Snack Intake Research Articles

Perspectives and Influences of Intergenerational Caregivers on Cariogenic Feeding Practices in Childhood: A Qualitative Study.

Grandparental influences on child feeding practices that impact oral health remain under-investigated. Explore perspectives and influences of intergenerational caregivers on cariogenic feeding practices in children. This qualitative study is based on phenomenological approach. Data collection involved in-depth interviews with parent(s) and grandparent(s) from the same family. Thematic saturation was achieved after 26 interviews (13 families) with 13 mothers, 13 grandmothers and one grandfather. Three themes were generated: (1) Intergenerational differences in milk feeding practices-Grandparents had strong preference for formula milk. They advocated formula milk feeding beyond infancy and sometimes encouraged cariogenic comfort feeding habits; (2) Transgenerational influences on snacking practices-Parents' and grandparents' own cariogenic snacking habits encouraged the child's cariogenic snack intake. Grandparents occasionally used sugary treats to reinforce their special identity as grandparents; and (3) Impact of new information sources versus grandparental input-Information sources influencing child feeding practices differed between generations; parents relied on social media (rather than grandparental advice) while grandparents drew from past experiences. However, grandmothers who were actively involved in food preparation had considerable influence on child feeding practices. Practitioners and policymakers should actively engage grandparents to provide them with appropriate information on avoiding cariogenic feeding practices.

HUBUNGAN POLA KONSUMSI JAJANAN DAN BESAR UANG SAKU DENGAN STATUS GIZI ANAK UPT SPF SDN 101898 LUBUK PAKAM

Nutritional problems in elementary school children that occur today are still quite high where these nutritional problems can affect the Nutritional Status of elementary school children. This is caused by several factors directly, namely Snack Consumption Patterns and indirectly, namely the Amount of Pocket Money. Snack intake at school affects the provision of Pocket Money. Unhealthy Snack Consumption Patterns are considered less good and can interfere with the eating patterns of elementary school children. The purpose of this study was to determine the correlation Between Snack Consumption Patterns and the Amount of Pocket Money with the Nutritional Status of Children at SPF SDN 101898 Lubuk Pakam.This study was conducted at SPF SDN 101898 Lubuk Pakam School. Research Time and Data Collection will be carried out in early October 2023 to August 2024. The type of research used was observational with a Cross Sectional design. The population used as a sample for this study were all students in grades VA and VB at SPF SDN 101898 Lubuk Pakam, totaling 47 students. The results of the study based on the correlation between snack consumption patterns and nutritional status obtained a p value = 0.018 (p <0.05) meaning Ha was accepted, while the Correlation between the Amount of Pocket Money and Nutritional Status obtained a p value = 0.045 (p <0.05) meaning Ha was accepted. From these results and discussions, it can be concluded that there is a Correlation between Snack Consumption Patterns and the Nutritional Status of Children at SPF SDN 101898 Lubuk Pakam and there is a correlation between the Amount of Pocket Money and the Nutritional Status of Children at SPF SDN 101898 Lubuk Pakam.

Effectiveness of Peer-Led Interventions in Improving the Dietary Behavior of Adolescents in Low- and Middle-Income Countries: A Systematic Review.

Adequate nutrition is crucial during adolescence due to significant physical, mental, and emotional changes, yet in many adolescents poor dietary behaviors lead to inadequate nutrient intake and increased health risks. Peer-led interventions have shown promise in improving these behaviors. Thus, synthesizing evidence from primary studies is crucial to enhance their effectiveness and policy implications. In this review we synthesized evidence on the effectiveness of peer-led interventions in improving the dietary behavior of adolescents in low and middle-income countries (LMICs). We searched thePubMed, CINAHL, PsycINFO, ERIC, Cochrane Library, and SCOPUS databases for studies on peer-led interventions among adolescents aged 10-19 years. No specific publication timeframe was set for the search. Studies lacking quantitative outcome measures were excluded. Of the 3177 records initially identified, 8 studies were included. Study quality was assessed by use of Joanna Briggs Institute quality appraisal tools. Data extraction involved capturing study characteristics, intervention components, outcomes, and key findings. The studies were conducted in the regions of Sub-Saharan Africa, the Middle East, Southeast Asia, and South Asia, with intervention durations ranging from 3 weeks to 3 years. Interventions included peer leaders facilitating group discussions, making posters, and providing practical demonstrations. Most studies reported improvements in dietary intake such as increases in fruit and vegetable consumption and reductions in unhealthy snack intake following the intervention. Knowledge and attitudes toward healthy dietary behavior also improved. None of the studies included explicit detail involving adolescents in the initial design of interventions. Multicomponent interventions and longer durations were more successful. Peer-led interventions effectively improved the dietary behaviors of adolescents in LMICs. The findings of this review underscore the importance of multicomponent strategies and longer intervention durations. Involving adolescents in program design is recommended to enhance the relevance and impact of interventions. Researchers should identify the most effective intervention components and delivery methods.

