Intake Of Simple Carbohydrates Research Articles

Blood Glucose Prediction from Nutrition Analytics in Type 1 Diabetes: A Review.

Type 1 Diabetes (T1D) affects over 9 million worldwide and necessitates meticulous self-management for blood glucose (BG) control. Utilizing BG prediction technology allows for increased BG control and a reduction in the diabetes burden caused by self-management requirements. This paper reviews BG prediction models in T1D, which include nutritional components. A systematic search, utilizing the PRISMA guidelines, identified articles focusing on BG prediction algorithms for T1D that incorporate nutritional variables. Eligible studies were screened and analyzed for model type, inclusion of additional aspects in the model, prediction horizon, patient population, inputs, and accuracy. The study categorizes 138 blood glucose prediction models into data-driven (54%), physiological (14%), and hybrid (33%) types. Prediction horizons of ≤30 min are used in 36% of models, 31-60 min in 34%, 61-90 min in 11%, 91-120 min in 10%, and >120 min in 9%. Neural networks are the most used data-driven technique (47%), and simple carbohydrate intake is commonly included in models (data-driven: 72%, physiological: 52%, hybrid: 67%). Real or free-living data are predominantly used (83%). The primary goal of blood glucose prediction in T1D is to enable informed decisions and maintain safe BG levels, considering the impact of all nutrients for meal planning and clinical relevance.

IMPACT OF THE COVID-19 PANDEMIC ON BRUXISM AND THE DAILY LIFE OF CHILDREN AGED 7-10

Introduction: In 2020, the global pandemic of COVID-19 significantly affected our daily lives. The youngest students were most affected due to the establishment of distance education, which is associated with social isolation and increased screen time. Aim:To investigate the prevalence and specific risk factors for sleep bruxism associated with the COVID-19 pandemic in children aged 7-10 years, their eating habits and physical activity. Materials and methods: The object of the study are 267 children aged 7-10 years. The examined children underwent a clinical examination, during which the following were registered: dental status and attrition, oral hygiene and orthodontic status. Anamnestic data on nocturnal bruxism, physical activity, dietary habits, and screen exposure were obtained from 241 parents via a questionnaire. The results were statistically processed with SPSS-19. Results: The frequency of bruxism in children aged 7-10 is 21.4% (p<0.05). No increase in its frequency or intensity was found during the pandemic in the studied groups. The average increase in screen exposure during the pandemic was more than 60 minutes per day (p<0.05). In 1/4 of the children, physical activity during the pandemic decreased (p<0.05). In 21.6% of the examined children, the intake of simple carbohydrates increased (p<0.05). Conclusions: Bruxism is a common condition in school-aged children. The restrictive measures during the COVID-19 pandemic have led to a rise in some risk factors for bruxism oral and general health of children aged 7-10 years by increasing their screen exposure, consumption of simple carbohydrates and decreasing their physical activity.

Dynamics of Gut Microbiota and Short-Chain Fatty Acids during a Cycling Grand Tour Are Related to Exercise Performance and Modulated by Dietary Intake.

Regular exercise has been described to modify both the diversity and the relative abundance of certain bacterial taxa. To our knowledge, the effect of a cycling stage race, which entails extreme physiological and metabolic demands, on the gut microbiota composition and its metabolic activity has not been analysed. The aim of this cohort study was to analyse the dynamics of faecal microbiota composition and short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs) content of professional cyclists over a Grand Tour and their relationship with performance and dietary intake. 16 professional cyclists competing in La Vuelta 2019 were recruited. Faecal samples were collected at four time points: the day before the first stage (A); after 9 stages (B); after 15 stages (C); and on the last stage (D). Faecal microbiota populations and SCFA content were analysed using 16S rRNA sequencing and gas chromatography, respectively. A principal component analysis (PCA) followed by Generalised Estimating Equation (GEE) models were carried out to explore the dynamics of microbiota and SCFAs and their relationship with performance. Bifidobacteriaceae, Coriobacteriaceae, Erysipelotrichaceae, and Sutterellaceae dynamics showed a strong final performance predictive value (r = 0.83, ranking, and r = 0.81, accumulated time). Positive correlations were observed between Coriobacteriaceae with acetate (r = 0.530) and isovalerate (r = 0.664) and between Bifidobacteriaceae with isobutyrate (r = 0.682). No relationship was observed between SCFAs and performance. The abundance of Erysipelotrichaceae at the beginning of La Vuelta was directly related to the previous intake of complex-carbohydrate-rich foods (r = 0.956), while during the competition, the abundance of Bifidobacteriaceae was negatively affected by the intake of simple carbohydrates from supplements (r = -0.650). An ecological perspective represents more realistically the relationship between gut microbiota composition and performance compared to single-taxon approaches. The composition and periodisation of diet and supplementation during a Grand Tour, particularly carbohydrates, could be designed to modulate gut microbiota composition to allow better performance.

