Intelligence Work Research Articles

인공지능(AI)의 입법적 쟁점에 관한 고찰

Recently, artificial intelligence with excellent performance has been spread and used. Looking at artificial intelligence from a legal aspect, the main issue is what kind of legal responsibility can be held for the judgments and actions of artificial intelligence. Living in the age of artificial intelligence today, we need wisdom to rationally coordinate the interests of the parties surrounding these legal responsibilities and prepare social systems for a safe life. If artificial intelligence with human-level free will, that is, an artificial intelligence robot that can think and act like a human, emerges after passing through the so-called singularity, the robot will show activities similar to humans, and the era in which humans and artificial intelligence robots live together is coming. However, this situation is still a story of the future, and it can be said that whether to grant artificial intelligence a level of free will similar to that of humans is the greatest task imposed on mankind today. The summary of the legislative issues in each field of artificial intelligence is roughly as follows.
 First, legislation on safety and ethics is needed. Artificial intelligence technology is very powerful, and accordingly, mistakes, malfunctions, or abuses may infringe on human life and safety, rights and freedoms, so countermeasures and legal regulations are urgently needed and appropriate. Second, it is necessary to legislate personal information protection regulations. Since artificial intelligence has the ability to collect and analyze personal information, protection and regulation are essential. Although there are already many laws for the protection of personal information, more specific legal regulations are needed for the data collected and analyzed by artificial intelligence. Third, legislation on accountability is needed. Since artificial intelligence works by programs, developers and operators must manage it responsibly. It is necessary to think about the legal regulation of these responsibilities and how to share them. Fourth, new legislation is needed according to economic and technological development. As AI technology develops, the competitiveness and growth of companies are greatly affected, so companies need cooperation and support for investment, development, and regulation to use and develop these technologies.
 Accordingly, in the field where artificial intelligence is used, a legal system that resolves issues related to artificial intelligence is essential, and through this, it will ensure safe and effective use while maximizing the benefits of artificial intelligence.

Sea, sex, and spies: on Gérard de Villiers’ relations with the covert world

ABSTRACT This article is concerned with the links between intelligence professionals and spy novelists in France. It focuses on the prolific, popular pulp writer Gérard de Villiers, and his numerous links with intelligence services. The prominence and significance of these are often overshadowed by his racist and misogynistic writing, and the trashy quality of his books. This article documents the multifaceted relationships between Gérard de Villiers and the covert world, from long-lasting friendships between top intelligence officials and the writer, to de Villiers’ personal involvement in intelligence work as an honorable correspondant, for the SDECE and the DGSE.

The Artificial Intelligence in the System of Tools for Stabilizing the Political Regimes of World Powers

A stable idea in the doctrine of the typologies of a political regime indicates that their uniqueness is characterized by a set of appropriate methods and means of exercising political power, a system of social organization of interaction between power and society and other institutions of the state. The model of the political regime formed in the state is consistent, first of all, with political processes, including those occurring with the participation of citizens, social groups and society as a whole. The National Strategy for the Development of Artificial Intelligence in Russia, approved in 2019, among the principles for the development of these technologies, enshrined the priority of protecting the rights and freedoms of citizens, as well as security. Management decisions made by artificial intelligence have expanded the possible areas of their use, including public administration. This study examines the degree of introduction of artificial intelligence technology, which has been developing in recent years, into political regimes in various states. An assessment is made of the work of artificial intelligence, which is forming a new “cyber-physical” society, in which the political needs and freedoms of citizens are realized with the support of digital technologies. Approaches are proposed for assessing the work of artificial intelligence, which contributes to the international and regional integration of countries with different political systems, as well as influencing changes in the qualitative characteristics of political processes as a whole or its individual elements. The study was based on an integrated approach to assessing artificial intelligence used in the regulatory sphere. Dogmatic approaches to factors influencing the formation of a political system in the context of technological progress are being rethought.

Vehicular Visualization: Enhancing Mobility Decisions With Human–Machine Interactions

In the age of intelligence, humans pursue a safe and convenient mobility experience. Intelligent vehicles have integrated various machine intelligence to support humans in making decisions on mobility. However, the support fails to meet human expectations because machine intelligence lacks a method to communicate with humans—verify the understanding of human needs, and explain how machine intelligence works. In this study, we address this issue through vehicular visualizations. Specifically, we summarize the decision-making requirements of humans, introduce how can techniques of vehicular visualizations satisfy these needs, describe prospective application scenes, and discuss future directions of vehicular visualizations to inspire related scholars or developers.