The Association Between Perceived Stress, Dietary Intake, and Food Addiction Among Saudi Adults: A Cross-Sectional Study

Perceived stress refers to an individual's experience of stress when encountering a stressor and has been linked to behaviors such as overeating and unhealthy eating. This cross-sectional study investigated the relationship between perceived stress levels, food addiction, and food preferences among adults in Saudi Arabia. A self-administered survey among 541 participants was conducted with a sample of adults aged 18 years and above living in Saudi Arabia, capturing data on socio-demographic characteristics, the modified Yale Food Addiction Scale 2.0, dietary intake using short FFQ, and perceived stress scale. Higher stress levels were significantly associated with younger age, being single, female gender, student status, and lower physical activity levels (P < 0.05). After adjusting for potential confounders, perceived stress was negatively correlated with preferences for nuts (-0.881, P = 0.005), vegetables (-0.835, P = 0.006), and fruits (-1.453, P < 0.001). No significant associations were observed between perceived stress and the intake of savory snacks, sweet snacks, fast food, or soft and energy drinks. In addition, a strong inverse association was identified between food addiction and low stress levels (χ² = 38.113, P < 0.001). This study highlights significant associations between perceived stress, food addiction, and food preferences in the Saudi Arabian adult population. Future research should implement longitudinal study designs to enhance the understanding of these relationships.

Alcohol misuse and health-related behaviors among people with HIV during the COVID-19 stay-at-home directive: an ALIVE-Ex sub-study.

Alcohol misuse may adversely impact health-promoting behaviors. Our objective was to evaluate health-related behaviors in people with HIV with alcohol misuse during the early phase of the COVID-19 pandemic, aiming to understand how alcohol misuse influences these behaviors during health-related emergencies. Eighty people with HIV (64% male, 51 ± 11years of age), enrolled in the ALIVE-Ex Study (NCT03299205), consented to a cross-sectional phone survey during the Louisiana stay-at-home order. Alcohol use, dietary intake, physical activity (PA), and emotional well-being over the previous week were assessed. Based on their pre-pandemic Alcohol Use Disorders Identification Test-Consumption (AUDIT-C) score, participants were categorized into having alcohol misuse (AUDIT-C ≥ 3 female (F)/4 male (M)) or having no/low use (AUDIT-C < 3F/4M). Descriptive statistics, Spearman correlations, and crude and adjusted logistic regression models were estimated. Participants with alcohol misuse reported more alcohol use, more frequent meat and salty snack intake, and higher frequency of feeling tense and panicked over the previous week than people with HIV having no/low use (P < .05). Higher alcohol use was associated with more meat and salty snack intake, more frequent vigorous PA, higher PA level, and more emotional distress (P < .05). Overall, participants having alcohol misuse and those reporting higher alcohol use during the stay-at-home order reported less healthy dietary patterns and more emotional distress, while engaging in more PA, compared to participants with lower alcohol use. These data suggest that during health-related emergencies, consideration of patients' prior and current alcohol use is necessary when encouraging healthy behavioral patterns.

The relationship between food insecurity and emotional eating during the coronavirus pandemic in northern California.

The relationship between food insecurity and emotional eating during the coronavirus pandemic in northern California.

Effects of oral hygiene motivation strategies in paediatric patients with autism.

