Integrated Farming System Research Articles

Gendered impacts of climate change on integrated crop-dairy goat farming in Kenya

Agriculture is the economic engine of Kenyan economy since it contributes to about 24% of the real GDP. However, its contribution has significantly reduced due to climate change that has impacted negatively crop production, pasture, and animals. A cross-sectional survey was undertaken among 201 households in Endo ward, Elgeyo Marakwet County to understand the effects of climate change and feed diversity. Climate change has profoundly affected individuals along the integrated value chain, with unreliable rainfall being the most significant issue, reported by 99.5% of respondents. Contrastingly, floods during the rainy season were experienced by 15.9%, while pests and diseases were reported by only 1.5% of respondents. The findings highlight a significant gender disparity in the impact of climate change along the integrated value chain resulting in shifts and challenges that impact women, men, and youth in distinct ways. Women, particularly those over 35 years, face severe consequences such as food shortages and malnutrition (56.2%), and loss of lives due to environmental disasters (39.8%). Young females bear increased domestic responsibilities, including fetching water (86.6%), which intensifies during periods of climate stress. Men over 35 years reported substantial economic losses and the impact on agricultural productivity due to pests and diseases. Although younger males are affected, their experiences are less severe compared to older males and females. In the context of dairy goat farming, there is a gender-based specialization of tasks. Men over 35 years predominantly handle activities such as shed construction (60%), marketing (54.2%), pest and disease control (57.2%), enterprise decision-making (58.7%), breeding (58.7%), and slaughtering (64.7%). Younger males, those under 35 years, are primarily responsible for transportation (62.2%). On the other hand, women under 35 are actively involved in feeding the goats (62.7%), cleaning the sheds (57.7%), and providing water (56.7%), with a notable focus on this younger age group of women. The study underscores the need for gender-sensitive adaptation strategies to address the differentiated impacts of climate change. By understanding the specific challenges faced by various demographic groups, policymakers and development practitioners can design more effective interventions to build resilience, and ensure equitable outcomes along the integrated farming system.

Enhancing farm productivity, sustainability, and resilience through farmer participatory integrated farming systems in the arid regions of western Rajasthan

A study was carried out during 2021 and 2023 at four villages in Jodhpur, Rajasthan under the ICAR-Farmer FIRST project to assess the productivity, resilience, and sustainability of Integrated Farming Systems (IFS) under rainfed and irrigated conditions in the arid region of western Rajasthan. The study evaluated 15 IFS models (seven rainfed, eight irrigated), of 2.0 ha each. The findings revealed the greater performance of irrigated IFS, which achieved a mean pearl millet (Paspalum scrobiculatum L.) equivalent yield (PEY) of 20,662 kg compared to 7,049 kg in rainfed systems. Enhanced productivity in irrigated IFS was attributed to the inclusion of high-value cash crops such as cumin and onion, alongside innovative components like azolla cultivation and vermicomposting. Economic analysis demonstrated a higher benefit-cost (B:C) ratio for irrigated IFS (3.10) compared to rainfed IFS (2.13), highlighting the economic advantages of resource integration and diversification. Irrigated IFS also exhibited enhanced resource recycling, with significant contributions from crop stover, farmyard manure, and mushroom spent residue. Employment generation was notably higher in IFS systems, providing 271 man-days annually compared to 160 in rainfed IFS systems. Although IFS systems exhibited resilience through resource conservation and stable livestock contributions, their productivity remained constrained by climatic variability. The study highlights the transformative potential of participatory IFS models in optimizing resource use, enhancing farm sustainability and improving livelihoods in resource-scarce arid regions.

