Intake Levels Research Articles

Preventing and treating childhood obesity by sleeping better: a systematic review.

Childhood obesity represents a major public health issue worldwide. Evidence showed the need to implement prevention strategies mainly focused on lifestyle habits. Sleep hygiene is a variable of great interest and this review systematically examined the effects of sleep duration in increasing childhood obesity risk. A systematic literature review was conducted from December 2023 to February 2024. Study selection and data extraction procedures were performed in accordance with Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) Guidelines and Statement, and risk of publication bias was assessed by the Effective Public Health Practice Project Quality Assessment Tool for Quantitative Studies. Original works in English were eligible for review and eleven studies that met the inclusion criteria were included. Studies collected were heterogeneous in terms of duration, sample characteristics, hours of sleep manipulation, anthropometric and hematological parameters collected, therefore it was not possible to perform a meta-analysis. A narrative synthesis of the reported evidence highlighted the impact of sleep duration above all on food intake, eating habits and hormone levels and consequently on the risk of childhood obesity development. This finding suggests the need to consider sleep hygiene as a modifiable lifestyle habit like diet and physical activity, in order to early prevent childhood obesity. Poor sleep hygiene can significantly contribute to weight gain and exacerbation of metabolic disorders linked to childhood obesity. Although more rigorous studies are needed, clinicians need to be aware of the role of sleep hygiene in reducing childhood obesity risk.

Effects of Gossypetin on Glucose Homeostasis in Diet-Induced Pre-Diabetic Rats.

Natural flavonoids exert many potential health benefits, including anti-hyperglycaemic effects. However, the effects of gossypetin (GTIN) on glucose homeostasis in pre-diabetes have not yet been investigated. This study examined the effects of GTIN on key markers of glucose homeostasis in a diet-induced pre-diabetic rat model. Pre-diabetes was induced by allowing the animals to feed on a high-fat high-carbohydrate (HFHC) diet supplemented with 15% fructose water for 20 weeks. Following pre-diabetes induction, the pre-diabetic animals were sub-divided into five groups (n = 6), where they were either orally treated with GTIN (15 mg/kg) or metformin (MET) (500 mg/kg), both with and without dietary intervention, over a 12-week period. The results demonstrated that animals in the untreated pre-diabetic (PD) control group exhibited significantly higher fasting and postprandial blood glucose levels, as well as elevated plasma insulin concentrations and increased homeostatic model assessment for insulin resistance (HOMA2-IR) index, relative to the non-pre-diabetic (NPD) group. Similarly, increased caloric intake, body weight and plasma ghrelin levels were observed in the PD control group. Notably, these parameters were significantly reduced in the PD animals receiving GTIN treatment. Additionally, glycogen levels in the liver and skeletal muscle, which were disturbed in the PD control group, showed significant improvement in both GTIN-treated groups. These findings may suggest that GTIN administration, with or without dietary modifications, may offer therapeutic benefits in ameliorating glucose homeostasis disturbances associated with the PD state.

Sustainable-use marine protected areas to improve human nutrition

Coral reef fisheries are a vital source of nutrients for thousands of nutritionally vulnerable coastal communities around the world. Marine protected areas are regions of the ocean designed to preserve or rehabilitate marine ecosystems and thereby increase reef fish biomass. Here, we evaluate the potential effects of expanding a subset of marine protected areas that allow some level of fishing within their borders (sustainable-use MPAs) to improve the nutrition of coastal communities. We estimate that, depending on site characteristics, expanding sustainable-use MPAs could increase catch by up to 20%, which could help prevent 0.3-2.85 million cases of inadequate micronutrient intake in coral reef nations. Our study highlights the potential add-on nutritional benefits of expanding sustainable-use MPAs in coral reef regions and pinpoints locations with the greatest potential to reduce inadequate micronutrient intake level. These findings provide critical knowledge given international momentum to cover 30% of the ocean with MPAs by 2030 and eradicate malnutrition in all its forms.

Blue Food Consumption and Its Relation to Nutrient Intake among Koreans.

