in the course of joint work – a model is proposed that assesses synergy based on participants' analytical or creative abilities. A variant of such synergy is a joint solution to a problem using brainstorming technology. The proposed model enables assessing the effectiveness of collaboration and can also be used to select participants for collaboration. The scientific novelty of the study lies in the study of collective intelligence technologies in enterprise management, substantiation of the place of these technologies in the tasks of corporate informatization and calculation of the effectiveness of new technologies, which made it possible to prove the special role of collective intelligence technologies in the organization of work in the knowledge age. The results of scientific research and the authors' practical recommendations contribute to the effective use and development of collective intelligence in the design of knowledge management systems at enterprises and their network associations in promising knowledge-intensive technological areas.

ABSTRACT Creativity and innovation have expanded with the emergence of generative artificial intelligence (Gen AI). The capacity of Gen AI to create new content has spurred a fresh debate on the creativity of artificial intelligence vis‐à‐vis human intelligence (HI). This paper aims to analyze, compare, and contrast the creative capabilities of both and suggest modes of application. Research on HI is prehistoric and has been ongoing since ancient times. However, research on Gen AI is evolving, and its ramifications are still being explored. The paper attempts to integrate seminal works with recent publications to integrate these longitudinal developments into the current academic conversation. It adopts comparative analysis to compare HI with Gen AI, identifying its opportunities and challenges. Though Gen AI is fast, automatic, and possesses a high intelligence quotient, a human being, however, is bestowed with an emotional quotient and a spiritual quotient too. The most important differentiator is life itself. One has it, and the other does not. The knowledge creation process through the SECI and Ba models has been reshaped by Gen AI. The paper attempts to answer some interesting questions that arise with the emergence of Gen AI and the potential challenge it could pose to existing HI with regard to creativity and innovation.

This study aims to examine the influence of learning independence and Intelligence Quotient (IQ) on students’ mathematical creative thinking skills. The research employed a quantitative approach with an ex post facto design and was conducted at SMPN 5 Purworejo during the odd semester of the 2024/2025 academic year. The population comprised seventh-grade students, from whom 32 participants were selected through purposive sampling based on the availability of official IQ test results from a professional psychological institution. The research instruments included an essay test measuring creative thinking skills based on four indicators, namely fluency, flexibility, elaboration, and originality; a learning independence questionnaire covering six assessment aspects; and documentation of students’ IQ scores. Data analysis consisted of descriptive statistics, prerequisite testing, and multiple linear regression analysis using SPSS version 25. The results showed that learning independence and IQ significantly affected students’ mathematical creative thinking skills, both partially and simultaneously. Learning independence had a more dominant effect than IQ. Together, both variables explained 92.5% of the variance in students’ mathematical creative thinking skills.

Amnesia is a well-documented complication following surgical repair of anterior communicating artery (ACoA) aneurysms. 3D MRI has clarified that it is primarily caused by infarction of the subcallosal artery, the largest unpaired perforating branch of the ACoA. Bilateral infarction of the columns of the fornix, a core component of the Papez circuit, has been identified as the anatomical basis of such amnesia. Another perforating artery prone to surgical injury is the recurrent artery of Heubner (RAH), which arises from the A1 to A2 junction of the anterior cerebral artery and is usually present bilaterally. When RAH infarction co-occurs with subcallosal artery infarction during ACoA aneurysm surgery, memory impairment may be accompanied by reduced processing speed and a worse long-term outcome. We report a 63-year-old man who underwent surgical clipping for a ruptured ACoA aneurysm. 3D-MR images obtained 10 months postoperatively revealed bilateral infarctions in the subcallosal artery territory, including the columns of the fornix, as well as a right-sided infarction in the RAH territory. Clinical correlation showed that these findings matched the patient’s paradoxical cognitive profile, confirmed by formal neuropsychological testing 5 years after clipping. He demonstrated a dissociation between exceptionally gifted-level intellectual ability and comparatively lower scores in memory and processing speed. His full-scale intelligence quotient (IQ) was 144, with a verbal IQ of 156 and working memory of 150, while his general memory score was 115 and processing speed was 110. Although these latter scores fell within the high-average range, they represented a meaningful decline relative to his potential. This profile supports a dual circuit model: Subcallosal artery infarction disrupts the Papez circuit, impairing memory, while RAH infarction contributes to inefficiency through frontostriatal disconnection. This case of paradoxical giftedness with memory decline underscores the value of 3D MR imaging in revealing memory decline masked by cognitive reserve.