A multi-dimensional analysis of integrated farming system in salt-affected ecologies

The horizontal expansion of the arable areas seems infeasible with dwindling natural resources and declining the average size of landholdings. For harnessing the economic, environmental and social benefits of vertical expansion, the Integrated Farming Systems (IFS) could be instrumental in sustaining the livelihood security of the resource-poor farmers dwelling in the degraded areas. An IFS model of 2 ha was designed covering three major components, namely, grain, horticultural crops and subsidiary at ICAR-Central Soil Salinity Research Institute, Karnal and data from the year 2021–23 was considered for present study. A multi-dimensional analysis covering the financial (net present value, benefit: cost ratio and internal rate of return), soil health (total organic carbon and nitrogen) and environmental (carbon sequestration and greenhouse gas emission) parameters was carried out of an IFS model developed by ICAR- Central Soil Salinity Research Institute, Karnal, Haryana. The findings showed that IFS generates more net return i.e., Rs 66596 than conventional rice-wheat system of equivalent scale (2.0 ha). Additionally, along with improved soil health, the IFS generated lesser (~13.25%) GHG emission as compared to the conventional rice-wheat system. To enhance carbon sequestration in the Integrated Farming System (IFS), more perennial trees should be planted in underutilized areas, especially along boundaries. This is vital for achieving net-zero emissions. Despite its financial viability and environmental benefits, the IFS has low adoption rates. Financial assessments show that economic incentives for initial investments are necessary to encourage wider adoption.

High value crop based integrated farming system model for peri-urban small farmers of semi-arid Bundelkhand region of India

High value crop based integrated farming system model for peri-urban small farmers of semi-arid Bundelkhand region of India

Integrated farming systems leveraging rainwater harvesting for enhanced productivity, profitability, and sustainability in hyper-arid regions of India

Rainfed farming in hyper-arid regions faces significant challenges, including low productivity, poor economic returns and inefficient resource utilization due to erratic rainfall and limited diversification. The study was conducted during July 2019 to June 2023 at ICAR-Central Arid Zone Research Institute, Regional Research Station, Bikaner, Rajasthan to evaluate the productivity, profitability, and resource use efficiency of rainwater harvesting based Integrated Farming System (IFS) model with conventional cropping system of moth bean [Vigna acontifolia (Jacq.) Marechal] and cluster bean [Cyamopsis tetragonoloba (L.) Taub] under rainfed condition. Study assessed a 3.0 ha IFS model integrating arable crops, horticulture, fodder, dairy, vermicomposting, and mushroom cultivation, supported by rainwater harvesting. Results showed that compared to conventional sole cluster bean and moth bean cropping systems, IFS exhibited superior productivity with a mean Cluster Bean Equivalent Yield (CEY) of 7608 kg/ha, significantly surpassing the CEY of 274 kg/ha and 191 kg/ha under conventional rainfed cropping. The IFS achieved annual net returns of ₹1,79,899 with a B:C ratio of 2.40, representing 5.6 and 6.2 times higher net returns than sole cluster bean and moth bean, respectively. In terms of income share, dairy contributed 45.8% of net returns, while horticulture and fodder accounted for 17.8% and 16.5%, respectively. The system demonstrated high water use efficiency (2.498 kg/m³) and a reduced water footprint (400 L/kg). With a Sustainable Value Index (SVI) of 0.560, the IFS model proves to be a resilient, sustainable, and economically viable approach for hyper-arid regions.

Evaluation of soil health under conventional and integrated organic farming systems models for upper Gangetic plain zone

