Intake Of Macro Research Articles

Consumption of maize food group and its contribution on the diet of rural women in México

AbstractNative maize is the main cereal in the diet in rural communities in México, especially in those with a traditional maize-based food-pattern. Although maize has a high nutritional value, its consumption in rural communities has declined in recent decades. Traditional food replacement by modern and processed foods seems to adversely affect the composition of the diet. The aims of this study were: to evaluate the consumption of maize, its influence on nutrient intake in Matlatzincas women, and to analyze the association between the intake of maize food products with specific nutrients within the context of the most current dietary pattern in this indigenous group from central México. In this longitudinal study, we assessed diet over a one-year period, using eight 24-h dietary recalls and a food frequency questionnaire in a rural representative sample of 92 indigenous women aged 19 to 90 years. We derived dietary patterns using principal component analysis based on the intake of ten predefined food groups according to the Mexican equivalents food system. A specific food group based on maize products (maize-food-group) such as tortilla, sopes, pozole, atole, pinole, tacos, etc., was created to identify separately maize consumption in the habitual diet. The percentage of daily energy intake attributed to maize-food-group as well as the intake of macro and micronutrients were estimated. Based on the nutrimental composition of each food group, we analyzed habitual intakes of energy (kcal/d), carbohydrates, proteins, lipids, fiber, vitamins A, D, C and B12 (mg/d), and micronutrients: phosphorus, calcium, iron and zinc (mg/d). Analysis of variance and Pearsońs correlation test were used to evaluate the association between the tertiles of the consumption of maize-food-group and nutrient intake. Additionally, a diet score was calculated to assess diet quality according to maize-food-group consumption. All dietary data were energy-adjusted for the analysis. The consumption of maize-based-foods corresponded to 23.0% of the total caloric intake. Consumption of maize was higher among older women. Consumption of maize-food-group was positively correlated with the ingest of proteins, lipids, dietary fiber, calcium, phosphorus, iron, B12 vitamin, D vitamin and energy (p < 0.05). Better diet quality was associated with a high consumption of maize-food-group. We conclude that the high consumption of maize food products and its positive correlation with the intake of recommended nutrients for healthy diet in adult women, needs interventions in public health to promote a better diet-quality aimed to increase the intake of maize-based food group.

Антенатальная поддержка микронутриентами — залог здоровья будущего ребенка

Adequate intake of macro- and microelements during pregnancy meets the growing needs of a female organism and lays the basis for a child’s health. According to the World Health Organization, in malnutrition or chronic health conditions (i. e. gastrointestinal disorders, diabetes, hypo-thyroidism etc.) in a pregnant woman, additional intake of essential micronutrients is required. Cochrane Reviews demonstrate that multivitamin supplements reduce the occurrence of intrauterine growth restriction and low birthweight. Zinc is a microelement whose adequate intake is of crucial importance. Mild zinc deficiency manifests as recurrent respiratory infections, taste and smell loss, night blindness, impaired spermato-genesis, and (sometimes) mild psoriasis-like dermatitis. Severe zinc deficiency is characterized by more often respiratory infections and more severe skin conditions (e. g., acrodermatitis with erythematous, squamous, vesicular bullous, or pustular rash in perioral and perianal areas), alopecia, persistent diarrhea, stomatitis, and glossitis, growth and developmental delay, and various psychoneurological disorders.Keywords: pregnancy, newborn, infant, vitamin mineral supplement, microelements, zinc, atopic dermatitis, deficiency.For citation: Borovkova E.I., Zaplatnikov A.L., Zhdakaeva E.D. Antenatal micronutrient support is essential for a healthy child. Russian Journal of Woman and Child Health. 2020;3(2):77–82. DOI: 10.32364/2618-8430-2020-3-2-77-82.

Dietary Intakes Are Associated with HDL-Cholesterol in Survivors of Childhood Acute Lymphoblastic Leukaemia.