(1) Background: "Blue food" is a recently coined term referring to seafood, emphasizing health benefits and sustainability. This study compares nutrient intake levels between Koreans who consume fish and shellfish and those who do not. (2) Methods: Data from the eighth Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (2019-2020) were used. A total of 9442 individuals were analyzed (≥1 year old). A complex sample design was applied. (3) Results: Younger individuals aged 9 to 29 consumed less fish and shellfish, while those with higher education and income levels consumed more. Compared with the non-consumption group, individuals in the fish and shellfish consumption group exhibited a higher nutrient density in their diets, excluding total fat, saturated fatty acids, monounsaturated fatty acids, and riboflavin (p < 0.01). They also had a higher proportion of nutrient intakes relative to the Recommended Nutrient Intake level for all nutrients than the non-consumption group (p < 0.001), particularly in eicosapentaenoic acid and docosahexaenoic acid intakes. Conversely, the non-consumption group had a higher proportion of nutrient intakes below the Estimated Average Requirement compared with the consumption group. (p < 0.001). (4) Conclusions: Individuals consuming blue food exhibited higher levels of nutrient intake. Developing strategies to promote the consumption of blue food, considering factors such as age, education, and income, is essential.

126 The inclusion of Aspergillus oryzae prebiotic counteracts the decline on neutral detergent fiber digestibility associated with increased intake level, on corn silage and sorghum silage-based diets

Abstract The inclusion of Aspergillus oryzae prebiotic (AOP; Amaferm, Biozyme Inc., St Joseph, MO) in ruminant diets has been proven to stimulate cellulolytic ruminal microorganisms, although, its positive effect on nutrient digestibility seems to be diet dependent. Our objective was to evaluate how AOP influences the apparent total tract digestibility of dry matter (DM) and neutral detergent fiber (NDF) at varying levels of intake, for diets with different forage sources and inclusion levels. Data were compiled from 3 experiments containing 4 diets for backgrounding cattle, assessing the use of AOP as a feed additive. The studies were Exp. 1): corn silage-based diet (CS; n = 24 steers), Exp. 2-A): sorghum silage-based diet (SS; n = 20 heifers), Exp. 2-B): citrus pulp and cotton gin byproducts-based diet (BP; n = 20 heifers), and Exp. 3): bermudagrass hay-based diet (BH; n = 24 steers). Separate ANCOVA analyses by diet were conducted using SAS, including in the model the effect of treatment (TRT; AOP vs. No AOP) and the interaction between TRT and level of intake (dry matter intake; DMI). Level of intake was calculated as percentage of body weight (DMI/BW). Least square mean differences between treatments were conducted at different levels of intake at which both treatments were represented. For apparent total tract digestibility of DM and NDF (NDFD), the TRT × DMI/BW interaction was significant (P ≤ 0.05) in the case of the CS and SS diets, but not in the BP and BH diets (P ≥ 0.10). For both silage diets, NDF and DM digestibility decreased as the level of intake increased. Consequently, the positive effect of AOP on NDFD was greater at increased levels of intake (3.3 and 3.5% of the BW for CS and SS, respectively), resulting in 9.8% improvement on NDFD for the CS diet (P = 0.04, 37.9 vs. 41.6% for No AOP vs. AOP, respectively) and 25% improvement in the SS diet (P = 0.01, 42.5 vs. 53.2% for No AOP vs. AOP, respectively). At a moderate intake (2.5% of the BW), AOP improved NDFD by 6.0 and 14.1% for the CS and SS diets, respectively (P ≤ 0.05). While at reduced intake (1.8 and 1.7% of BW, for CS and SS), NDFD did not differ (P ≥ 0.10) between treatments for either CS (47.9%) or SS (56.5%) diets. In conclusion, the inclusion of AOP in silage-based diets attenuates the decline on apparent total tract digestibility of NDF associated with increased feed intake, helping to maintain digestibility closer to its maximum potential. Whereas, at reduced levels of intake, it is more unlikely to observe a positive effect of AOP on fiber digestibility.

Risk Assessment of Pulegone in Foods Based on Benchmark Dose-Response Modeling.

This study presents a new risk assessment of pulegone, a substance classified as possibly carcinogenic to humans (Group 2B) by the WHO International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC). The analysis used data from a two-year carcinogenicity studies in rats and mice conducted by the National Toxicology Program (NTP) in 2011. Because of the absence of a no-observed adverse effect level (NOAEL) in these studies, the benchmark dose (BMD) approach was employed as an alternative risk assessment method. The lowest BMD lower confidence level (BMDL) of 4.8 mg/kg b.w./day among the eight endpoints served as the point of departure for calculating an acceptable daily intake (ADI) of 48 μg/kg b.w./day. This new ADI is significantly lower than the previously established tolerable daily intake of 0.1 mg/kg b.w./day set in 1997. The analysis also considered various genotoxicity studies, which indicate that pulegone's effects follow a nongenotoxic, thresholded mechanism. The estimated intake levels of pulegone in the European Union and USA were below the newly calculated ADI, suggesting a low health risk based on current consumption patterns.