The study was carried out during 2021–2024 at ICAR-Indian Institute of Farming Systems Research, Modipuram, Meerut, Uttar Pradesh to evaluate the impact of Integrated Organic Farming System (IOFS) and Integrated Farming System (IFS) on soil biological properties namely microbial population, enzyme activities, and glomalin levels across cereal, vegetable, fruit and fodder crop systems. IOFS consistently demonstrated superior performance with respect to soil health indicators as compared to IFS. Higher microbial populations (bacteria, fungi, and actinomycetes) were observed under IOFS, particularly in vegetable crops. Soil under cereal crops (food system) showed around 41% increase in bacterial population in IOFS model compared to IFS model. Similarly soils under vegetable system showed 32% increase in fungal population in IOFS model. Enzyme activities, including dehydrogenase, β-glucosidase, urease, and alkaline phosphatase, were significantly higher in IOFS, with notable improvements in fruit and vegetable crops. Fodder system showed greater improvement in dehydrogenase (36.8%) and β-glucosidase (34.7%) under IOFS as compared to IFS. IOFS also showed increased levels of Easily Extractable Glomalin (EEG) and Total Glomalin (TG). Vegetable system showed 32% and 14% improvement in EEG and TG respectively, indicating enhanced arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi activity and potential for carbon and nitrogen sequestration. These findings highlight the benefits of organic nutrient and pest management practices in promoting soil fertility and sustainability.

On-Farm Research in integrated farming systems: Addressing challenges of small farms at the field level

The ever increasing global population has intensified the pressure on agriculture, driving a shift toward smallholder farming systems. Historically, agricultural technologies have primarily catered to large, mechanized farms, exacerbating the disparity between large and small landholders. While strides have been made in achieving food security, livelihood security for farmers remains elusive, especially for smallholders and marginal farmers, who constitute over 80% of the global farming population. In India, these farmers account for nearly one-fourth of the world's small and marginal farms, cultivating less than 2 ha of land. Raising the income of these smallholders poses a significant challenge to researchers, policymakers, and governments. Given the constancy of land resources, horizontal intensification is not possible. The solution lies in vertical intensification through diversification, exemplified by the Integrated Farming System (IFS). IFS integrates various farming enterprises, allowing the by-products of one enterprise to serve as inputs for another, enabling resource recycling, efficient use of labour and space, and reduced market dependency. However, implementing on-station IFS models directly at farmers' fields is impractical due to high initial costs. Interventions targeting critical inputs within existing farming systems, as demonstrated by the All India Coordinated Research Project on Integrated Farming Systems–On-Farm Research (AICRP-Integrated-IFS-OFR), offer a promising alternative. By investing just ₹7,889 this approach achieved an 86% increase in net income within two years of implementation (2022–24), showcasing its potential to improve the livelihoods of small and marginal farmers effectively.

Integrated farming system for economic resilience, food security and employment generation for smallholders in western Uttar Pradesh

The sugarcane (Saccharum officinarum L.)-wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) cropping system has caused significant challenges, including groundwater depletion and soil degradation, necessitating the adoption of Integrated Farming Systems (IFS) for diversification and sustainability. The study was carried out during 2021–2024 at ICAR-Indian Institute of Farming Systems Research, Modipuram, Meerut, Uttar Pradesh to evaluate an IFS model designed for small and marginal farmers. Spanning 1.38 ha, the model integrates crops, dairy, horticulture, aquaculture, mushroom cultivation, and boundary plantations, emphasizing resource recycling and economic viability. The model demonstrated a high sugarcane equivalent yield (264.1 t/year), with contributions from crops (43%), dairy (29%), horticulture (15%), and fisheries (7%), achieving net annual returns of ₹5,50,090 and a benefit-cost ratio of 3.42. The model also generated 34% higher man-days (774) of annual employment, reducing seasonal unemployment. Components like fisheries, mushroom cultivation, and boundary plantations contributed significantly to income and ecological sustainability. The IFS approach enhanced food and nutritional security by fulfilling household needs and producing marketable surpluses of cereals, fruits, milk, fish, and mushrooms with a marketable surpluses of cereals (92.8%), fruits (94.6%), and milk (93.7%). This comprehensive system offers a sustainable solution to monocropping issues, boosting income and resilience for farm households.