Survivors of childhood acute lymphoblastic leukemia (cALL) are at high risk of developing dyslipidemia, including low HDL-cholesterol (HDL-C). This study aimed to examine the associations between food/nutrient intake and the levels of HDL-C in a cohort of children and young adult survivors of cALL. Eligible participants (n = 241) were survivors of cALL (49.4% boys; median age: 21.7 years old) recruited as part of the PETALE study. Nutritional data were collected using a validated food frequency questionnaire. Fasting blood was used to determine participants’ lipid profile. Multivariable logistic regression models were fitted to evaluate the associations between intakes of macro- and micronutrients and food groups and plasma lipids. We found that 41.3% of cALL survivors had at least one abnormal lipid value. Specifically, 12.2% had high triglycerides, 17.4% high LDL-cholesterol, and 23.1% low HDL-C. Low HDL-C was inversely associated with high intake (third vs. first tertile) of several nutrients: proteins (OR: 0.27, 95% CI: 0.08–0.92), zinc (OR: 0.26, 95% CI: 0.08–0.84), copper (OR: 0.34, 95% CI: 0.12–0.99), selenium (OR: 0.17, 95% CI: 0.05–0.59), niacin (OR: 0.25, 95% CI: 0.08–0.84), riboflavin (OR: 0.31, 95% CI: 0.12–0.76) and vitamin B12 (OR: 0.35, 95% CI: 0.13–0.90). High meat consumption was also inversely associated (OR: 0.28, 95% CI: 0.09–0.83) with low HDL-C while fast food was positively associated (OR: 2.41, 95% CI: 1.03–5.63) with low HDL-C. The role of nutrition in the development of dyslipidemia after cancer treatment needs further investigation.

Intakes of energy, macronutrients and micronutrients of a population in severe food insecurity risk in Brazil.

To analyse usual intakes of energy, macronutrients and micronutrients, and their percentage of inadequacy, in a Brazilian population at severe food insecurity (SFI) risk, determined from a predictive model using two national databases. Cross-sectional study. Our study used a statistical model to predict SFI using the 2009 National Sample Household Survey, where the Brazilian Food Insecurity Scale measured SFI. Brazil. The model was applied in a probabilistic sample of 34 003 Brazilians aged 10 years or older that participated in a national dietary survey during 2008-2009. The application of the model generated the probability of each individual being in SFI. The probability of SFI was grouped into quartiles (first quartile with the lowest SFI risk, fourth quartile with highest probability of SFI risk). The intakes of macro- and micronutrients were associated with SFI. The amount of energy and nutrients in the diet tended to be lower among individuals in the fourth quartile, with highest probability of SFI. The average intake of all studied minerals (Ca, Fe, Na, Mg) was less in individuals in the fourth quartile. Only Na presented a higher percentage of inadequacy in the first quartile, the one with a lower chance of SFI. The food intake of the Brazilian population at higher SFI risk is characterized by energy reduction, reduced consumption of macronutrients and high prevalence of inadequate micronutrient intakes, as well as a lower mean intakes, when compared with the first quartile with the lowest SFI risk.

P6234The relationship of alcohol consumption with risk factors of coronary heart disease and the intake of macro- and micro-nutrients in Japanese: the INTERLIPID study