This study assessed the effectiveness of technological aids (video modelling) versus verbal and demonstrative motivation for improving oral hygiene in paediatric patients with autism spectrum disorder (ASD). Consecutive patients with ASD were enrolled. Data on brushing frequency, snack intake frequency, plaque index, gum index, and Frankl scale were collected at baseline. After a tooth scaling session, patients were randomly assigned to two groups: Group 1 (G1) received live brushing instructions, while Group 2 (G2) received an oral hygiene motivation video via email, created using the video modelling strategy. A follow-up evaluation was conducted after three months, with all parameters measured again for comparison. Video modelling is an effective tool for motivating oral hygiene in patients with ASD, demonstrated by significant improvements in most measured parameters for the video modelling group.

Employability of Mothers and its Impact on Body Mass Index and Dental Caries of their Preschool Children: A Cross-sectional Study.

Employment can affect a mother's role, as working mothers may have less time to oversee oral hygiene and diet, potentially leading to higher rates of dental caries. In contrast, non-working mothers often have more time for health routines and nutritious meal preparation, resulting in better dental outcomes. This comparative cross-sectional study evaluates body mass index (BMI), dental caries, and sugar consumption among 3-5-year-old schoolchildren with working and non-working mothers in Mysuru city. The study included 75 children of working mothers and 75 children of non-working mothers. Data on oral hygiene and sugar consumption were collected using a validated questionnaire, and clinical examinations and BMI measurements were conducted by a trained dentist. Statistical tests like Student "t" test, ANOVA, and logistic regression analysis were used. A p-value <0.05 was considered statistically significant. Results showed that children of working mothers had a slightly lower mean BMI (15.45 ± 2.15) than those of non-working mothers (15.65 ± 2.007). Children of working mothers had higher decayed, missing, and filled teeth/decayed, extracted, and filled teeth (dmft/deft) scores, indicating more dental caries. More children of working mothers were classified as normal weight or underweight (64 and 22.7%, respectively), while more children of non-working mothers were overweight (25.3%). Both groups had similar sugary snack and dairy intake rates, but children of working mothers had higher caries rates and lower BMIs, illustrating the complex impact of maternal employment on children's oral health. This study explores how maternal employment impacts children's BMI and dental caries, highlighting connections between employment, income, nutrition, and health. Understanding these links helps develop public health interventions to improve children's health and family well-being. Paramasivam K, Manjunathappa TH, SampathKumar B, et al. Employability of Mothers and its Impact on Body Mass Index and Dental Caries of their Preschool Children: A Cross-sectional Study. Int J Clin Pediatr Dent 2025;18(1):91-99.

Association between snack parenting style and dental caries status of children aged 7-8years: a sequential mixed method approach.

Literature search shows that there is less evidence of the association between snack parenting styles and dental caries. This study aimed to assess the snack parenting style of mothers of children aged 7-8years and its association with the dental caries status of their children. This study used a sequential mixed-method approach. In the quantitative phase, the Parenting around SNAcking Questionnaire (P-SNAQ) was used to assess the snack parenting style of mothers. DMFT/deft indices were used to record the dental caries status of their children. In the qualitative phase, in-depth face-to-face interviews were conducted. Through a thematic approach, codes and themes were derived. A total of 600 mother-child pairs participated. Autonomy support was the most common type of snack parenting style (n = 283). There was no significant association between snack parenting style and children's dental caries status. Five themes were derived: (1) Scenarios of snacking; (2) Parental factors affecting snacking; (3) Snack intake influencers; (4) Unhealthy strands; (5) Healthy alternatives. Snack parenting styles did not influence the dental caries status of children. Those who had snack regulations at home or school were more likely to prefer healthy snacks. Mothers expressed the need for branded healthy snacks.

Association between food security status and dietary patterns in a cohort of first-time food-aid users.