Consumption pattern and determinants of household dietary diversity through farming systems approach

Integrated Farming Systems (IFS) is a sustainable agricultural model integrating enterprises such as crops, livestock, fisheries, poultry and agroforestry. This model aims to maximize resource use efficiency, boost productivity, diversify income sources and reduce environmental impacts. By promoting the cultivation of diverse crops and rearing of livestock, this IFS model enables farm households to access a wide range of dietary options. This diversity contributes to improved nutrition, fostering balanced diets and enhancing human well-being. The present stury was carried out during 2022–23 to examine IFS interventions under state schemes in Kerala and Tamil Nadu, collecting 412 sample observations through simple random sampling. Dietary Diversity Scores (DDS) and their determinants were analyzed using multinomial logit regression. The results identified four dominant farming systems, viz. crop-based, vegetable- based, livestock-based, and fisheries-based, with livestock-based systems achieving the highest DDS. Conversely, low DDS groups had significantly lower consumption of meat, fruits, and fish. Factors such as education, intercropping, crop rotation, and net income positively influenced dietary diversity, favouring higher DDS. The study underscores the critical role of intercropping and crop rotation in enhancing dietary diversity and recommends policymakers focus on their widespread adoption. Additionally, improving livestock systems is essential to ensure better access to diverse food groups for farm households.

Integrated farming system for women empowerment in an island ecosystem

A study was conducted to assess the impact of integrated farming system on a smaller scale in tribal areas of Nicobar Island, India. A small scale Homestead Integrated Farming System (HIFS) comprising home garden, goat/pig, backyard poultry was evaluated in farmer’s field through participatory approach in three tribal villages of Car Nicobar during 2013–2020. To assess the impact of Integrated Farming System (IFS) on women empowerment, structured interview was carried out among 20 beneficiaries during October–November 2022. The women empowerment was assessed by quantitative and qualitative methods. Paired t test was conducted for different indicators of women economic and social empowerment comparing the baseline data collected before intervention in 2012. The study found an increase of average household income up to ₹15,000/- due to sale of surplus farm produce after home consumption from an area of 400 m2 in 2020–21. The system provided an opportunity for the tribal women to earn money on their own providing financial independence. The statistical analysis indicated a significant improvement in all the indicators of economic and social empowerment of women. The women economic empowerment index increased from 0.088 (nil empowerment) before to 0.437(slight empowerment) after intervention on Likert scale. This economic empowerment led to social empowerment, the index of which has increased from 0.097– 0.278 during the same period. The study indicated that a small scale homestead farming system can be a promising path in improved livelihoods, enhanced income for achieving economic and social empowerment of women in tribal, remote and isolated areas as in Nicobar Islands.

Integrated farming system approaches for sustainable and climate resilient agriculture

A field experiment was conducted during 2022 and 2023 at the Agricultural Research cum Instructional Farm, Indira Gandhi Krishi Vishwavidyalaya, Raipur, Chhattisgarh under All India Coordinated Research Project on Integrated Farming System (IFS) to study the feasible IFS model for sustainable agriculture. The experiment was laid out in a split-plot design (SPD) with three replications. Rice (Oryza sativa L.) fallow systems recorded the lowest Rice Equivalent Yield (REY) which was improved with rice-sweet corn (Zea mays L.)-tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L.) + coriander (Coriandrum sativum L.) cropping (13254 kg/ha) being significantly superior over remaining treatments. The rice-sweet corn-tomato + coriander system had 245.03%, 303.04%, 231.9% and 308.13% higher REY over rice- french bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.)-groundnut (Arachis hypogaea L.); rice-berseem (Trifolium alexandrinum L.)- sorghum [Sorghum bicolor ssp. bicolor (L.) Moench]; rice-garden pea (Pisum sativum L.)-cowpea [Vigna unguiculata (L.) Walp.] and rice-fallow systems, respectively. Water productivity was 1.96 kg/m3 in mushroom component as low energy use system among recycled manures, whereas poultry restored more soil organic carbon (0.77%) over initial (0.63%). The lower emission of green house gas (-126 kg CO2 equivalent) was in mushroom over rest of recycled manures while among cropping system, rice-sweet corn-tomato + coriander had lower emission of GHGs. The poultry recycled manure incurred 37355 MJ with output of 90475 MJ, however it also generated more employment (311 man-days). Gross return (₹21,681), net return (₹12,231) and employment generation (212 man-days) of rice-sweet corn-tomato+coriander was higher followed by rice-french bean-groundnut adopted for family nutrition.