Intermittent protein restriction elevates food intake and plasma ghrelin in male mice

Low-protein diets affect body weight, body composition, food intake, and food preferences in mice. Furthermore, single periods of protein restriction can have lasting effects on these parameters. We sought to examine the effect of multiple, short, bouts of protein restriction, relative to long-term maintenance on either a control (NR) or protein-restricted (PR) diet. We found that male mice experiencing intermittent protein restriction (IPR) were indistinguishable from NR mice in terms of body weight and composition, but had food intake and plasma ghrelin as high as mice on PR diet, even when they were returned to control diet. This was not found in female mice. The results of this experiment highlight the importance of diet history on food intake and ghrelin levels in male mice, and the difference in how PR diet might affect male and female mice.

The Analysis of Factors Related to Anemia Levels in Adolescent Girls

The impact on teenagers, if they experience anemia, is that it disrupts their ability to learn, reduces their physical exercise ability and body fitness, reduces individual work capacity, reduces the body's immune function, and reduces the ability to regulate body temperature. This research aimed to analyze factors related to anemia in adolescent girls. The research method used quantitative with a cross-sectional approach. The population in the study were all 50 Adolescents who were checked for Hb in March and had moderate anemia. The sample was 44 respondents taken by purposive sampling technique. The instrument used a questionnaire to determine the length of the menstrual period, nutritional status, knowledge, and iron intake. The research used an ordinal distribution used an ordinal regression test. The research results showed that the variable length of menstruation was 0.879 with p=0.348 (&gt; 0.05), the nutritional status variable was 0.231 with p=0.631 (&gt;0.05), the knowledge level variable was 4.407 with p=0.021 (&gt;0.05) and the nutritional intake variable was 11.575 with p=0.001 (&lt;0.05). This meant that the level of knowledge and nutritional intake was related to the level of anemia. Meanwhile, the length of menstruation and nutritional status were not related to the level of anemia. For future researchers, it is expected to provide interventions related to knowledge including individual or group counseling as well as providing a healthy lunch menu program to increase iron intake in adolescents.

Association of dietary fiber intake with epileptic seizures in U.S. adults: A Population-base study of 13,277 participants

ObjectiveEpilepsy, a neurological disorder, is identified by the presence of recurrent seizures. We aimed to detect dietary fiber intake and its association with epilepsy prevalence in U.S. adults. MethodsThis cross-sectional study obtained data from the 2013–2018 National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey database. Univariate and multivariate logistic regression models were employed to estimate the association between dietary fiber intake and epilepsy prevalence. The restricted cubic spline (RCS) model was also applied to investigate the dose-response relationships between dietary fiber intake and epileptic seizure events(ESEs). ResultsOur final sample included 13,277 NHANES participants, with the average prevalence of ESEs being 1.09 % (145/13277). After adjusting for all confounding factors, the third quartile of dietary fiber intake levels remained significantly associated with a decreased risk of ESEs[odds ratios (OR) 0.54,95 % confidence interval (CI) 0.33–0.88, P = 0.014)] compared to the first quartile. Higher fiber intake indicated a stable negative association with ESEs in the multivariate logistic regression analysis, weighted generalized additive model. A nonlinear dose-response relationship was observed between dietary fiber intake levels and decreased ESEs risk (P for overall=0.017, P for nonlinear=0.155). Interaction tests showed no significant effect of demographic and disease status on the association between dietary fiber intake and ESEs. ConclusionIn this cross-sectional study, people with a high dietary fiber intake were at a reduced risk of ESEs. However, further prospective studies are needed to investigate the effect of dietary fiber intake in epilepsy events and to determine causality.

Analysis Of Worker Nutrition And Workload With Fatigue Levet At SPBE PD Bumi Wiralodra Indramayu (PD BWI) Year 2020

Fatigue at work is one of the health and safety problems that can be a risk factor for accidents at work. Fatigue can be influenced by many factors, one of which is excessive nutritional intake and heavy workload. This study aims to determine the analysis of nutritional intake and to determine the relationship between nutritional intake and workload with fatigue levels in SPBE PD. Bumi Wiralodra Indramayu. This type of research is an analytic observational study using a cross sectional design. The sample in this study were workers at SPBE PD. Bumi Wiralodra Indramayu as many as 36 respondents. The analysis used was the chi square test. The results of this study indicate that: There were 24 respondents (66.7%) who felt tired and 12 (33.3%) who felt not tired. Respondents who had more nutritional intake were 33 people (91.7%) and those who felt that they had less nutritional intake were 3 people (8.3%). Respondents who have heavy workload are 16 people (44.4%) and respondents who have light work are 20 people (55.6%). There is no relationship between workers' nutritional intake and fatigue level with a P-value of 0.359. There is a relationship between workload and fatigue level with a P-value of 0.003. Companies are expected to pay more attention to working hours for workers, especially in the production section, so that no workers do work outside of operational hours.