To examine the associations between food security status and dietary patterns among first-time food-aid users. From September 2018 to January 2020, a sample of 1001 newly registered food-aid users from 106 community-based food donation organizations were recruited across urban, rural, and peri-urban areas in four administrative regions of the province of Quebec, Canada. The Household Food Security Survey Module (HFSSM) and the Short Diet Questionnaire (SDQ) were used to assess food security status and food intake, respectively. A posteriori dietary patterns were identified through principal component analysis. Regression analyses were performed on 987 participants with complete data to quantify the association between food security status and dietary patterns. Three main dietary patterns were identified: prudent (intake of fruits and fruit juice, plant-based beverages and legumes, green salad, carrots, other vegetables, whole grains, and fish), western (intake of poultry, red meat, potatoes and fried potatoes, rice, and pasta and refined grains), and snack foods (intake of salty snacks, cheese, butter and margarine, sweets, condiments, sweet beverages, and processed meat). Food insecurity was negatively associated with the prudent dietary pattern and positively associated with the snackfood dietary pattern. This study highlights the complexity of dietary patterns in a vulnerable population of first-time food-aid users, especially among those who are severely food insecure.

Adequate Food and Nutrition in School: Acceptability and Consumption by Students of a Brazilian Municipality.

This study aimed to evaluate the acceptability of a specific menu preparation based on minimally processed foods and the factors associated with the consumption of school meals by students in Brazilian public schools. A hedonic scale was employed to assess the acceptability of a milk preparation with 100% cocoa and sugar. A structured questionnaire was used to evaluate school food consumption, addressing consumption frequency, dietary habits, environmental conditions, and consumption of competing foods. A binomial logistic regression model was conducted to verify the association between individual variables and conditions of meal supply and consumption. Data analyses were performed using the Jamovi 2022 software. A total of 1080 students participated, with 630 taking part in the acceptability test, and 450 completing the consumption questionnaire. The study highlighted acceptance below the minimum PNAE standards (79.68%) for the tested preparation, indicating a need for further investigation into student preferences. Pleasant taste was the most frequently cited reason (53.2%) for consumption. Disliking the served lunch increased the likelihood of not consuming school meals by 2.73% (p = 0.03). Bringing snacks from home showed no significant impact on consumption (p = 0.677). Using inadequate cutlery increased the likelihood of not consuming school meals by 6.44% (p = 0.009). The study underscored the low acceptance of milk prepared with 100% cocoa and sugar, along with irregular school meal consumption, emphasizing the need for strategies to align students' taste preferences with healthier menu options. While PNAE ensures nutrient-rich meals, improving flavor, variety, and dining conditions, alongside permanent food and nutrition education, is essential to enhance adherence and support students' health. Although snacks do not affect the consumption of school meals, controlling snack intake is important from a health perspective.

Changes in The Eating Habits and Parental Concerns of Children Aged 7-12 During The Covid-19 Pandemic

Aim: This study aims to assess the changes in eating habits of children aged 7–12 during the COVID-19 pandemic and explore the impact on their nutritional behaviors and physical activity levels. The study also examines parental concerns and behaviors related to their children's nutrition during this period. Method: The cross-sectional study was conducted in the Üsküdar district of Istanbul, involving 400 parents of children aged 7–12. Data were collected between March and August 2021 through an online survey consisting of 77 questions, including socio-demographic information, changes in dietary habits during the pandemic, and the Children's Eating Behaviour Questionnaire (CEBQ). Statistical analyses were performed using SPSS version 23. Descriptive statistics were used, and Pearson correlation, independent t-tests, one-way ANOVA, and Kruskal-Wallis tests were conducted. A significance level of p &lt;0.05 was used. Results: During the pandemic, 38% of children consumed five or more meals daily compared to 15% before the pandemic (p = 0.000). Breakfast consumption remained stable, with 80.2% regularly having breakfast (p = 0.148). A significant increase in the consumption of processed snacks, such as biscuits and fast food, was observed, with 57.9% reporting a decrease in water consumption (p = 0.003). Additionally, parents of children with increased meal frequency had higher scores for concerns about weight (p = 0.000) and dietary restrictions (p = 0.000). Milk and egg consumption increased, aligning with a reduction in fast food intake (p = 0.001). Conclusion: The COVID-19 pandemic resulted in notable changes in children's eating habits, characterized by increased meal frequency and higher intake of unhealthy snacks. Parental concerns about their children's weight and dietary restrictions were more pronounced during this period. These findings underscore the need for public health interventions to promote balanced nutrition and physical activity, particularly during crises that disrupt normal routines.

Interrelation Between BMI, Dietary Habits, Self-Rated Health, and Body Image Perception Among Korean Adolescents: The Korea Youth Risk Behavior Web-Based Survey (2022).