Research on Copyright Protection Issues for Generative Artificial Intelligence Works in the Context of Divergent Judicial Attitudes in China

Research on Copyright Protection Issues for Generative Artificial Intelligence Works in the Context of Divergent Judicial Attitudes in China

TRANSLATING TAYEB SALIH’S PSYCHOLOGICAL TRAUMA AS REPRESENTED IN HIS NOVEL SEASON OF MIGRATION TO THE NORTH: A SEARCH FOR BELONGINGNESS

Tayeb Salih, a prominent British author of Arabic language and origin is regarded as a pioneer who carved an identity of African-Arab literature globally. Salih acclaimed in one of his interviews in the Arabic press that he attempted to reshape the East and West relationship conceived by the world. He stated that the West romanticizes the idea of the East-West interaction merely as an emotion whereas it is an unresolved conflict that leads a trauma related to loss of identity, belongingness, and existentialism (Salih, 1929). Denys Johnson-Davies, an accredited translator, credited with making Arabic literature accessible to readers of the English language, who also translated Salih’s Season of Migration to the North (1966) regards the author and this literary piece as an intelligent work on East-West conflict produced by any Western or non-Western author. Season of Migration to the North provides a tapestry of events, multi-layered interpretations, traumatic outbreaks, struggles to identify with the world and finally succumbing to the pain. It is not a simple story of physical migration and the life of an African on the European land. It is an embodiment of an emotional, spiritual, religious, and mental search for belongingness. This present research is an attempt to capture the journey of the protagonist Mustafa Saeed and his life from his birth as a slave in the then colony of Britain, Sudan to his migration to Britain as a free individual. The rollercoaster of events that shape him and his destiny. Did he manage to break the clutches of his birth and slavery? Did he attain freedom from his belongingness to a British colony? Did he get peace to fly away from his roots is what makes this novel an extremely viable research material. The authors attempt to explore the psychological trauma and translate the author’s search for belongingness and understand the East-West relationship from his perspective.

Peculiarities of Systemic Hemodynamics and Autonomic Status in Medical Personnel of PCR-Laboratories with Different Emotional Intelligence

INTRODUCTION: The ongoing pandemic of a new coronavirus infection COVID-19 (COronaVIrus Disease 2019) places high demands on the activity of PCR-laboratories (laboratories performing polymerase chain reaction). The medical personnel experience overloads due to stay in the red zone wearing the individual protection means, and also in association with a high personal responsibility for the result of their work. One of the criteria that is proposed for professional selection with the aim of increasing the effectiveness of the work of personnel of PCR-laboratories, is the emotional quotient (EQ).
 AIM: To analyze the state of systemic hemodynamics and heart rate variability in medical workers of PCR-laboratories with different emotional intelligence working in condition of COVID-19 pandemic using means of individual protection against the biological factor.
 MATERIALS AND METHODS: The extent of health risk and tension of adaptation mechanisms during the work were evaluated by parameters of systemic hemodynamics (tonometry, pulse oximetry) and heart rate variability (cardiorhythmography). Thirty three individuals with the working period in a PCR-laboratory from 1 to 33 months were examined. The average age of the participants at the time of inclusion in the study was 32.4 1.44 years. In 33.7%, EQ corresponded to the medium level (81120 points), and in 66.7% to the high level (121168 points).
 RESULTS: Before the start of the work shift, increased blood supply to tissues in personnel with high EQ was achieved by increased heart activity: cardiac output (CO) 3938.9 ml/min, interquartile range (IQR) = 3404.24230.2 ml/min with the underlying reduction of vessel tone: total peripheral vascular resistance (TPVR) 1922.8 dyn s/cm5, IQR = 1636.52085.8 dyn s/cm5. After the end of the shift, to these compensatory mechanisms (CO 4284.7 ml/min, IQR = 3935.44688.8 ml/min; TPVR 1692.4 dyn s/cm5, IQR = 1584.61903.1 dyn s/cm5), increased myocardial oxygen consumption (MOC; 7917.5 RU, IQR = 7430.28811.0 RU) added as a reaction to the muscular component of labor activity. In individuals with average EQ, these mechanisms were less pronounced in considerable mental stress: before the shift CO 3722.0 ml/min, IQR = 3163.13739.0 ml/min, p = 0.013; TPVR 2303.1 dyn s/cm5, IQR = 2058.12402.1 dyn s/cm5, p = 0.016; after the shift CO 3375.0 ml/min, IQR = 3372.04402.0 ml/min, p = 0.010; TPVR 2010.5 dyn s/cm5, IQR = 1972.62351.9 dyn s/cm5, p = 0.017; MOC 7450.0 RU, IQR = 6653.37867.3 RU, p = 0.023.
 CONCLUSION: The extent of tension of mechanisms of self-regulation of systemic circulation, apart from characteristics of used technical means and the working regime, significantly depends on the level of emotional intelligence. With this, personnel with high emotional intellect are preferable for the work in the red zone because of lower tension of regulatory mechanisms.