Abstract Background Many studies have reported the J-shaped relationship between alcohol consumption and coronary heart disease (CHD) risk; therefore, light-drinkers is generally recognized to be associated with the lower risk of CHD. However, the mechanisms of lower risk for CHD in light-drinkers are still unclear. Alcohol drinking status is likely to be associated with not only CHD risk factors but also dietary intake. Nevertheless, few studies report these relationships in detail. Purpose The purpose of this study is to evaluate the relationships of alcohol drinking status with CHD classical risk factors and the intake of macro- and micro- nutrients in Japanese. Methods Study participants were 1,090 Japanese men and women aged 40–59 years from The INTERLIPID study excepted for 55 individuals who had missing data (n=26) and were past-drinkers (n=29). Alcohol consumption was assessed with two 7-day alcohol records, and average ethanol intake (per week) was calculated. Participants were classified into following 4 groups: non-drinkers (0g/week), light-drinkers (<100 g/week), moderate-drinkers (100–299 g/week), and heavy-drinkers (≥300 g/week). Serum LDL and HDL cholesterol, blood pressure (BP), the prevalence of hypertension and dyslipidemia, and smoking status were assessed as CHD risk factors. The intake of energy and macro- and micro-nutrients were evaluated from the four-timed in-depth 24-hr dietary recalls. Nutrient intake densities were calculated per total energy intake without alcohol. The analysis of variance and chi-squared test were used to evaluate the relations of alcohol status with CHD risk factors and nutrient intake. Results Serum HDL cholesterol levels increased and LDL cholesterol levels decreased with increasing alcohol consumption. Systolic and diastolic BP increased with increasing alcohol consumption. J-shaped relationships with alcohol consumption were observed for the proportion of current smoker, number of cigarettes, and the prevalence of hypertension; that is, light-drinkers was lowest among all groups. The prevalence of dyslipidemia was the highest in non-drinkers, and decreased with increasing alcohol consumption. In heavy-drinkers, total energy (kcal/day) was the highest, but energy intake without alcohol (kcal/day) was the lowest. For macronutrients, the intake of carbohydrate (%kcal) decreased, and the intakes of total and animal protein (%kcal) increased with increasing alcohol consumption. The intakes of total cholesterol (mg/1000kcal) and sodium (mg/1000kcal) increased, and total fiber (g/1000kcal) decreased with increasing alcohol consumption. These associations were similar in men and women. Conclusions Alcohol consumption was related with not only CHD classical risk factors but also the intake of macro- and micro-nutrients. Non-drinkers had a higher proportion of some CHD risk factors than light-drinkers. These results might influence on J-shaped relationship between alcohol consumption and CHD risk. Acknowledgement/Funding 1: Ministry of Education, Science, Sports, and Culture of Japan, 2: National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA

Impact of a Complementary Feeding (CF) Intervention on Nutrient Intake and Prevalence of Adequate Diet Among 12-month-old Infants in Rural Zimbabwe (P10-028-19)

ObjectivesTo assess the effectiveness of a complementary feeding (CF) intervention comprised of behavior-change communication (BCC) and small-quantity lipid-based nutrient supplement (SQLNS) on the intake of macro- and micronutrients and prevalence of adequate diet between the intervention (CF) and nonintervention (non-CF) group of a trial in rural Zimbabwe. MethodsWe conducted a sub-study within the Sanitation Hygiene Infant Nutrition Efficacy (SHINE) trial. The CF group received BCC messages on CF and SQLNS supplementation from 6 to 18 months. The SQLNS was provided in 20 g –1 day sachets each contributing about118 kcal day–1. To measure nutrient intake, we conducted multi pass 24-hour dietary recalls among a randomly selected sample of 195 caregivers when their infants were 12 months old. For 10% of the sample a second dietary recall was conducted 1–3weeks after the first one. The CF (n = 100) group was compared with the non-CF group (n = 95) for differences in macro- and micronutrients intake including SQLNS and from non-supplement foods only. Prevalence of dietary adequacy was assessed using the measurement-error method and also compared between the CF and non-CF group. ResultsDietary energy intake was significantly (P = 0.014) higher among CF (470 kcal/day) than non-CF (395 kcal/day) infants. The CF group also had significantly (all P < 0.001) higher intakes of all micronutrients assessed, which included vitamin A, folate, calcium, iron and zinc. Intakes of all macro- and micronutrients from non-supplement foods did not differ significantly between the CF groups, which suggests that there was no additional effect of the BCC intervention on consumption and no replacement of non-supplement foods by SQLNS. The prevalence of dietary adequacy was significantly higher in the CF intervention arm for all nutrients. ConclusionsThe CF intervention improved macro- and micronutrient intake and prevalence of adequate diet. This difference resulted from the SQLNS supplementation with no additional benefit from the BCC intervention. Funding SourcesSupported by the Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation, the UK Department for International Development and Borlaug LEAP fellowship.