Short-term hypercaloric carbohydrate loading increases surgical stress resilience by inducing FGF21

Dietary restriction promotes resistance to surgical stress in multiple organisms. Counterintuitively, current medical protocols recommend short-term carbohydrate-rich drinks (carbohydrate loading) prior to surgery, part of a multimodal perioperative care pathway designed to enhance surgical recovery. Despite widespread clinical use, preclinical and mechanistic studies on carbohydrate loading in surgical contexts are lacking. Here we demonstrate in ad libitum-fed mice that liquid carbohydrate loading for one week drives reductions in solid food intake, while nearly doubling total caloric intake. Similarly, in humans, simple carbohydrate intake is inversely correlated with dietary protein intake. Carbohydrate loading-induced protein dilution increases expression of hepatic fibroblast growth factor 21 (FGF21) independent of caloric intake, resulting in protection in two models of surgical stress: renal and hepatic ischemia-reperfusion injury. The protection is consistent across male, female, and aged mice. In vivo, amino acid add-back or genetic FGF21 deletion blocks carbohydrate loading-mediated protection from ischemia-reperfusion injury. Finally, carbohydrate loading induction of FGF21 is associated with the induction of the canonical integrated stress response (ATF3/4, NF-kB), and oxidative metabolism (PPARγ). Together, these data support carbohydrate loading drinks prior to surgery and reveal an essential role of protein dilution via FGF21.

Metabolic and ultrastructural renal changes in adult Wistar rats fed by a cafeteria diet.

To evaluate, by quantitative and qualitative methods, the glomerular ultrastructure in Wistar rats fed a cafeteria diet. Male Wistar rats were divided into two groups at 21 days of age: control (C, n = 10) and cafeteria diet (CAF, n = 8). The animals were followed up until 5 months of age, followed by euthanasia. The blood, kidneys, and fat deposits--epididymal, retroperitoneal, and subcutaneous--were extracted and analyzed. Data were analyzed by Student's t test, and p < 0.05 was considered statistically significant. The cafeteria diet promoted glucose intolerance, hyperglycemia (p < 0.0001), and deposition of retroperitoneal fat (p < 0.005). Scanning electron microscopy revealed that the length of the foot process was similar in both groups. The quantitative analyses by transmission electron microscopy revealed that the cafeteria diet reduced the thickness of the glomerular basement membrane (p < 0.05). The intake of lipids and simple carbohydrates were found to be associated with alteration in the glomerular ultrastructure. However, more studies are needed to evaluate not only the effects of high-protein and high-fat diets on components of the glomerular filtration barrier, but also renal physiology.

Interaction between Akkermansia muciniphila and Diet Is Associated with Proinflammatory Index in School-Aged Children.

Imbalance in the intestinal microbiota can lead to chronic low-grade inflammation. Diet may influence this association. In this study, we aimed to evaluate the interaction between Akkermansia muciniphila (A. muciniphila) and dietary patterns using a proinflammatory index. We conducted a cross-sectional study with school-aged children. We quantified the relative abundance (RA) of A. muciniphila in feces using a polymerase chain reaction. We collected dietary information through employing a food frequency questionnaire and generated dietary patterns using principal component analysis. We generated a proinflammatory index from serum levels of interleukin-6, interleukin-10, tumor necrosis factor alpha, and adiponectin validated by receptor operating characteristic curves. We evaluated the association between A. muciniphila and the proinflammatory index using logistic regression, including an interaction term with dietary patterns. We found that children with a low RA of A. muciniphila and a high intake of simple carbohydrates and saturated fats had increased odds of being high on the proinflammatory index. However, when the consumption of this dietary pattern is low, children with a low RA of A. muciniphila had decreased odds of being high on the proinflammatory index. Our results suggest that the simultaneous presence of A. muciniphila and diet have a more significant impact on the presence of being high on the proinflammatory index compared to both factors separately.