Gendarmerie Railway Police of Russian Empire in Early 20th Century: Working with Political Agents

The study examines the historical experience of interaction between the gendarmerie railway police of the Russian Empire and covert informants in political organizations. It explores the establishment of intelligence work on railways, the monitoring of its effectiveness, the verification of the reliability of secret agents, and the identification of provocateurs and blackmailers among them. The materials for analysis are extracted from previously unpublished secret and top-secret case files of the gendarmerie police departments of the railways. The authors provide their own definition of intelligence work. It is emphasized that priority was given to recruiting informants who had a financial interest in collaborating with the police. The study demonstrates that the value of information obtained by secret agents was the main criterion for evaluating the effectiveness of financial resources allocated to intelligence work. The authors highlight the need for caution in establishing relationships between railway gendarmes and informants due to the possibility of assassination attempts against handlers or the provision of misinformation. The study concludes that assigning the duty of recruiting political agents and obtaining information through them was justified by the need to suppress revolutionary movements, but inertia in acquiring informants and the scale of crises in the empire prevented the achievement of the set goal.

Major Trends in Today's Intelligent Robotics in Light of the Creation of Collaborative Artificial Intelligence

Robotics and advances in artificial intelligence are breakthrough innovations with considerable promise and the potential to radically change the economic and social aspects of society. Research on the development of robotics is still scarce. This article fills the gap by analyzing the creation and diffusion of robotics innovation and the role of intellectual property in this process. The robotics innovation ecosystem is based on cooperative networks of independent specialists, scientific organizations, and companies. The state plays a significant role in supporting the innovation activity in the considered sphere, first of all, through grant financing, placement of defense orders and implementation of national strategies of robotics development. Competitions and prizes are an important incentive for creating innovations. Patenting is used by companies to protect intellectual property from encroachment by third parties, to ensure freedom of action, to license technology, and to protect against prosecution. The industrial revolution has changed the very notion of means and means of production in the minds of the masses in such a way that the process of robotization and the introduction of artificial intelligence in different areas of life has become inevitable. The article presents an analysis of possible ways of disclosing the concept of "artificial intelligence" as a legal category and its correlation with the concept of "robot", considers the issues of legal responsibility for the performance of work by artificial intelligence, studies the possibility of recognizing the holder of artificial intelligence work as a subject of law.

Prefab-Net: Segmentation of prefabricated building from satellite imagery with deep neural network

The development of deep learning techniques such as convolutional neural networks (CNN) has injected new vitality into the study of semantic segmentation. Benefiting from the development of new technology, the automatic and intelligent work of remote sensing image segmentation has also entered a new stage. With the further improvement of China’s urbanization rate, urban construction is also developing rapidly. One of the most important tasks in land surveillance is to monitor buildings above ground using remote sensing images. Prefabricated building is the most common type of illegal building in developing area. At present, supervision mainly relies on the traditional human-centered method, which is time-consuming and low in efficiency. Whether the deep learning methods can benefit the prefabricated building segmentation has not yet been tested. By taking the realistic demand into account, this paper proposes a customized neural network structure, which combines multiple refined modules and improves the feature extraction, especially for the prefabricated building segmentation task. Through the comparison with the baseline algorithm, the specifically refined model for the prefabricated building has shown better results in our experimental area, which proves the feasibility and superiority in practical application.

Research on the Three-Machines Perception System and Information Fusion Technology for Intelligent Work Faces.