Validity and Reproducibility of a Food Frequency Questionnaire for Estimating Macro- and Micronutrient Intakes Among Pregnant Women in Jordan

Objectives: Assessing the relationship between maternal diet and pregnancy outcomes is a crucial issue that requires valid dietary assessment tools in this critical period. This study aimed to develop and assess the validity and reproducibility of a culture-specific quantitative food frequency questionnaire (QFFQ) to evaluate the dietary intake of macro- and micronutrients from food in a sample of Jordanian pregnant women.Methods: A QFFQ was validated against three repeated 24-hour dietary recalls (24-hr recalls). The QFFQ was administered twice one month apart. A total of 131 Jordanian pregnant women participated in the validation study. Thirty women took part in the reproducibility phase, which was repeated in a time frame of one month.Results: The intra-class correlation coefficients of QFFQ1 and QFFQ2 for energy were 0.79 and for macronutrients ranged from −0.27 for insoluble fiber to 0.81 for dietary fiber, indicating adequate (0.51) reproducibility. The intra-class correlation coefficients between two QFFQs for micronutrients ranged from 0.19 for selenium to 0.85 for vitamin C. The average of correlation coefficient was 0.58 for micronutrients. Energy-adjusted and de-attenuated Pearson correlation coefficients between QFFQ1 and 24-hr dietary recall for macronutrients ranged from 0.13 for soluble fiber and trans fat to 0.90 for cholesterol and for micronutrients from 0.01 for sodium to 0.78 for magnesium.Conclusions: The newly developed QFFQ could facilitate the assessment of the nutrient intake among Jordanian pregnant women. Using this QFFQ will help in evaluating the nutritional status of pregnant women, aiming at improving maternal and newborn health.

Reliability and validity of assessing energy and nutrient intake with the Vienna food record: a cross-over randomised study

BackgroundThe Vienna Food Record was developed as a simple paper-based pre-coded food record for use in Austrian adults, which can be completed over a flexible period of time. The present study aimed at evaluating test-retest reliability of the Vienna Food Record and its concurrent validity against a weighed food record.MethodsA randomised cross-over study served to compare outcomes of the Vienna Food Record with those of the weighed food record. The Vienna Food Record was completed for a second time, in order to assess test-retest reliability. Three assessment phases were interrupted by two-week wash-out phases. Sixty-seven free living Austrians aged 18–64 years, without (self-) diagnosed food allergies or intolerances, not at any medication, and not nutrition experts, were randomly assigned to one of two study arms. After drop-outs and exclusion of under-reporters, data of 35 participants has been analysed. Paired t-tests were performed for comparisons, regarding test-retest reliability and criterion validity, where mean differences were calculated as effect sizes. Consistency between repeated assessments with the Vienna Food Record was expressed by intra-class-correlation coefficients (ICC), while Pearson’s r was used for agreement regarding validity. Bland-Altman Plots with 95% limits of agreement were created for energy and macronutrients. Validity metrics for macronutrients were analysed additionally separated by gender, taking an adjustment of energy intake into account. Total energy intakes as well as intakes of macro- and selected micronutrients, expressed as daily means, were defined as 34 primary outcomes.ResultsICCs for energy and intake of preselected nutrients, expressing the consistency of the Vienna Food Record, ranged from not significant to 0.95. Pearson’s correlation coefficients, expressing the agreement of the Vienna Food Record with the weighed food record ranged from not significant to 0.80.ConclusionsThis study demonstrates acceptable reliability and validity of the Vienna Food Record as an instrument for the assessment of energy and nutrient intake, comparable to the results of similar studies.

Current Developments in Nutritional Therapy of Intensive Care Patients

The goals of nutritional therapy for critically ill patients are the enteral or parenteral provision of calories, proteins, electrolytes, vitamins, trace elements and fluids. The metabolism of critically ill patients is characterized by a catabolic stress condition, which is caused by a systemic inflammatory response and is associated with an increased infection rate, occurrence of multiple organ failure and increased mortality.Traditionally, nutritional therapy has been considered as an "adjunctive" therapy for critically ill patients with the primary goal of providing energy to maintain muscle mass. Based on the scientific developments of recent years, it became evident that adequate nutritional therapy can favorably influence stress-related metabolic processes, reduce oxidative cell damage and modulate the immune response of the body. Important measures that can positively influence the clinical course of intensive care patients include early enteral nutrition, adequate intake of macro- and micronutrients, and blood glucose control.