Post-bariatric hypoglycaemia diagnosed during pregnancy.

There is a scarcity of literature relating to post-bariatric hypoglycaemia (PBH) in pregnancy. Recurrent hyperglycaemia and hypoglycaemia can have significant consequences for both the mother and the developing fetus. We describe a case of a young pregnant woman who was diagnosed with symptomatic PBH in the second trimester of pregnancy using continuous glucose monitoring (CGM) 3 years after Roux-en-Y gastric bypass (RYGB) surgery. Instigating a low glycaemic index and complex carbohydrate diet significantly improved the patient's glycaemic excursions. Given that this condition is likely underdiagnosed as a complication of RYGB surgery, a greater awareness of this complication is needed. Patients should be adequately consented pre-operatively for this relatively frequent late surgical complication to enable patients to identify symptoms of this condition at an early stage and seek medical treatment. PBH is an important diagnosis in patients post-RYGB surgery, particularly in women of childbearing age when consequences of both hyperglycaemia and hypoglycaemia during pregnancy can adversely affect both mother and the fetus. Adverse outcomes of recurrent hypoglycaemia to the fetus can include small for gestational age, intrauterine growth restriction and possible impairment of beta cell function. Providing adequate carbohydrate intake to allow growth of the fetus during pregnancy while also attempting to resolve both hyperglycaemia and hypoglycaemia associated with PBH by reducing the intake of simple carbohydrates and high glycaemic index foods can prove challenging. Patients should be adequately consented for late complications of RYGB surgery such as PBH in order to allow early recognition of symptoms and enable prompt treatment.

Association between dietary glycemic index and non-alcoholic fatty liver disease in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus.

Managing dietary glycemic index (GI) deserves further attention in the interplay between non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) and type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). This study aimed to evaluate the relationship between dietary GI and the odds of NAFLD in patients with T2DM. A cross-sectional study was carried out between April 2021 and February 2022, including 200 participants with T2DM aged 18-70 years, of which 133 had NAFLD and 67 were in the non-NAFLD group. Cardiometabolic parameters were analyzed using standard biochemical kits and dietary intake was assessed using a validated food frequency questionnaire. Binary logistic regression was applied to explore odds ratios (ORs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) for NAFLD according to tertiles of dietary GI. Highest vs. lowest tertile (< 57 vs. > 60.89) of energy-adjusted GI was not associated with the odds of having NAFLD (OR 1.25, 95% CI = 0.6-2.57; P-trend = 0.54) in the crude model. However, there was an OR of 3.24 (95% CI = 1.03-10.15) accompanied by a significant trend (P-trend = 0.04) after full control for potential confounders (age, gender, smoking status, duration of diabetes, physical activity, waist circumference, HbA1c, triglycerides, total cholesterol, dietary intake of total carbohydrates, simple carbohydrates, fat, and protein). High dietary GI is associated with increased odds of NAFLD in subjects with T2DM. However, interventional and longitudinal cohort studies are required to confirm these findings.

Maternal Diet May Modulate Breast Milk Microbiota-A Case Study in a Group of Colombian Women.