In the face of advancing globalisation processes and intensified contacts between representatives of different cultures and religions, interreligious dialogue is becoming an important component of contemporary social coexistence. This article aims to establish a relationship between interpersonal skills, moral intelligence, and readiness to engage in interreligious dialogue among adult Poles. A total of 519 people aged 18 to 75 (M = 48.44; SD = 15.55) were surveyed. This study used the Readiness to Engage in Interreligious Dialogue Scale (TGDMVE), the Interpersonal Competence Questionnaire (ICQ-R) and the Moral Intelligence Quotient (MIQ). The results of the analyses indicated that, in terms of interpersonal competence, the strongest significant predictor of all five dimensions of readiness to engage in interreligious dialogue was active concern for others. In terms of moral intelligence, it was the ability to recognise spiritual needs. The results may have significant practical implications for the areas of intercultural education, the prevention of xenophobic attitudes, and the building of social capital based on dialogue, trust, and respect.

Cognition is impaired in people with schizophrenia, affecting quality of life and functioning. Therefore, it is important to understand and characterize this impairment. To update and revisit the evidence for a central processing speed impairment in people with schizophrenia and examine the factors that moderate this impairment. Articles were identified through the PubMed and PsycINFO databases from February 1, 2009, through November 2, 2023. Studies were included if they reported on a symbol coding test and at least 2 additional cognitive tests from 2 other cognitive domains, contrasted people with schizophrenia to controls, used contemporary diagnostic criteria, included sufficient detail to calculate Hedges g effect sizes, and were reported in English. Of 4530 identified articles, 115 studies met inclusion criteria. This study followed the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Review and Meta-analyses (PRISMA) and Meta-Analysis of Observational Studies in Epidemiology (MOOSE) reporting guidelines. Means, SDs, and sample sizes were extracted for all cognitive tests that appeared in at least 3 of the 115 studies. Data were entered and visually checked by independent extractors. Data were generally pooled using random-effects models, except when specified. Measures of homogeneity (Q and I2) and publication bias (fail-safe N and funnel plots) were also examined. The primary outcome was the degree of cognitive impairment (Hedges g) observed for people with schizophrenia in 50 cognitive tests, focusing on symbol coding tests of processing speed. Further, this study aimed to identify clinical and study characteristics that moderate the degree of symbol coding impairment. Data were available for 10 114 people with schizophrenia and 13 235 controls from 115 studies. Symbol coding tasks were among the most impaired (g = -1.52; 95% CI, -1.65 to -1.40) but did not reliably differ from 15 other tests. Intelligence quotient and age difference from controls, composition of sex assigned at birth, inpatient status, and whether the sample included schizoaffective and schizophreniform diagnoses all moderated the degree of symbol coding impairment. This meta-analysis provides insight into the consistency of the processing speed impairment for people with schizophrenia. Findings support that this impairment may be central to global cognitive impairments, which might be a consequence of altered brain connectivity.

PurposeTo explore convergent validity of the Physical and Neurological Examination of Subtle Signs Gaits and Stations completion scores (PANESS G/S) with Bruininks-Oseretsky Test of Motor Proficiency, Second Edition balance score - (BOT-2) and Activities-specific Balance Confidence Scale - (ABC) in typically developing youth with and without a history of concussion.MethodCross-sectional data obtained from 79 youth (32 with history of concussion) aged 10-17 years. First, between-group differences in balance measures were explored. Then, correlations were explored between demographic variables and balance measures to identify control variables for subsequent correlations between balance measures.ResultsGiven no between-group differences on PANESS G/S, BOT-2, or ABC, correlations were examined across all participants. PANESS G/S was correlated with age. BOT-2 balance score was correlated with Full Scale Intelligence Quotient (FSIQ). Controlling for age and FSIQ, PANESS G/S was associated with better BOT-2 performance. PANESS G/S and ABC were not correlated.ConclusionThis work adds to the literature characterizing the use of PANESS in adolescents, including those post-mTBI. Correlation between PANESS G/S and BOT-2 balance supports overlapping constructs. Lack of PANESS G/S correlation with ABC may reflect the lack of balance concerns in generally healthy youth and known discordance between performance and self-report measures.