Adolescent obesity is highly likely to lead to adult obesity and is associated with dietary habits, subjective health, and body image perception. This study aimed to analyze the relationships between BMI, dietary habits, subjective health perception, and body image perception among Korean adolescents using data from the 18th Korea Youth Risk Behavior Survey conducted in 2022 to explore strategies for reducing adolescent obesity rates. Data from 50,427 participants were analyzed, including BMI, seven lifestyle factors (intake frequencies of water, milk, fruit, soft drinks, vegetables, breakfast, and late-night snacks), and responses to one item each for subjective health perception and body image perception. Higher intake frequencies of breakfast, fruits, soft drinks, and late-night snacks were associated with lower BMI (p < 0.001). However, among high school students, those with lower water and breakfast intake but higher soft drink and late-night snack intake exhibited an increasing trend in BMI. Subjective health perception and body image perception were interrelated, with subjective health perception influencing body image perception (p < 0.001). Addressing nutritional issues within schools, including improving school meals, regulating accessible products, and providing nutritional intake guidelines, is essential. Additionally, developing tailored health education programs to promote healthy body image perceptions is necessary. This study can serve as a foundational resource for analyzing adolescent health and developing strategies to improve health behaviors in changing environments.

Association between dietary patterns and chronic kidney disease in elderly patients with type 2 diabetes: a community-based cross-sectional study

BackgroundChronic kidney disease (CKD) is prevalent among elderly patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). The association between dietary patterns and CKD in elderly T2DM patients remains understudied. This study aimed to investigate the relationship between dietary patterns and CKD in elderly Chinese patients with T2DM.MethodsThis community-based cross-sectional study included 5,713 elderly T2DM patients (aged ≥ 65 years) from Xiangcheng District, Suzhou, China. Dietary intake was assessed using a validated food frequency questionnaire, and dietary patterns were identified using factor analysis. Each participant was assigned a score for each identified dietary pattern, with higher scores indicating a greater alignment of their diet with the respective pattern. Quartiles of these pattern scores were utilized as the primary exposures in the analysis. CKD was defined as albuminuria, reduced estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR), or both. Logistic regression models assessed CKD prevalence across quartiles of dietary pattern scores, expressed as adjusted odds ratios (ORs) with 95% confidence intervals (CIs).ResultsCKD prevalence was 45.7%. Four dietary patterns were identified: “traditional southern”, “high-protein”, “balanced” and “imbalanced”. A balanced dietary pattern, featured with high intake of fruits, dairy products, eggs, snacks, crab and shellfish, and fish and shrimp, was associated with lower CKD prevalence. The adjusted ORs for CKD across ascending quartiles were 0.99 (95% CI: 0.85–1.16), 0.89 (95% CI: 0.76–1.04), and 0.73 (95% CI: 0.62–0.86). The imbalanced dietary pattern, characterized by high intake of green leafy vegetables, refined grains, and red meat but low dietary diversity, was associated with increased CKD prevalence, with ORs of 1.01 (95% CI: 0.86–1.18), 1.15 (95% CI: 0.98–1.35), and 1.25 (95% CI: 1.07–1.46) across quartiles. No significant associations were observed for “traditional southern” or “high-protein” dietary patterns.ConclusionsDietary patterns were associated with CKD prevalence in elderly Chinese T2DM patients. A “balanced dietary pattern”, consistent with local dietary customs, was associated with a lower risk of CKD. Further longitudinal and intervention studies are needed to confirm these associations.Graphical

Triangulated evidence provides no support for bidirectional causal pathways between diet/physical activity and depression/anxiety.