There is increasing evidence that the diet and nutritional status of women during pregnancy and lactation can modulate the microbiota of their milk and, therefore, the microbiota of the infant. An observational, descriptive, and cross-sectional study was carried out in a group of lactating women. Dietary intake during gestation and the first trimester of lactation was evaluated, and the microbiota was analyzed by 16S ribosomal RNA (rRNA) sequencing using the Illumina platform. Globally, Streptococcus spp. (32%), Staphylococcus spp. (17.3%), Corynebacterium spp. (5.1%) and Veillonella spp. (3.1%) were the predominant bacterial genera. The consumption of simple carbohydrates in gestation (rho = 0.55, p ≤ 0.01) and lactation (rho = 0.50, p ≤ 0.01) were positively correlated with Enterobacter spp. In lactation, a negative correlation was observed between the intake of simple carbohydrates and the genus Bifidobacterium spp. (rho = -0.51 p ≤ 0.01); furthermore, a positive correlation was identified between the intake of folic acid and Akkermansia spp. (rho = 0.47, p ≤ 0.01). Amplicon sequence variants (ASVs) associated with the delivery mode, employment relationship, the baby's gender, birth weight, the Body Mass Index (BMI) of the breastfeeding woman, and gestational weight gain were recovered as covariates in a linear mixed model. The results of this research showed that the maternal nutritional status and diet of women during gestation and lactation could modulate the microbiota of breast milk.

Major metabolic and metabolomic aspects of nutrition in the gut microbiota and sports performance: a systematic review

Introduction: In the context of sports performance, nutrition has been used to improve the health of the brain, bones, muscles, and cardiovascular system of athletes. However, recent research suggests that the gut microbiota (GM) may also play a role in athlete health and performance. Objective: It was to carry out a systematic review of the main clinical findings, involving the metabolic and metabolomic aspects, of the relationship between gut microbiota and sports performance under control and nutrological modulation. Methods: The systematic review rules of the PRISMA Platform were followed. The research was carried out from January to March 2023 in Scopus, PubMed, Science Direct, Scielo, and Google Scholar databases. The quality of the studies was based on the GRADE instrument and the risk of bias was analyzed according to the Cochrane instrument. Results and Conclusion: A total of 328 articles were found, and 132 articles were evaluated in full and 108 were included and developed in this systematic review study. Considering the Cochrane tool for risk of bias, the overall assessment resulted in 52 studies with a high risk of bias and 74 studies that did not meet GRADE. It was concluded that athletes must feed, train and utilize the entire supraorganism, including the GM, implementing gut-centered dietary strategies to achieve optimal performance. Current evidence suggests that the GM may contribute to sports performance through the production of dietary metabolites (short-chain fatty acids, secondary bile acids), influence on gastrointestinal physiology (e.g. nutrient absorption), and immune modulation (inhibition of pathogens). Dietary strategies common in athletes, such as a high intake of protein and simple carbohydrates and a low intake of nondigestible carbohydrates, may adversely affect the GM and predispose athletes to gastrointestinal problems and thus impair performance. However, adequate dietary fiber intake, a variety of protein sources, and an emphasis on unsaturated fats, especially ɷ-3 fatty acids, as well as supplementation with pre, pro, and synbiotics, have shown promising results in optimizing the health of the athletes and their GM with potential beneficial effects on performance.

Consumption frequency of junk food, simple carbohydrate intake, and total cholesterol levels in Esa Unggul University employees

This study aims to determine the relationship of the frequency of consuming junk food, intake of simple carbohydrates, physical activity and total cholesterol levels in Esa Unggul University employees. This type of research is observational with cross sectional research design. The total population of 400 respondents obtained the number of samples using stratified random sampling is as many as 60 respondents selected with respondents ranging from age 27-61 years. Data collected are frequency of consuming junk food using food frequency (FFQ) instruments for the past 1 month, physical activity using 2x24 hour Physical Activity Level (PAL) instrument form, simple carbohydrate intake using 2x24 hour food recall instrument and total cholesterol level using instrument check instrument digital cholesterol. Data analysis in this study used the Pearson correlation test. Average junk food consumption with a score (95.7 ± 64.96), physical activity (1.67 ± 0.21), intake of simple carbohydrates (77.64 ± 32.91) grams and total cholesterol levels (184, 7 ± 36.25) ml / dl. There was a relationship between consuming junk food (P = 0.0001; r = 0.454), intake of simple carbohydrates (P = 0.006; r = 0.349) and total cholesterol levels. However, there was no relationship between physical activity and total cholesterol levels (P = 0.167; r = -0.181). Abstrak: Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui hubungan frekuensi mengonsumsi junk food, asupan karbohidrat sederhana, aktivitas fisik dan kadar kolesterol total pada karyawan Universitas Esa Unggul. Jenis penelitian ini bersifat observasional dengan desain penelitian cross sectional. Jumlah populasi 400 responden didapatkan jumlah sampel dengan menggunakan cara stratified random sampling adalah sebanyak 60 responden yang terpilih dengan responden mulai dari usia 27–61 tahun. Data yang dikumpulkan yaitu frekuensi mengonsumsi junk food menggunakan instrumen food frequency (FFQ) 1 bulan terakhir, aktivitas fisik menggunakan instrumen form Physical Activity Level (PAL) 2x24 jam, asupan karbohidrat sederhana menggunakan instrumen food recall 2x24 jam dan kadar kolesterol total menggunakan intrumen alat cek kolesterol digital. Analisis data pada penelitian ini menggunakan uji korelasi pearson. Rata-rata mengonsumsi junk food dengan skor (95,7 ± 64,96), aktivitas fisik (1,67 ± 0,21), asupan karbohidrat sederhana (77,64 ± 32,91) gram dan kadar kolesterol total (184,7 ± 36,25) ml/dl. Terdapat hubungan antara mengonsumsi junk food (P=0,0001; r=0,454), asupan karbohidrat sederhana (P=0,006; r=0,349) dan kadar kolesterol total. Namun, tidak ada hubungan antara aktivitas fisik dan kadar kolesterol total (P=0,167; r=-0,181).