The foundation of intelligent collaborative control of a shearer, scraper conveyor, and hydraulic support (three-machines) is to achieve the precise perception of the status of the three-machines and the full integration of information between the equipment. In order to solve the problems of information isolation and non-flow, independence between equipment, and weak cooperation of three-machines due to an insufficient fusion of perception data, a fusion method of the equipment's state perception system on the intelligent working surface was proposed. Firstly, an intelligent perception system for the state of the three-machines in the working face was established based on fiber optic sensing technology and inertial navigation technology. Then, the datum coordinate system is created on the working surface to uniformly describe the status of the three-machines and the spatial position relationship between the three-machines is established using a scraper conveyor as a bridge so that the three-machines become a mutually restricted and collaborative equipment system. Finally, an indoor test was carried out to verify the relational model of the spatial position of the three-machines. The results indicate that the intelligent working face three-machines perception system based on fiber optic sensing technology and inertial navigation technology can achieve the fusion of monitoring data and unified expression of equipment status. The research results provide an important reference for building an intelligent perception, intelligent decision-making, and automatic execution system for coal mines.

The use of mobile applications in the implementation of the master's program "Adaptive Physical Rehabilitation" to improve the quality of professional training of students

The problem and the aim of the study. Training of professionals capable of carrying out activities in physical rehabilitation involves acquisition of knowledge and practical skills in the field of using sports and pedagogical technologies for active formation of health of individuals with special needs. New digital educational services allow creating additional conditions for optimizing financial resources, reducing the time for training and retraining of specialists. The purpose of the study is to identify the possibilities of using mobile applications when implementing the master’s degree program "Adaptive Physical Rehabilitation" to improve the quality of students' professional training. Research methods. The methodology is based on the analysis of the potential of mobile applications for implementing initiatives and government programs for development of inclusive education, support for physical rehabilitation. The authors developed testing which consists of two blocks "Digital tools of professional activities", "Theory and methods of physical education". The experiment involved 42 master's students of the Faculty of Physical Culture and Sports of Vyatka State University (Russian Federation). The results of students' work with mobile applications were processed. Pearson's chi-squared test (χ2) was used for statistical data processing. Results. Master's students of the experimental group on the discipline "Digital tools of professional activities" study hardware and software complexes and information technologies to support inclusive training; mobile tools and devices. Groups of applications have been identified, work with which creates additional conditions for improving the quality of students' training: for training at home and fitness, for optimizing nutrition, assessing the state of the body, organizing a system of physical exercises for children, dosing loads. Statistically significant differences in qualitative changes in the pedagogical system were revealed (χ2 = 6,045; p < 0,05). In conclusion, the features of preparing students of the master’s degree program are described: creating and maintaining a high level of motivation through mobile technologies; consistency and alternation of intelligent work with software and motor activity; social orientation of classes, etc.

Research on the Present Situation of Cyber Terrorism and Its Governance Path

With the development of the Internet, cyber terrorism is also evolving and developing with the Internet. Cyber terrorism presents a trend of improving the specialization level of cyber terrorism crimes, developing the organizational structure from vertical to horizontal, and making cyber terrorism more concealed. At the same time, China's cyber terrorism also has the difficulties of lack of legislative system, imperfect intelligence mechanism and great difficulty in international anti-terrorism cooperation. Therefore, to control cyber terrorism, we should pay attention to perfecting the legislative system, giving full play to the functions of various departments' laws, improving the intelligence working mechanism and intelligence information processing ability, strengthening international cyber anti-terrorism cooperation and strengthening comprehensive cyber security education, so as to strengthen the governance ability to combat cyber terrorism.

Scraper conveyor shape sensing technology based on orthogonal optical fiber strain

Intelligent perception of a scraper conveyor straightness and attitude monitoring of mechanical supporting equipment in the stope have practical and theoretical values for mining. This study proposed an optical fiber curvature sensor and a scraper conveyor’s curve reconstruction method. The optical fiber curvature sensor comprises the fiber grating strain sensing optical cables, the flexible substrate, and the packaging material. The coordinate positions of each monitoring point are obtained through the strain–curvature conversion relationship and the slope recurrence algorithm, and then the reconstruction curve is obtained by fitting. The finite element simulation verifies the feasibility of the curve reconstruction method used for the deformation monitoring via optical fiber curvature sensors. The reconstruction error analysis results show that the root mean square error of reconstructions for two kinds of 2D plane bending and 3D space bending are 2.98%, 1.89%, and 3.13%, respectively. Their mean absolute errors are 8.9, 3.56, and 9.82 mm, respectively, verifying the feasibility and high accuracy of the proposed curve reconstruction equation. The research results provide a theoretical basis for the shape perception and straightening control of scraper conveyors in the intelligent working surface.