Assessment of environmental impact, energetics and productivity of small-farm integrated farming system model under irrigated situation of semi-arid ecosystem of India

Small and marginal farmers in semi-arid regions often practice crop-dominated farming systems, which tend to have low productivity and negative environmental impacts. Transforming these farms into Integrated Farming Systems (IFS) could address multiple challenges. The current study was carried out during 2020–21 to 2021–22 at All India Coordinated Research Project on IFS, Rajasthan Agricultural Research Institute, Durgapura, Rajasthan, to estimate the greenhouse gas (GHG) emission, energy and carbon budgeting of crop-livestock-horticulture based IFS model of 1.45 ha. This IFS model produced mean annual Pearl Millet Equivalent Yield (PEY) of 37,209 kg/year. Among the enterprises, dairy contributed the highest (35.84%) in the mean annual production followed by crops (24.37%). Likewise, the mean annual net return of the IFS model was ₹3,31,853, wherein dairy component contributing the highest (33.09%) followed by crops (29.60%) along with mean annual employment of around 779 man-days. This model consumed 263808 MJ of energy input annually against the total output of 321866 MJ. The model was energy efficient with the mean energy use efficiency of 1.22 and net energy gain of 58058 MJ. This model sequestrated nearly 7324.4 kg CO2–e as sink through tree components (4978 kg CO2–e) and incorporated manures or crop residues (2346.4 kg CO2–e). The results indicated that with diversified cropping (cereals, pulses, oilseed), livestock (dairy, goat, poultry), horticulture (vegetable and mixed orchard) based current IFS model may be a climate smart option for small farmers in the study area to enhance the productivity, profitability, energy use and carbon sequestration to minimize the environmental impact.

Enhancing farm productivity, profitability, sustainability and livelihood of small farm holders through integrated farming system

The present study was carried out from 2018 to 2024 at ICAR-Research Complex for Eastern Region, Patna, Bihar to evaluate eight farming system models [Field crops (FC) alone; FC + Fish + Duck; FC + Fish + Poultry; FC + Fish + Cattle; FC + Fish + Horticulture; FC + Fish + Horticulture + Duck; FC + Fish + Horticulture + Poultry; and FC + Fish + Horticulture + Cattle] with an objective to enhance productivity, improve profitability, optimize resource use through recycling, generate employment, and reduce production costs. The findings revealed that diversified integrated farming systems significantly outperformed over conventional rice (Oryza sativa L.)-wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) systems in terms of economic returns and nutrient recycling efficiency. Integrating field crops with fish, horticulture, and cattle increased system productivity by 186% compared to traditional rice-wheat system. Among the models studied, the field crops + fish + horticulture + poultry integration fetched the highest net returns and B:C ratio (₹3,04,900/ha; 2.36) and was followed by FC + Fish + Horticulture + Cattle (₹2,81,600; 1.99) but on the basis of B:C ratio FC + Fish + Horticulture (₹2,45,000; 2.31) and FC + Fish + Poultry (₹2,13,300; 2.26), respectively supersedes FC + Fish + Horticulture + Cattle combinations due to more production cost involved in raising of cattle. Contribution from pond dyke cultivation (vegetables + fruits) was found remarkable which added 3.9 tonnes rice equivalent yield (REY) with a net return of ₹52,950 from an area of 0.1 ha and made the system more profitable. An ample quantity of man-days (230–455) has been also generated in comparison with rice-wheat (128) system. Apart from these economic benefits the integrations of different components with crop also added 97.5 kg N; 114.5 kg P2O5 and 75.5 kg K2O.