S-44-6: ASSESSING THE EFFECT OF SIMPLE CARBOHYDRATE RESTRICTED DIET ON BLOOD PRESSURE LEVELS OF HYPERTENSIVE

Objective: In the recent past, various functional foods have been proposed to be effective tools for alleviating hypertension. There is a paucity of evidence on the efficacy of restricted sugar intake in an Indian setting and most evidence comes from non-validated studies. Studies have proposed that sugar acts by decreasing nitric oxide, increasing low-grade inflammation, increasing insulin resistance and promoting obesity. The objective of the study is to assess the efficacy of restriction of simple carbohydrate intake on change in body weight, blood pressure and anthropometry [waist circumference (WC), waist to hip ratio(WHR) and body mass index (BMI)] after 30 days in males with pre-dominant hypertension. Design and Methods: A Case-Control Study with a sample size of 200 urban patients with clinical blood pressure &gt; 140/90 were selected and divided into 2 groups. A 1800kcal/day diet restricted in simple carbohydrates was given and Blood pressure, body weight, anthropometry (height, WC, HC, BMI, WHR, BSL (F, PP) were measured after 30 days. The participants had been following a structured 1800 kcal/day 3 months prior to the carbohydrate-restricted intervention. Complex carbohydrates were allowed. No change in physical activity was initiated. Results: A significant reduction was observed in the intervention group consuming a restricted carbohydrate diet along with a structured diet. Diet recall was taken using food frequency questionnaires and daily pictures of the plate that the participants consumed. Conclusion: A restricted simple carbohydrate diet was found to be effective in weight loss and reduction of systolic and diastolic blood pressure in patients with hypertension. The intervention group has a higher odds ratio and is positively associated with SBP, Weight loss and WC as compared to the control group. The source of simple carbohydrates in the majority of the participants was noted as bakery products, sauces and other hidden sources of carbohydrates. Participants were regularly counselled towards healthy eating and dietary sources of various nutrients.

Comparison and Reasons for Diet-intake before and after COVID-19 Lockdown in Selected Households in Chikun Local Government Area of Kaduna State, Nigeria

Background: The COVID-19 pandemic between 2019-2020 resulted in lockdowns and travel restrictions worldwide. This could however, significantly influence the dietary habits of humans worldwide considering its economic, financial and health impacts.&#x0D; Aims: The study aims to investigate dietary habits in selected households in Chikun Local Government Area of Kaduna State, Nigeria.&#x0D; Methodology: 24 hour dietary recall was used to collect dietary data on meals consumed a day before interview both before and after the lockdown was lifted using the same questionnaire, a total of 50 respondents, 25 female and 25 male. Convinience sampling was used in the knowledge, attitude and practice study.&#x0D; Results: The respondents had an improvement in diet choices post COVID-19 lockdown as show on the charts above, the increase in the consumption of fruits /vegetable (7%) and spice/seasoning (5%) food groups was majorly as a result of their associated health and wellbeing benefits however, there was also a reduction in the percentage intake of protein (5%) and complex carbohydrates (13%) probably due to the overall reduction in caloric intake. An increase of 4% was also recorded in the intake of simple carbohydrates.&#x0D; Conclusion: There was an overall improvement in diet choices and lifestyle post Covid-19 in the Study Area.