Results of research work Russian society of oncomammologists “The use of artificial intelligence for early detection of breast cancer”

Breast cancer is the most common cancer in women and one of the leading causes of death from cancer in Russia and most countries of the world. In countries with mammographic screening, there is a decrease in mortality from breast cancer. Introduction of mammographic image evaluation platforms into radiologist practice based on the work of artificial intelligence it allows not only to increase the coverage of the female population, but also to reduce the cost of screening, but it also increases the sensitivity and specificity of mammography as a method of breast cancer screening.The article presents the results of a study on the evaluation of mammographic images in women who have passed a preventive study using an artificial intelligence program.Within the framework of this project, mammographic images were analyzed using the service for viewing medical images “Celsus” in 8030 patients. The study assessed the age groups of 40-49 years, 50-59 years, 60 years and older. The average age of patients with suspected breast cancer was 54.8 years. Breast cancer was detected in 13 women (1.2 %), while the highest percentage of breast cancer was detected in the group with mammographic density D.

Research on Stability Control of Shields at Working Face with Large Dip Angle

Coal is the main energy source in China. As flat and shallow coal seams are being depleted, adverse coal seams such as inclined and steeply inclined coal seams account for larger proportion of seams that are mined. For these coal seams, instability such as slip and tipping of mining equipment due to the large inclination is a significant challenge for the productive operation of intelligent or smart mines. Therefore, this paper serves to provide some insights into improving their stability. In this paper, research on the anti-tipping and anti-slip technology of shields is carried out on an intelligent working face with a large dip angle. A mechanical model of “support-surrounding rock” was established. Through the analysis of the influence of the self-weight of the support on its stability and through theoretical analysis and field practice, it was found that the critical tipping angle of the support in the free state is 27.8, the critical slip angle is 16, and the support is more prone to slip in the free state; the shields in the middle of the working face are the key area for stability control. Suitable technical measures are taken to ensure the stability of the supports, which provides the management and practical basis for safe and efficient mining in the intelligent working face with a large dip angle.

Eavesdropping by the eye: detecting sound events and the culture of acoustic intelligence

ABSTRACT An increasing number of private companies in the Global North are selling acoustic intelligence software to local authorities for the detection of sound events in public space that signal potential or actual infringements on security. Such sound events include screams, gunshots, exploding firecrackers, sounding car alarms, and breaking glass. This paper aims to show how three such companies – based in the Netherlands, South Korea, and the United States – situate their offerings in relation to eavesdropping, earwitnessing, and the history of human hearing and technology. It attempts to contextualise their rhetoric within a broader techno-cultural history of acoustic detection, eavesdropping, police and intelligence work, including intelligence work implemented by infamous state security organisations such as the Stasi. In so doing, this essay both unravels what these companies exclude from their public presentation and clarifies how research into historical shifts in the cultural tropes of earwitnessing and eavesdropping can help elucidate how present-day acoustic intelligence software is constructed as socially acceptable.

Making Artificial Intelligence Work for Human and Public Good: Recommendations of US and EU Policy Papers