Previous studies (various designs) present contradicting insights on the potential causal effects of diet/physical activity on depression/anxiety (and vice versa). To clarify this, we employed a triangulation framework including three methods with unique strengths/limitations/potential biases to examine possible bidirectional causal effects of diet/physical activity on depression/anxiety. Study 1: 3-wave longitudinal study (n=9,276 Dutch University students). Using random intercept cross-lagged panel models to study temporal associations. Study 2: cross-sectional study (n=341 monozygotic and n=415 dizygotic Australian adult twin pairs). Using a co-twin control design to separate genetic/environmental confounding. Study 3: Mendelian randomization utilizing data (European ancestry) from genome-wide association studies (n varied between 17,310 and 447,401). Using genetic variants as instrumental variables to study causal inference. Study 1 did not provide support for bidirectional causal effects between diet/physical activity and symptoms of depression/anxiety. Study 2 did provide support for causal effects between fruit/vegetable intake and symptoms of depression/anxiety, mixed support for causal effects between physical activity and symptoms of depression/anxiety, and no support for causal effects between sweet/savoury snack intake and symptoms of depression/anxiety. Study 3 provides support for a causal effect from increased fruit intake to the increased likelihood of anxiety. No support was found for other pathways. Adjusting the analyses including diet for physical activity (and vice versa) did not change the conclusions in any study. Triangulating the evidence across the studies did not provide compelling support for causal effects of diet/physical activity on depression/anxiety or vice versa.

The impact of snacking habits and physical activity on body composition in overweight and obese adolescents: A longitudinal study differentiating home and school environments.

With rising incomes in developing countries, the required necessary physical activity declines and the availability of snacks increases, further causing obesity in adolescents. The study was a longitudinal two-stage observational study of 74 overweight and obesity adolescents distinguishing between school and home environment phases. Data were collected at three time points (mid-semester (T0), end of semester (T1), and end of the winter holidays (T2)), and explorations were conducted using multivariate linear regression and Granger causality tests to investigate how changes in moderate-to-vigorous physical activity(MVPA), snacking habits (proportion of snack calorie, PSC; proportion of snack calories from protein, PSCP) in multiple stages and how their changes affect body composition. The results showed that during the semester phase, increases in ΔMVPA and ΔPSCP and decreases in ΔPSC were associated with decreases in ΔBFP (Δ = post-timepoint value - pre-timepoint value). During the holiday phase, decreases in ΔPSCP, MVPA (T1), and PSCP (T1), and increases in ΔPSC were associated with increases in ΔBFP. Only MVPA having a positive predictive effect causally on FFM. Snacking habits have a significant impact on body composition changes in adolescents, and reducing snack intake and choosing high-protein snacks are critical to controlling obesity in adolescents, especially during the holiday period. Strategies to increase MVPA should also be implemented to increase FFM briefly indirectly control obesity.

The Association of Sodium or Potassium Intake Timing with Athens Insomnia Scale Scores: A Cross-Sectional Study.

Insomnia is a significant public health problem affecting a large population. Although previous research has explored the relationship between specific nutrients and insomnia, comprehensive analyses of daily eating patterns of macro- and micronutrients remain limited. Since nocturnal hypertension is related to sodium/potassium intake and sleep disturbances, the present cross-sectional study hypothesized that daily eating patterns of potassium and sodium would be associated with Athens Insomnia Scale (AIS) scores. Dietary data (breakfast, lunch, dinner, and snack intake) and additional online questionnaire responses were obtained from users (N = 4568; age: 43.5 ± 11.2 years) of Asken, a Japanese food-logging mobile health application. AIS scores were divided into three groups according to symptom classification. Multiple regression analyses revealed that individuals with higher AIS scores had lower daily potassium intake; potassium at dinner was especially crucial. These results underscore the potential importance of potassium intake in relation to sleep and highlight a novel association between sleep disturbances and the timing of sodium and potassium consumption.

Assessment of Dietary Patterns and its Risk Factors Among Adults of a Rural Population of Chikkaballapur District, Karnataka