ODP153 Recurrent hypertriglyceridemia-induced pancreatitis due to multifactorial chylomicronemia syndrome in a patient with ketosis-prone diabetes mellitus

Abstract Background Hypertriglyceridemia-induced pancreatitis is associated with significant morbidity and mortality. The triad of diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA), severe hypertriglyceridemia, and acute pancreatitis have been occasionally described in severely obese patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). However, the occurrence of this triad in newly diagnosed ketosis-prone diabetes mellitus (KPDM) is rarely reported. Herein, we report a long-term follow-up of a Thai man with KPDM complicated with recurrent pancreatitis due to multifactorial chylomicronemia syndrome. Case Description A 33-year-old Thai male patient with a history of insulin-independent diabetes mellitus, recurrent hypertriglyceridemic pancreatitis, and recurrent DKA (three times within the past 5 years) came to our hospital in 2020 for the management of plasma triglyceride levels. At the age of 29 years (BMI 31.2 kg/m2), he experienced the first hypertriglyceridemia-induced pancreatitis (plasma triglyceride 8,189 mg/dL) in association with DKA. After resolution of DKA, insulin therapy was successfully discontinued for 3 years. Then, recurrent hypertriglyceridemic pancreatitis in association with multiple organ failures was developed during travelling to India. After treatment with plasmapheresis and continuous intravenous insulin infusion, he was able to extubate but pulmonary embolism at right pulmonary artery was discovered. Subcutaneous low molecular weight heparin was given for 6 months and then discontinued. The last hypertriglyceridemia-induced pancreatitis attack in association with DKA was aggravated by a high fat buffet meal 1 month prior to our hospital visit. He denied any tobacco, alcohol, or substance use. The patient had no known family medical history of lipid disorders. Further investigations revealed preserved beta-cell function by mixed meal stimulation test and negative pancreatic autoantibodies. Genetic testing showed no mutation in lipoprotein lipase (LPL) and its co-factors. Therefore, multifactorial chylomicronemia syndrome with KPDM was diagnosed. The patient was referred to multidisciplinary team for lifelong weight loss, limiting intake of fat and simple carbohydrates, and adherence to lipid-lowering medications. Subsequent follow-up 2 years later showed no recurrent pancreatitis. Conclusion The triad of acute pancreatitis, severe hypertriglyceridemia and DKA constitutes a unique subgroup of patients which insulin deficiency state is the core defect in association with underlying genetic predisposition. Molecular diagnosis of underlying genetic defect should be pursued to exclude familial chylomicronemia syndrome. In patients with multifactorial chylomicronemia syndrome, long-term management with dietary modifications together with pharmacotherapy remains the cornerstone of successful treatment. Presentation: No date and time listed

Frequency of Candida spp. in the Oral Cavity of Asymptomatic Preschool Mexican Children and Its Association with Nutritional Status.

Malnutrition is a public health problem in developing countries, affecting the child population, which favors the appearance of infections such as oral candidiasis. In Mexico, information on the presence of oral colonization by Candida spp. in asymptomatic children is scarce. The present study aimed to determine the presence of Candida spp. in the oral cavity of asymptomatic preschool Mexican children and its association with their nutritional status. A sample of oral mucosa was obtained using a sterile swab and then inoculated in Sabouraud dextrose agar with antibiotics, and the yeast growth was phenotypically identified. The anthropometric profile of children was performed based on the guidelines of the International Society for the Advancement of Kinanthropometry. In addition, eating habits were investigated. The possible associations between the variables were determined through the chi-square test (IC95%, p < 0.05) (GraphPad Prism 8.0). Among the 743 assessed children (403 boys and 340 girls), the average age was 4.6 years, and the average nutritional status was normal (53.7%), followed by undernutrition (28.4%), overweight (12.4%) and obesity (5.5%). In 52 children, Candida was isolated, and the identified species were C. albicans (87.8%), C. glabrata (11.5%), C. krusei (5.8%) and C. parapsilosis (1.9%). The frequency of colonization was greater in males of six years (69.23%). There was no significant association between the colonization by Candida spp. and the nutritional status; however, a relation was observed with a high intake of simple carbohydrates.