Bu çalışma, Amerika Birleşik Devletleri (ABD) ve Avrupa Birliğinin (AB) yapay zekaya ilişkin gelecekte yapılacak yasal düzenlemelere öneri olarak ortaya konan iki politika belgesini incelemektedir. Çalışmanın amacı ABD ve AB resmi metinlerinde yapay zekanın nasıl ve hangi unsurlarıyla ele alındığını, insanları algoritmalara ve büyük teknoloji şirketlerine karşı korumak için hangi düzenlemelerin önerildiğini ortaya koymaktır. Çalışmada, ABD’nin Beyaz Saray Bilim ve Teknoloji Politikaları Ofisi’nin Ekim 2022’de “Otomasyon Sistemlerini Amerikan Halkı İçin Çalışır Hale Getirmek” başlığıyla yayınladığı Yapay Zeka Haklar Bildirgesi Taslağı ile Avrupa Parlamentosu Araştırma Servisinin Bilim ve Teknolojinin Geleceği Komisyonunun Haziran 2022’de yayınladığı “Veriyi ve Yapay Zekayı Herkes İçin Yönetmek: Sürdürülebilir ve Adil Veri Yönetimi İçin Modeller” adlı çerçeve belgeleri karşılaştırılarak önerileri incelenmektedir. Belgelerden ilki bireysel hak ve özgürlüklerin ve demokratik değerlerin korunmasında riskleri azaltmaya yönelik önlemleri politikalara, uygulamalara ve teknolojinin tasarım aşamasına dahil etmeye yönelik bir dizi stratejik ilke geliştirmektedir. İkincisi ise bu teknolojilerin toplumun tamamı ve kolektif fayda için kullanılabilmesine yönelik olarak mevcut güç ilişkilerini, yani teknoloji alanındaki en büyük oyuncuların ve bunların ekonomilerine entegre oldukları devletlerin çıkarlarına odaklanan mevcut küresel veri yönetimi modelini değiştirecek öneriler ortaya koymaktadır. Çalışma bu iki belge arasındaki temel ayrımların yapay zeka teknolojilerinin dayandığı verileri özel mülkiyet gibi davranan ve bireysel haklar ve iddialarla ilgili olarak yönetilmesi gereken bir varlık olarak kabul eden liberal anlayışla analiz birimi birey yerine toplum olan ve verilerin ortak fayda için kullanılması gerektiğini savunan toplumcu bir anlayış arasındaki farktan kaynaklandığını ortaya koymaktadır. Çalışma, yapay zekanın topluma yönelik potansiyel risklerinin önlenmesi için adalet odaklı çerçevenin ötesine geçerek eşitsizliklere ve güce odaklanan bir çerçevenin emeğe ilişkin sorunları da gündemine alarak genişlemesi gerektiğini vurgulamaktadır.

ABOUT EVALUATION OF INTELLIGENCE AND RESULTS OF YOGO DIALITY

The fundamental possibility of assessing the intelligence of a specialist and a scientist is shown. The difficulties of creating creative teams are considered. Problems of qualification assessment and determination of competence of employees of various institutions and enterprises are discussed. It is shown that on an intuitive level, people are aware of the value and importance of individuals and their influence on political and economic processes. The loss of highly skilled and highly intelligent workers always results in a loss of weight and influence of the institution that parted with him. Approaches to assessing the correlation between the loss of market value or the weakening of other market parameters and the quantitative characteristics of the performance of leading employees and performers, that is, their intelligence, are considered.

Secrets, leaks and the novel. Writers, British intelligence and the public sphere after World War Two

This article makes a pioneering effort to explore the relationship between spy fiction, intelligence and the public sphere in Britain after World War Two. The secret British achievements of code-breaking, atomic science and deception in the World War of 1939–45 were outstanding. Similarly, the British contribution to spy fiction in the twentieth century has been seen as exceptional. However, the complex interconnections between the history and fictions of intelligence in the post-war decades have never been closely examined. This is a period during which the British state aggressively sought to suppress memoirs and histories written by wartime secret warriors. Other writers who chose to disclose aspects of their intelligence work through the idiom of spy fiction, however, met with a rather different response. In this period, we argue therefore, the relatively unpoliced spy story emerged as a tolerated form of leakage for wartime secrets. The public reputation of the British security establishment underwent a serious decline in the post-war years, in the wake of successive scandals and defections. British intelligence made a number of attempts to repair its battered image in this era, for example publicising a key case involving a Soviet double agent working for the West. However, fiction remained a key terrain on which an ongoing battle for the reputation of British intelligence continued to be fought out. From the early 1960s a significant new form began to emerge: the ‘New Realism’ of John le Carré. Widely accepted as an authentic image of the British intelligence ‘circus,’ these stories portrayed the British secret state in a strikingly harsh and revealing light. Working directly in response to le Carré, writers like John Bingham sought to counter with an altogether more positive impression of secret service. Again, the spy novel provided a key platform on which struggles over the public image of intelligence were fought out. In this way the essay draws together the history and fictions of the post-war decades to reveal an intimate correspondence between writers, secret service and the public understanding of intelligence.