The role of family’s socio-economic status at stunting adolescences food intake in second growth spurt

Stunting is a chronic nutritional problem in various developing countries, including Indonesia. The purpose of this study was to analyze the socioeconomic role of families on macro and micro nutrient intake in adolescent stunting. This research is a quantitative study with cross sectional design on 52 adolescent stunting. Enforcement of a stunting diagnosis using WHO's anthroplus software. The data used are age, gender, and height with the results of Z score TB / U. Data analysis uses SPSS with chi-square test. The results of the descriptive analysis showed that the proportion of male stunting (46.2%) and female (53.8%) was almost the same. They consumed fat (44.2%) and protein (59.6%) excess but carbohydrate deficit (40.4%). While the amount of micronutrient intake is actually a deficit of both vitamin A (57.7%), Fe (92.3%), and Zn (86.5%). Parental education and work were not related to macronutrients and micronutrient adolescent intake of stunting (p> 0.05). The result of cross tabulation, the stunting of adolescents in socioeconomic status is not really getting good macro intake (60.7%). As for micro intake, at high socioeconomic status, less intake (79.2%). Parents pay more attention to the quality of adolescent food intake to maximize growth potential at the second growth acceleration.

Relationship of food insecurity to women's dietary outcomes: a systematic review.

ContextFood insecurity matters for women’s nutrition and health.ObjectiveThis review sought to comprehensively evaluate how food insecurity relates to a full range of dietary outcomes (food groups, total energy, macronutrients, micronutrients, and overall dietary quality) among adult women living in Canada and the United States.Data sourcesPeer-reviewed databases (PubMed/MEDLINE, CINAHL, Scopus, Web of Science) and gray literature sources from 1995 to 2016 were searched.Data extractionObservational studies were used to calculate a percentage difference in dietary intake for food-insecure and food-secure groups.ResultsOf the 24 included studies, the majority found food-insecure women had lower food group frequencies (dairy, total fruits and vegetables, total grains, and meats/meat alternatives) and intakes of macro- and micronutrients relative to food-secure women. Methodological quality varied. Among high-quality studies, food insecurity was negatively associated with dairy, fruits and vegetables, grains, meats/meats alternatives, protein, total fat, calcium, iron, magnesium, vitamins A and C, and folate.ConclusionsResults hold practical relevance for selecting nutritional targets in programs, particularly for nutrient-rich foods with iron and folate, which are more important for women’s health.

Impact of Chemotherapy Treatments on Dietary Intakes of Macro and Micronutrients among Jordanian Women with Breast Cancer

Background: Breast cancer (BC) is the leading cause of cancer related deaths among women worldwide. Nutritional factors may account for the large variation in BC incidence around the world. Most studies have shown no link between dietary intakes and increased risk of BC.Objective: To evaluate the dietary intake of macro and some micronutrients among BC patients with respect to chemotherapy treatment.Methods: A total of 168 BC patients aged 20-70 years attending BC clinics at the Jordanian Royal Medical Services, Jordan were evaluated for dietary intake. The study design permitted to include 60 newly-diagnosed BC patients who were not exposed to any type of interventions and 108 recently-diagnosed BC patients (up to three months). Recently group member were sub-divided in two sub-groups to control exposure to chemotherapy. The Chemo group (have exposed to chemotherapy) and the non-chemo group (have exposed to other types of treatments interventions). Calculations were based on the computerized nutrient analysis program (the food processor nutrition and fitness analysis software (ESHA), version 10.6/.3, Salem, USA).Results: Energy, macronutrients and micronutrients intakes were not significantly different considering exposure to chemotherapy. However, they were less than recommended in all BC patients.Conclusion: The possible risk of dietary undernutrition among BC patients that need a careful monitoring, evaluation and managements care plan.