The structure of nutrition of Russian students as a risk factor for the development of nutritional diseases

The paper analyzes the literature data on the peculiarities of nutrition of students studying in higher educational institutions of various regions of Russia, and the risks of developing food-related diseases. They are largely associated with the adaptation of students to study at a university, the lack of self-organization skills and a lack of knowledge in matters of rational nutrition. The actual nutrition of students, on the one hand, is characterized by a lack of macronutrients and micronutrients intake, on the other hand, by excessive consumption of substances that contribute to the development of obesity. The results of numerous studies show a general pattern of unbalanced nutrition of students in terms of the ratio of saturated and polyunsaturated fatty acids, insufficient consumption of dietary fiber, full-fledged proteins, and excessive intake of simple carbohydrates. Dietary fiber deficiency can lead to changes in the composition of the microbiocenosis of the digestive tract, a deficiency of omega-3 fatty acids, and consequently, the imbalance of fatty acid composition of the blood cell membrane. 20–40 % of Russian students show signs of severe hypovitaminosis, especially calciferol, which is caused not only by its deficiency in the diet, but also by physical, geographical, climatic and seasonal factors. The analysis of the content of the main minerals in students shows a sufficient content of calcium in the body, an excess of sodium and a lack of magnesium, potassium and iron, which is due to both the composition of the food consumed and the peculiarities of the accumulation and excretion of these ions. An analysis of the actual nutrition of students shows the need for counseling young people, especially in the first years of study. The introduction of an educational program on optimal nutrition is possible through the practice of curatorial work during the adaptation of the first-year students to student’s life.

Intake of ultra-processed foods is associated with inflammatory markers in Brazilian adolescents.

To evaluate the association of the consumption of foods of the ultra-processed group (UPF) with inflammatory markers in the adolescent population in Northeastern Brazil. A cross-sectional population-based study. Food consumption was evaluated using two 24-h dietary recalls using the NOVA classification for food processing levels. The following inflammatory markers were evaluated: adiponectin, IL-6, IL-8, C-reactive protein (CRP) and TNF-α. Multivariate linear regression was used to investigate the association between the percentage of UPF energy contribution and inflammatory markers. São Luís, Maranhão, Brazil. The sample consisted of 391 male and female adolescents, aged from 17 to 18 years. The average daily energy consumption by adolescents was 8032·9 kJ/d, of which 26·1 % originated from UPF. The upper tertile (T3) of UPF consumption presented higher intake of simple carbohydrates, lipids, saturated fat, and Na and lower protein intake. Individuals in T3 presented higher serum leptin and CRP levels (P < 0·05). Adolescents with UPF energy consumption ≥30·0 % (tertile 3 of UPF) had a 79 % (exp (0·58) = 1·79) increase in IL-8 levels when compared with adolescents in tertile 1 of UPF (P = 0·013). The association between the consumption of UPF, poor quality diet and pro-inflammatory markers have important harmful effects that can be observed as early as in adolescence.

Diertary Intake of Micronutrients in Non-Indigenous Womens in the Cities of Khanty-Mansiysk and Salekhard