ABSTRACTObjectivesIn middle‐ and lower‐income countries, the scarcity of psychiatric expertise and IQ testing should be considered when developing and testing assessment tools. This study aims to assess the psychometric properties of a modified Arabic version of the Childhood Autism Rating Scale 2 Standard Form.MethodsA diagnostic accuracy study, including 286 children, was conducted from December 1, 2023, to August 1, 2024, at Baghdad's National Centre and Al‐Subtain Academy for Autism. Confirmatory factor analysis was utilized for structural validity, standardized alpha and the average inter‐item correlation for reliability, and ROC curve analysis for diagnostic accuracy.ResultsGood fit was demonstrated for the 1‐, 2‐, and 3‐factor solutions. In all models, ‘activity levels’ had the lowest loadings and higher scores in children with ADHD (p‐value = 0.0002). Excellent internal consistency was shown with a standardised alpha of 0.90 (> 0.7) and an average inter‐item correlation of 0.394 (> 0.15). At the optimal cut‐off (≥ 28.5), the scale had a sensitivity of 82.6%, a specificity of 93.4%, and would increase the child's odds of having ASD by 12.5.ConclusionThe modified scale has good psychometric properties and might be utilised to adjust the psychiatric evaluation of children suspected of having a neurodevelopmental disorder.

This research paper presents a comprehensive and systematic review of the literature on slow learners in the context of mathematics education, with a particular focus on studies published between 2013 and 2023. The growing prevalence of learning disabilities, particularly in mathematics, underscores the necessity for targeted educational strategies for students diagnosed with mathematics learning disabilities, which are estimated to affect 4-10% of students. The term “slow learner” is used to describe students with a below-average intelligence quotient (i.e., 70-90 IQ), who experience difficulties in tasks that require abstract thinking, conceptualisation, and symbolic processing. These students often display challenges in maintaining attention, working memory, and motivation. Notwithstanding their difficulties, slow learners frequently fail to receive the specialised support that is necessary to address their educational needs. The study identifies and analyses the key themes and participant characteristics present in research on slow learners in mathematics. The literature review revealed that the majority of studies focus on elementary school students, which is reflective of the early onset of mathematical learning difficulties. Furthermore, the analysis indicates a notable emphasis on the identification and characteristics of slow learners, as well as the strategies employed to enhance their mathematical competencies. It is noteworthy that strategies for teaching slow learners are extensively explored, including differentiated instruction and personalised learning approaches, which are critical for addressing the unique challenges these students face. The findings of this review underscore the need for more research and educational interventions tailored to slow learners in mathematics. By systematically analysing studies over the last decade, this paper provides valuable insights into the characteristics, task types, and thematic focus of research on slow learners, offering a foundation for future studies aimed at improving educational outcomes for this vulnerable student population.

Jacobsen Syndrome (JS), also known as 11q Deletion Syndrome (del11q), is a rare genetic disorder affecting approximately 1 in 100,000 births that presents with varied clinical manifestations and severities including intellectual disability, psychomotor delays, and distinctive physical traits. This study offers a detailed analysis of the clinical and cognitive profiles of individuals with JS and examines how these characteristics are related to each other and to genetic variables. Twenty-nine participants with JS (20 female, mean age 12.48 years, SD = 9.13) underwent standardized assessments assessing cognitive functioning, adaptive behavior, autistic traits, and general psychopathology. A CGH array was used to assess genetic deletions. We employed descriptive and inferential statistical analyses to explore the association between clinical and cognitive characteristics and deletion size. Sixty percent of participants had verbal language. Mean intelligence quotient was 50.18, the range of adaptive functioning was very broad, and 43% showed behaviors exceeding the ADOS-2 cutoff for autism spectrum classification. A higher cognitive performance was associated with better adaptive skills, including more advanced language skills and with more depressive symptoms or a diagnosis of depression. Larger deletions were associated with more delays in developmental milestones and poorer cognitive functioning. No significant association was found between haploinsufficiency of the KIRREL3 and ARHGAP32 genes and cognitive functioning or autistic characteristics. Our findings provide deeper insights into the complex relationship between genetic factors and clinical attributes in individuals with JS, revealing notable clinical variability within the JS population. This information may help predict developmental difficulties as genetic findings emerge.

Remote memory assessment in epilepsy is often limited by challenges in construct and measurement. We aimed to study quantified autobiographical memory (AM) scores in patients with temporal lobe epilepsy (TLE) and idiopathic generalized epilepsy (IGE), as well as healthy controls. We studied 30 patients in each of three groups - TLE, IGE, and healthy controls. Standardized tests were used to assess the intelligence quotient, verbal memory, and visual memory. AM Interview (AMI) was used to assess total AM as well as AM sub-scores. Automated volumetric imaging was done to assess grey matter volumes in areas of interest. ANOVA was used to compare memory scores across the groups. Verbal and visual memory scores were lower in TLE compared to controls. Total AMI scores were lower in TLE and IGE when compared to controls. Total personal semantic AMI and total autobiographical incidents-AMI scores were lower in both IGE and TLE compared to controls. Recent life personal semantic AMI was lower in both TLE and IGE compared to controls, while other sub-scores were similar in all three groups. Childhood personal semantic memory scores were significantly correlated with right hippocampal and amygdala grey matter volumes, while total autobiographical AMI scores correlated with hippocampal grey matter volumes in IGE. This study demonstrates AM deficits in persons with epilepsy. Further studies are required to clarify the AMI deficits in right and left TLE, as well as post-resective surgery for TLE.