Agriculture, Integrated, Convent Livelihood Security of Small and Marginal Farm Families through Integrated Farming System: A Sustainable Approach

Integrated Farming System is mainly a combination of one or more enterprises with cropping, when carefully chosen, planned, and implemented, provides greater dividends than a monoculture approach or single enterprise, especially for small and marginal farm families. The present study was conducted in Uttar Pradesh, a state in India. A total sample of 100 farm families, i.e., 50 CFS and 50 IFS, were selected randomly. The findings of the study clearly indicate that the livelihoods of IFS farm families were more secure in comparison to those of CFS farm families. The livelihood securities of CFS and IFS farm families had positive and significant correlation with education, monthly family income, land holding, farming experience, livestock possession, possession of agricultural and household assets, social and extension participation, mass media exposure, training exposure, and exposure to e-services.

Integrated Farming Systems Improve the Income of Small Farm Holdings—An Overview of Earlier Findings in the Indian Context

Integrated Farming Systems Improve the Income of Small Farm Holdings—An Overview of Earlier Findings in the Indian Context

Impact of Integrated Farming System on Traditional Farming Practices in Redwa Village of Akola District, Maharashtra, India

Research and developmental initiatives under Rainfed Integrated Farming System Project implemented by AICRP for Dryland Agriculture, Dr. Panjabrao Deshmukh Krishi Vidyapeeth, District-Akola are adopted in village Redwa, Taluka-Barshitakli of Akola district in Maharashtra state are reported in the present study. The study analyzed 20 rainfed and 8 partially irrigated farmers who have adopted different integrated farming systems approach (viz: Crop + Large ruminants and Crop + Large ruminants + Small ruminants). Crop interventions such as; intercropping of soybean + pigeonpea (6:1) as against farmer practice of no intercropping, opening of furrows in each row at 30-35 days after sowing for in-situ moisture conservation, foliar spray of 19:19:19 mix fertilizer to cope up with dry spells and high intensity rainfall events and protective irrigation (for farmers having partially irrigated situation) resulted in higher equivalent yield of crops. Implementation of livestock interventions such as, vaccination and feeding of green foliage of lucerne/ berseem/minerals and concentrates resulted in higher milk yield in large ruminants (i.e cow and buffalo) with good health, higher man days in case of bullock pair and higher meat returns and better weight gain in small ruminants (i.e; goat) as compared to farmers practice. In farmers practice vaccination and feeding with green foliage of lucerne/ berseem/minerals and concentrates is not followed which has been followed through incorporation of interventions under RIFS Project adopted farmers. In rainfed situation, the integrated farming system have recorded 38.8% higher equivalent yield in rainfed marginal category with crop+large ruminant, 28.09% increase in equivalent yield in rainfed marginal category with crop+large ruminant+small ruminant system, 50.26% higher equivalent yield in small category with crop+large ruminant and 48.58% rise in equivalent in small category farmers with crop+large+small ruminants as compared to farmers practice i.e without integrated farming system and no interventions. Whereas, in partially irrigated situation 32.20% increase in crop equivalent yield is recorded with marginal crop+large ruminant category and 57.76% increase is recorded with small category farmers having crop+large ruminants over traditional farmers practice. Farming system in dry land area is characterized by low and unpredictable yield due to inefficient use of rain and soil, rare use of fertilizers, high yielding varieties and improved soil conservation measures. Therefore, IFS is a multidisciplinary whole farm approach and very effective in solving the problems of small and marginal farmers which aims at increasing income and employment from small-holding by integrating various farm enterprises. Integrated Farming System is a combination of crop and livestock enterprises which consider the concepts of minimizing risk, increasing total production and profits by lowering external inputs through recycling and improving the utilization of organic wastes and crop residues which are effective tools for addressing various issues of rainfed farmers.