A 12-week evaluation of annatto tocotrienol supplementation for postmenopausal women: safety, quality of life, body composition, physical activity, and nutrient intake

BackgroundEvidence suggests that tocotrienols may benefit bone health in osteopenic women. However, their safety in this population has never been investigated. This study was to evaluate the safety of a 12-week supplementation of annato tocotrienol in postmenopausal osteopenic women, along with effects of the supplementation on quality of life, body composition, physical activity, and nutrient intake in this population.MethodsEighty nine postmenopausal osteopenic women were randomly assigned to 3 treatment arms: (1) Placebo (430 mg olive oil/day), (2) Low tocotrientol (Low TT) (430 mg tocotrienol/day from DeltaGold 70 containing 300 mg tocotrienol) and (3) High tocotrienol (High TT) (860 mg tocotrienol/day from DeltaGold 70 containing 600 mg tocotrienol) for 12 weeks. DeltaGold 70 is an extract from annatto seed with 70% tocotrienol consisting of 90% delta-tocotrienol and 10% gamma-tocotrienol. Safety was examined by assessing liver enzymes (aspartate aminotransferase, alanine aminotransferase), alkaline phosphatase, bilirubin, kidney function (blood urea nitrogen and creatinine), electrolytes, glucose, protein, albumin, and globulin at 0, 6, and 12 weeks. Serum tocotrienol and tocopherol concentrations were assessed and pills counted at 0, 6, and 12 weeks. Quality of life, body composition, physical activity, and dietary macro- and micro-nutrient intake were evaluated at 0 and 12 weeks. A mixed model of repeated measures ANOVA was applied for analysis.ResultsEighty seven subjects completed the study. Tocotrienol supplementation did not affect liver or kidney function parameters throughout the study. No adverse event due to treatments was reported by the participants. Tocotrienol supplementation for 6 weeks significantly increased serum delta-tocotrienol level and this high concentration was sustained to the end of study. There was no difference in serum delta-tocotrienol levels between the Low TT and the High TT groups. No effects of tocotrienol supplementation were observed on quality of life, body composition, physical activity, and nutrient intake.ConclusionsAnnatto-derived tocotrienol up to 600 mg per day for 12 weeks appeared to be safe in postmenopausal osteopenic women, particularly in terms of liver and kidney functions. Tocotrienol supplementation for 12 weeks did not affect body composition, physical activity, quality of life, or intake of macro- and micro-nutrients in these subjects.Trial registrationClinicalTrials.gov identifier: NCT02058420. Title: Tocotrienols and bone health of postmenopausal women.

Nutrition For The Healthy Child

Preschool and school-age children are children ages 3 to 6 and 7 to 12 years, respectively. This life stage is characterized by a period of slower growth velocity compared with infancy, which precedes it, and adolescence, which follows it. During the early school years, children continue to develop and refine feeding skills, expand their food choices, and learn to eat a variety of flavors and textures. Parents and other caregivers control the type of foods and the environment in which the foods are presented, often influencing eating habits and behaviors later in life. A healthy diet is needed not only to maximize the child’s growth but also to prevent chronic diseases, such as type 2 diabetes, hypertension, and obesity. When assessing a child’s nutrition, emphasis should be placed on not just weight and body mass index but also assessing intake of macro- and micronutrients from foods. A healthy diet should include a variety of food groups, with emphasis on whole foods over processed foods. Recently developed tools such as MyPlate and the Dietary Guidelines help American families move toward a healthful diet to help minimize the risk of chronic diseases. This review contains 3 figures, 7 tables and 78 references Key words: childhood obesity, developmental disability, energy needs of children, evaluation of growth charts, failure to thrive, food allergy, nutrition-focused physical findings, nutritional status, SoFAS

ANALISIS FAKTOR RISIKO ASUPAN ZAT GIZI DENGAN KEJADIAN OBESITAS SENTRAL PADA WANITA DEWASA DI KECAMATAN NANGGALO KOTA PADANG TAHUN 2017