Diet and nutrition play an important role in the health and disease of an individual. Familial risk factors can be modifiable if adequate knowledge and practices are inculcated very early in life. Unhealthy dietary practices can cause metabolic syndrome such as raised BMI, high blood pressure, and elevated lipid profile. This study aims to study the dietary risk factors and their effect on clinical and biochemical parameters on 44% (n=2007) of the 4576 rural population above 30 years residing in Kaiwara and Kurubur PHC of Chikaballapura District, Karnataka. The daily intake of various foods and snacks, timings, and frequency of consumption were noted using a questionnaire with four field workers. It was observed that adults in the age group 30-39 years comprised 29.6%, and risk factors for non-communicable diseases in the diet included extra salt (1.4%) fried foods (8.7%), aerated drinks (8.3%) cakes (15.1%), pickle/chutney (51.4%). Though vegetables are consumed by 82.2%, consumption of fruits is negligible. Turmeric with its anti carcinogenic properties is consumed for more than 5 days a week by 36.5%. Fish though not easily available in rural areas is consumed by 116 (2.4). Among 2007 individuals, 1198 (60%) had high BMI, and the waist-hip ratio among males was &gt; 0.9 among 1200 (76.1%) males and &gt; 0.85 among 53% of females. An increase in systolic and diastolic blood pressure was observed in 54% of individuals. High blood sugar levels among 341 (17%), total cholesterol (n=382, 19%) was seen in the rural population. This study highlights that dietary patterns are increasing in the rural population adding to the overall burden of non-communicable diseases. Keywords: Dietary, Risk factors, Non­communicable diseases, Clinical, Biochemical

Assessing the impact of antenatal care utilization on low birth weight: A hospital-based case-control study

Low birth weight (LBW) being important determinant of child survival and development, is a preventable public health problem. The antenatal care (ANC) as an instrument that can reduce LBW, especially, in developing world with unexpectedly high level. Present study evaluated the effect of utilization of ANC services on LBW. A hospital-based case-control study carried after the ethical approval at university hospital, Varanasi, India during October, 2019 to September, 2021 on mothers delivering singleton baby. The case and control mothers decided 86 and 129 in the ratio of 2:3 at a =5% and (1-b) = 90%. Data was collected on a pre-designed and pre-tested questionnaire. Bivariate and multivariable forward logistic regression was performed. The statistical significance was judged at a = 0.05.Utilization of ANC services, milk intake, tea and snacks intake and gestational age at birth emerged as the significant contributor to LBW.Likelihood of LBW babies was 2.83 times higher to mothers who hadn’t avail ANC services compared to those who had availed complete ANC services. Likelihood of LBW was also 3.73 and 3.16 times higher in mothers who hadn’t taken milk and had taken but occasionally compared to regular users. Mothers with tea and snacks frequency once or twice were 3.18 times more likely to birthing LBW babies than the mothers with frequency more than twice. The likelihood of LBW birth was as high as 7.61 times in pre-term birth as compared to full-term. Complete ANC services be ensured through the gross root health workers. Milk and tea &amp; snacks intake if not possible in mothers of poverty pockets, these be advised to add one extra meal in their routine meal.

Frekuensi konsumsi dan kontribusi zat gizi makro jajanan Korea di pusat kuliner Yogyakarta

Consumption frequency and nutritional contribution of Korean snacks in culinary centers in YogyakartaBackground: The trend of Korean snacks in Indonesia makes people more consumptive. The Korean wave influences this through the popularity of K-pop and K-drama artists from social media platforms. The increasing consumption pattern of Korean snacks has made people less aware of the frequency limits of consumption and the nutritional content of Korean snacks. Objectives: This study aims to see the difference between consumption frequency and nutritional intake and analyze Korean snacks' nutritional contribution to visitors to Yogyakarta's culinary centers.Methods: This research is a quantitative descriptive design study with a cross-sectional approach involving 110 subjects with an average age of 18-30 years. The subject selection used the accidental technical sampling method. The questionnaire using the SQ-FFQ has been validated in previous research. The frequency of consumption of Korean snacks is categorized into three, namely rarely (1-3x/month), sometimes (1-2x/week), and often (≥3x/week). Data collection was carried out by distributing questionnaires directly at the research location. Data analysis used univariate and bivariate analysis with the one-way ANOVA test. Results: The characteristics of respondents are that the majority are female (89.1%). The average consumer age group is 21-30 (56.3%). The distance from the residence and location of the culinary center is mainly in the distance category &gt; 3 km (63.6%). The contributions of energy (44.5%), carbohydrates (64.5%), protein (73.6%), and fat (67.3%) from Korean snacks exceeded the intake limit. There is a significant difference between consumption frequency and nutritional intake of Korean snacks (p&lt;0.05).Conclusions: Frequency of consumption shows a significant difference between the contribution of energy and macronutrients. The contribution of nutrients to visitors was found still to exceed the limit for food intake from snacks.