Intelligence encompasses learning, knowledge application, and problem-solving. Although gifted children typically exhibit high IQ scores, their olfactory abilities have been understudied despite established neuroanatomical links between olfactory processing and intelligence-related brain regions. This study addresses this gap by examining whether gifted children demonstrate superior olfactory function compared with typically developing peers. A cross-sectional study was conducted in Istanbul with 102 children aged 8-11 years, comprising gifted children (IQ > 130) and typically developing controls. Olfactory performance was assessed using the standardized Sniffin' Sticks test, measuring odor threshold, odor discrimination, and odor identification. Group comparisons were performed overall and stratified by gender. Gifted children exhibited superior overall olfactory detection compared with typically developing children. Among males, gifted participants had higher odor threshold scores than typically developing males. Among females, gifted participants showed higher odor threshold, direct odor identification, odor identification, and total Sniffin' Sticks scores than their typically developing counterparts. Findings indicate a positive association between intelligence and olfactory function in childhood. Enhanced olfactory abilities in gifted children-observed across threshold, identification, and composite Sniffin' Sticks indices-may reflect broader advantages in cognitive processing linked to high intellectual functioning. Further research should elucidate underlying neural mechanisms and developmental implications.

Chronic kidney disease (CKD) is associated with poorer neurocognitive outcomes. Neuroimaging studies have been mostly undertaken in older adults. However, individuals under 25 are uniquely impacted due to concurrent brain development. This systematic review explored neuroimaging in children and young adults with CKD aiming to characterize brain outcomes in paediatric CKD. A systematic search of MEDLINE Ovid, EMBASE and Cochrane databases was undertaken on October 10, 2024. Observational studies involving patients with CKD aged 0-25years and having neuroimaging findings as a key outcome were included. Following quality assessment using the Newcastle-Ottawa scale, a narrative review was performed. Sixteen studies were included: 737 individuals across studies. Smaller brain volumes were reported in three of five studies (with one contradictory). White matter integrity was impaired, even in patients with mild disease. The latter was associated with a lower intelligence quotient. Silent brain infarcts were identified in up to 79% of dialysis patients with associations with markers of bone disease, longer dialysis duration and haemodynamic instability. Brain regions involved in attention, executive functions and the resting-state network demonstrated abnormal connectivity that was associated with longer reactivity and a response time in visual memory task.Measures of anaemia were inversely associated with increased cerebral blood flow (CBF) which corresponded with poorer verbal memory. Neurodevelopment is altered in paediatric CKD. Although a global mechanism for this remains unclear, it is evident that even early CKD is associated with increased risk of brain damage and cognitive deficits. Treatment methods and duration, disease severity and blood calcium and parathyroid concentrations were strongly associated with brain injury. Future work should prioritize longitudinal models of assessment with a focus on recruitment of uniform groups based on age, disease severity, aetiology and treatment to more clearly delineate the effects of disease on neurodevelopment.

Objective: To analyze the functional and structural reorganization of language over a six-month period in a pediatric patient with drug-resistant focal epilepsy (DRE), using functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) and diffusion tensor imaging (DTI) tractography. Methods: We report a right handed, 7 year old boy with nonlesional drug resistant epilepsy; seizures began at age 7, and the epileptogenic zone localized to the left temporoparietal junction. Pre-surgical fMRI studies were performed to assess language lateralization, and DTI was employed to evaluate structural connectivity changes in language-related pathways. In addition, stereo­electroencephalography (SEEG) was carried out to delineate the epileptogenic zone and to validate functional findings through cortical mapping. Results: Baseline fMRI demonstrated typical left-hemispheric language dominance. Six months later, the laterality index had reversed, indicating functional reorganization toward the right hemisphere. DTI revealed increased fractional anisotropy (FA) in the right arcuate fasciculus and reduced connectivity on the left. SEEG confirmed the feasibility of surgical resection without significant language decline. Neuropsychological testing in the acute postoperative phase showed no major changes in test scores, including the Intelligence Quotient, and no significant alterations in language performance. Conclusions: This case illustrates early brain plasticity and its contribution to functional reorganization of language in response to epileptogenic activity, as well as its potential protective role for cognitive function. The integration of fMRI, DTI, and SEEG is essential for surgical planning in pediatric drug-resistant epilepsy.