ABSTRACT This study aims to determine the risk factors of nutrient intake to the incidence of central obesity in adult women in Nanggalo District of Padang City 2017.The research was conducted from August 2016 until June 2017 in district of Padang City. The design of this research is case control study. Pupulation of this research were all adult women in district of Padang City, with 18 case samples and 18 controls. The sampling technique is purposive sampling. Data collection was done by anthropometric measurement and interview using SQ-FFQ format. The statistical test used for data processing is chi square and odds ratio with 95% confidence level. The results showed that risk factor of nutrient intake was related to the occurrence of central obesity in adult women in Nanggalo District is carbohydrate intake (p=0,000 OR=20,8), protein intake (p=0,002 OR=10), fat intake (p=0,000 OR=20,8), vitamin A intake (p=0.044 OR=4.09) and vitamin C intake (p=0.001 OR=12.3). While calcium intake (p=0,301 OR=3,4) was not a risk factor of central obesity and intake of zinc (p=0,005 OR=0,1) was protective factor of central obesity. The high incidence of central obesity in adult women in Nanggalo District of Padang City, is expected in the community, especially adult women to pay attention to eating patterns both intake of macro and micro nutrients to prevent further complications such as degenerative diseases. Keywords : Central Obesity, Intake of Nutrition

Eating habits and intake of macro-and micronutrients among adolescents in the city of Ribeirão Preto (SP)

Objective: to know the intake of macro and micronutrients among a group of adolescents in the city of&lt;br /&gt;Ribeirão Preto (SP). Methods: observational study in which it is observed the intake and eating habits&lt;br /&gt;of adolescents, through the food frequency questionnaire validated for adolescents and the food record&lt;br /&gt;of 3 days. Results: the participants were 130 adolescents, of whom 81 (62.3%) were female and 49&lt;br /&gt;(37.6%) male, with a mean age 196.8 ± 11 months. Food items with the highest intake were rice, beans,&lt;br /&gt;candies, bread, sugar and milk. The percentage of energy from macronutrients were 56.4% for the&lt;br /&gt;group of carbohydrate, 15.3% protein and 28.3% lipid. Regarding minerals, it was observed a low intake&lt;br /&gt;than the recommended for calcium, adequate intake of iron and zinc and, notably, excessive sodium&lt;br /&gt;intake. Conclusions: The results showed that adolescents consume a large amount of simple sugars,&lt;br /&gt;saturated fats, trans fats, cholesterol and sodium, which, in excess, can cause harm to the health of&lt;br /&gt;individuals in full stage of development. Therefore, the evident need to implement food education&lt;br /&gt;programs targeted to adolescents and their families, in order to change consumer’s habits, specially the&lt;br /&gt;reduction of sodium present in processed foods as well as those prepared in restaurants, decrease of&lt;br /&gt;sugar consumption and increase of eating vegetables and foods with calcium.

Socioeconomic differences in diet composition of the adult population in southern Brazil: a population-based study

To describe the intake of macro- and micronutrients, verify its adequacy, and analyze their distribution by the socioeconomic and demographic profile of adults. Longitudinal population-based study with a sample of 1222 people aged 22–63 years from Florianopolis, Southern Brazil. The dietary intake data were collected with a 24-h recall in the total sample, plus a second recall applied on a sub-sample of participants with subsequent adjustment of regular consumption. Diet composition and adequacy of intake were compared between the different educational groups and stratified by sex. The mean energy consumption was 1851 Kcal [standard error (SE) = 15.0 Kcal] and 2259 Kcal (SE = 27.8 Kcal) in females and males, respectively (p-value <0.001). With increasing education, women showed an increasing trend in energy consumption, carbohydrates, proteins, lipids, saturated, polyunsaturated and monounsaturated fat, cholesterol, and fiber. In men, the same differences were found only in saturated fat and cholesterol (p-value <0.05 for all). Analyzing the adequate consumption of nutrients, differences were found regarding saturated fat and cholesterol in women and carbohydrates, saturated and polyunsaturated fat in men. The prevalence of inadequacy was up to 47% comparing the different educational groups. A lower percentage of adequacies in food consumption was found in both sexes for those with more years of schooling. Public policy should also target the group with higher education.