Introduction: Healthy nutrition is an important determinant of physical and mental wellbeing. A significant amount of evidence has been accumulated on the effect of nutrition on health promotion, disease prevention, resiliance to unfavorable climatic factors, longevity and life quality. Insufficient intake of micronutrients is often combined with an excess intake of macronutrients, particularly fats and simple carbohydrates increasling the risk of developing chronic diseases. Nutrition of women is of particular importantce not only for the present, but also for future generations. Aim: To assess dietary intake of vitamins A, C, E, D and trace elements, such asFe, Mn, Ca, Mg, Cu, Zn and Se in women of fertile age in Khanty-Mansiysk and Salekhard, North-Eastern Siberia. Methods: A cross-sectional study. A total of 137 non-indigenous women aged 18-44 years living in Khanty-Mansiysk (n = 75) and Salekhard (n = 62) participated in a cross-sectional dietary survey. A 3-day diet was assessed by a questionnaire and the ASPON-nutrition software. Dietary intake of the abovementioned vitamins and nutrients were compared with the naitonal recommended daily amounts (RDA). Results: No statistically significant differences in the intake of vitamines and nutrients were observed between the two settings. Women from the Northen city of Salekhard had insufficient intake of Ca, Mg, Cu, Zn (70-89 % RDA) and Se in partlicular (49 % RDA). They also consumed insufficient amounts ofvitamins E (82-87 % RDA), C (62-73 % RDA) D ( 54-55 % RDA). We also oserved excess intake of vitamin A (111-115 % RDA). Conclusion: A substantial proportion of fertile-age women in North-Eastern Siberia have insufficient intake of vitamines C, E and D as well as Ca, Mg, Cu, Zn and Se warranting development of public health programms including activities to promote dietary supplements and food fortification to improve nutrition of residents in general and women in particular in North-Eastern Siberia.

Simple Carbohydrate Intake and Higher Risk for Physical Frailty Over 15 Years in Community-Dwelling Older Adults.

Insulin resistance is a major mechanism involved in the onset of physical frailty (PF). Although rich carbohydrate diets may promote insulin resistance, few studies have examined their association with PF risk. This study aimed to investigate the spectrum of carbohydrate exposure, including carbohydrate intake (simple, complex, and total), glycemic load (a measure of the diet-related insulin demand), and adherence to a low-carbohydrate diet with the incident risk of PF in community-dwelling older adults. Baseline carbohydrate exposure was assessed in nonfrail participants of the Three-City Bordeaux cohort using a 24-hour dietary recall. Over 15 years of follow-up, participants were screened for PF, defined by the FRAIL scale (≥3 criteria out of Fatigue, Resistance, Ambulation, Illnesses, and weight Loss). Associations were estimated using mixed-effects logistic models adjusted for sex, age, education, smoking status, alcohol consumption, depressive symptomatology, global cognitive performances, and protein and energy intakes. The sample included 1 210 participants (62% females, mean age 76 years). Over the follow-up, 295 (24%) incident cases of PF were documented (28% in females, 18% in males). Higher intake of simple carbohydrates was significantly associated with greater odds of incident PF (per 1-SD increased: OR = 1.29; 95% CI = 1.02-1.62), specifically among males (OR = 1.52; 95% CI = 1.04-2.22). No association was observed with complex or total carbohydrate intake, glycemic load, or low-carbohydrate diet. Among the whole carbohydrate exposure, only higher consumption of simple carbohydrates in older age was associated with a higher risk of developing PF. Further studies are required to explore underlying mechanisms.

Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease in obese children and adolescents: a role for nutrition?

Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) has become the most common cause of chronic liver disease in children, paralleling the increasing prevalence of obesity worldwide. The pathogenesis of paediatric NAFLD is not fully understood, but it is known that obesity, nutrition, lifestyle variables, genetic and epigenetic factors may be causally involved in the development of this common metabolic liver disease. In particular, obesity and nutrition are among the strongest risk factors for paediatric NAFLD, which may exert their adverse hepatic effects already before birth. Excess energy intake induces hypertrophy and hyperplasia of adipose tissue with subsequent development of systemic insulin resistance, which is another important risk factor for NAFLD. Diet composition and in particular simple carbohydrate intake (especially high fructose intake) may promote the development of NAFLD, whereas non-digestible carbohydrates (dietary fiber), by affecting gut microbiota, may favour the integrity of gut wall and reduce inflammation, opposing this process. Saturated fat intake may also promote NAFLD development, whereas unsaturated fat intake has some beneficial effects. Protein intake does not seem to affect the development of NAFLD, but further investigation is needed. In conclusion, lifestyle modifications to induce weight loss, through diet and physical activity, remain the mainstay of treatment for paediatric NAFLD. The use of dietary supplements, such as omega-3 fatty acids and probiotics, needs further study before recommendation.