Integrated Farming Systems Effect on Farmers Livelihood Security in Uttar Pradesh, India

The aim of the present investigation was to determine the degree of livelihood security experienced by farmers in the Sultanpur region of Uttar Pradesh. Kurebhar and Dhanpatganj blocks were selected based on having the maximum acreage under an Integrated Farming System. Both primary and secondary data were used in the investigation. To achieve the objectives of the study, primary data were collected from 150 randomly selected farmers for the years 2021–2022. Six distinct measures of the security of livelihood were developed based on the condition of farmer households in the research location. The index score range for the indicators was 0 to 1. A household that has a higher indication number is likely to be more financially secure and well-off. The security of both health and education are under grave danger. The overall Household Livelihood Security index was found to be 0.54.

Personal, Socio-economic and Psychological Profile of Integrated Farming System Module Practicing Farmers in North-Eastern Dry Zone (Zone-II) of Karnataka, India

Personal, Socio-economic and Psychological Profile of Integrated Farming System Module Practicing Farmers in North-Eastern Dry Zone (Zone-II) of Karnataka, India

Evaluation of Farming System Modules for Improving Profitability of Small Farmers in Coastal Odisha, India

The study evaluated the profitability, sustainability and environmental impact of integrated farming system (IFS) modules, including cropping systems, horticulture, dairy, poultry and fishery in an area of 1.2 ha, in coastal Odisha, India. This research project was part of the sixth production cycle under the All India Coordinated Research Project on IFS and conducted at the Central Research Station, Odisha University of Agriculture and Technology, Bhubaneswar, during the 2022-23 agricultural year. The experiment integrated five major modules: cropping systems (0.32 ha), horticulture (0.31 ha), dairy (2 cross-bred cows), poultry (500 coloured chicken for meat) and fishery (0.40 ha). Productivity was assessed using rice equivalent yield (REY) and economic returns were calculated for each module. Sustainability was evaluated through sustainable yield indices and carbon footprint assessments, while soil quality parameters, such as bulk density, pH, organic carbon and available macronutrients, were monitored over six years. Dairy emerged as the most productive module, yielding the highest REY (15.14 t) and gross return (Rs.3,27,040). Horticulture recorded the highest net return (Rs.1,40,627) and benefit-cost ratio (3.61). The cost of production was mainly influenced by external inputs (52%), followed by labour (33%) and system-recycled inputs (15%). The system generated 399 man-days annually, with over half contributed by dairy. Environmental sustainability was achieved through agroforestry and compost application, making the model carbon-negative. Dairy was the largest greenhouse gas emitter, while horticulture and biomass contributed significantly to carbon sequestration. Over six years, soil quality improved, with reduced bulk density, increased water-holding capacity and enhanced organic carbon levels. Sustainable yield indices for four modules were above 0.6, with dairy showing the highest sustainability. Poultry performance required further improvement to enhance overall system sustainability. In conclusion, the integrated farming system enhanced overall productivity, profitability and environmental sustainability for smallholder farmers in coastal Odisha, showcasing its potential for resource optimization and resilience.

SISTEM PERTANIAN TERPADU YANG MENINGKATKAN PRODUKTIVITAS PERTANIAN DI LAHAN PEKARANGAN

Integrated Farming System is a modern agriculture that has a sustainable and environmentally friendly concept with productivity as a result. The utilization of yard land not only increases agricultural productivity but in economic terms can also increase socio-economic needs with good management. The benefits obtained by applying this principle are that the cost of shopping for food and vegetable needs can be reduced, and daily spice ingredients can be met. The purpose of writing this study is to find out and analyze how agricultural productivity in Indonesia is by utilizing yard land in residential homes and cities. The utilization of yard land to increase agricultural productivity has proven to be influential. The utilization of yard land that is managed properly will get great benefits, can preserve the environment, and minimize the use of inorganic materials. The utilization of this yard land has many benefits for the surrounding community both in terms of agricultural productivity and in terms of economy. The utilization of yard land can be done in various ways, starting from hydroponic cultivation techniques, aquaponics, vertical culture (hanging, attached, pot, or polybag systems).