Eating habits and intake of macro-and micronutrients among adolescents in the city of Ribeirão Preto (SP)

ABSTRACT Objective: to know the intake of macro and micronutrients among a group of adolescents in the city of Ribeirão Preto (SP). Methods: observational study in which it is observed the intake and eating habits of adolescents, through the food frequency questionnaire validated for adolescents and the food record of 3 days. Results: the participants were 130 adolescents, of whom 81 (62.3%) were female and 49 (37.6%) male, with a mean age 196.8 ± 11 months. Food items with the highest intake were rice, beans, candies, bread, sugar and milk. The percentage of energy from macronutrients were 56.4% for the group of carbohydrate, 15.3% protein and 28.3% lipid. Regarding minerals, it was observed a low intake than the recommended for calcium, adequate intake of iron and zinc and, notably, excessive sodium intake. Conclusions: The results showed that adolescents consume a large amount of simple sugars, saturated fats, trans fats, cholesterol and sodium, which, in excess, can cause harm to the health of individuals in full stage of development. Therefore, the evident need to implement food education programs targeted to adolescents and their families, in order to change consumer’s habits, specially the reduction of sodium present in processed foods as well as those prepared in restaurants, decrease of sugar consumption and increase of eating vegetables and foods with calcium.

Adequacy of nutrient intake in women with restrictive anorexia nervosa.

The aim of the present study was to assess energy and nutrient intake in a group of women with restrictive AN (r-AN) compared with a control group. Thirteen r-AN patients and 13 healthy female controls completed 7-d food records. Intake of macro- and micronutrients was compared between the two groups as well as to the Dietary Reference Intake for the Italian Population (LARN) for specific ages. Additionally, the r-AN patients underwent indirect calorimetry for measuring resting energy expenditure (REE). Total energy intake was significantly lower in the r-AN group than in controls (906±224 vs 1660±139, respectively; P<0.01). Nutrient composition significantly differed, as well. Mean intake of sodium, phosphorus, and zinc was higher in controls than in the women with r-AN (P<0.01), but neither group of women met LARN recommendations for potassium, calcium, or iron intake. With respect to vitamins, no significant differences were found for riboflavin or vitamins A, B12, or C between groups, whereas levels of other vitamins differed (P<0.01). Both groups failed to meet the LARN recommendation for vitamin D intake; moreover, none of the r-AN patients met recommended intake levels of vitamin E, thiamine, niacin, and folate. Intakes reported by r-AN patients did not meet requirements for most micronutrients evaluated in this study and, as expected, both energy needs and specific dietary patterns differed between groups. Therefore, a careful evaluation of food consumption should be recommended to reduce nutritional gaps in these patients. According to these preliminary observations, nutritional counseling, mainly focused on calcium and vitamin D intake, should be suggested for healthy women, as well.

Exploration of micro- and macronutrient consumption and leverage of interaction with adipokines among Jordanian adults

Background and Aim: Findings related to nutrient intakes and levels of adipokines concentrations are inconclusive. The present study aimed at investigating the association between intakes of macro- and micro-nutrients with serum adipokines in apparently healthy adults. Methods and Results: A convenient sample of 167 adults was obtained from students and employees in major hospital in Jordan. Serum concentrations of leptin, adiponectin, resistin and interleukine-6 were measured. Nutrients intakes were assessed using a validated quantitative food frequency questionnaire. Higher levels of leptin were associated with the highest consumption of energy from carbohydrate, insoluble, and soluble fiber (P=0.04). Lower levels of leptin were associated with highest consumption of energy from fat (P=0.04), monounsaturated fatty acids (P=0.04) and cholesterol (P=0.02). Lower levels of adiponectin were found among individuals with the highest consumption of carbohydrates (p=0.02) insoluble fibers (P=0.01); and copper (P=0.03). Higher levels of adiponectin were associated with higher consumption of cholesterol (P=0.03). Leptin/adiponectin ratio was positively associated with the intakes of carbohydrates (P=0.04), soluble- (P=0.01) and insoluble fibers (P=0.01) and copper (P=0.03), whereas the ratio was negatively associated with cholesterol (P=0.04), butyric acid (P=0.03) and omega-3 fatty acids (P=0.03). Levels of resistin were only associated with total fiber intake (P=0.04) and levels of interleukine-6 were only associated with cholesterol intake (P=0.01). Conclusion: Our findings suggest that intakes of carbohydrates, fat, cholesterol and fibers are the major dietary factors that may be associated with levels of leptin and adiponectin. Levels of resistin and interleukine-6 may be less associated with diet composition.