Dietary Counseling Outcomes in Patients with Lung Cancer in an Upper-Middle-Income Country: An Open-Label Randomized Controlled Trial.

Background: Malnutrition harms treatment outcomes, QoL, and survival in lung cancer patients. Effective dietary counseling can improve nutrition, but few randomized controlled trials have focused on lung cancer patients. The objective of this study was to determine if dietary counseling improves nutritional and treatment outcomes when compared to routine care. Methods: This open-label parallel RCT was conducted at Maharaj Nakorn Chiang Mai Hospital in Thailand. The investigators used computer-generated blocked randomization to assign patients to dietary counseling by a nutritionist or routine care. The nutritionist sessions occurred before treatment, with follow-ups at 3-4 weeks and 12 weeks. The primary outcome was the mean percentage change in the body weight of patients at 12 weeks. Secondary outcomes included changes in the BMI, nutrition score, QoL, serum albumin level, lymphocyte count, energy and protein intake, treatment response, PFS, and OS. Results: Between April 2020 and May 2022, after completing recruitment, 80 lung cancer patients were randomized: 43 to dietary counseling and 37 to routine care. The dietary counseling group showed significant benefits, with smaller decreases in body weight at 3-4 weeks (-0.8% vs. -2.6%, p = 0.05) and 12 weeks (-1.1% vs. -4.3%, p = 0.05). They also had higher energy and protein intake levels and better treatment response rates. The secondary outcomes and significant adverse events did not differ significantly between the groups. Conclusions: Dietary counseling helps to maintain body weight, maintain dietary intake, and enhance treatment responses in lung cancer patients. Although not all nutritional markers or survival outcomes were affected, these findings highlight the importance of early nutritional interventions.

Potential mechanisms and modifications of dietary antioxidants on the associations between co-exposure to plastic additives and diabetes

BackgroundThe association of plastic additive mixture exposure with diabetes and the modifying effects of dietary antioxidants are unclear.MethodsThe data from the NHANES 2011–2018 were retrieved, and phthalates and organophosphate esters (OPEs) were selected as exposures. The coexposure effect was analyzed by the environmental risk score (ERS) and quantile g-computation. To mitigate any potential bias caused by using the internal weights, another version of ERS was constructed using the cross-validation approach. The level of dietary antioxidant intake was measured by the composite dietary antioxidant index (CDAI). The biological mechanism underlying the association was studied by the adverse outcome pathway (AOP) framework.ResultsFifteen chemicals (ten phthalates and five OPEs) were measured in 2824 adult participants. A higher ERS was significantly associated with an increased risk of diabetes (OR per 1-SD increment of ERS: 1.25, 95% CI: 1.13–1.39). This association apparently interacted with the CDAI level (ORlow: 1.83, 95% CI: 1.37–2.55; ORhigh: 1.28, 95% CI: 1.15–1.45; Pinteraction = 0.038). Moreover, quantile g-computation also revealed higher level of combined exposure was positively associated with diabetes (OR: 1.27, 95% CI: 1.05–2.87), and the addition of dietary antioxidants showed a null association (OR: 1.09, 95% CI: 0.85–2.34). The AOP study identified TCPP and TCEP as key chemicals that cause aberrant glucose metabolism and insulin signaling pathways and result in diabetes.ConclusionsCoexposure to phthalates and OPEs is positively associated with diabetes, where an antioxidative diet plays a modifying role. Several potential mechanisms have been proposed by AOP framework.

Intakes of Dairy and Soy Products and 10-Year Coronary Heart Disease Risk in Korean Adults.

Dairy and soy products are healthy food. However, studies have reported conflicting results associating their intake with coronary heart disease (CHD). Thus, this study determined the association between intake of dairy or soy products and 10-year CHD risk. Participants aged 40~69 years were grouped into those who consumed dairy products (more or less than twice a week) and those who consumed soy products (more or less than twice a week). Ten-year CHD risk (%), atherogenic index (AI), and atherogenic index of plasma (AIP) were calculated. The CHD risk, according to the level of dairy and soy product intake, was expressed as an odds ratio (OR) and a confidence interval (CI). Significant differences were observed in sex, age, education, income, and living area according to dairy intake frequencies, whereas only age showed significant differences according to soy products' intake frequencies. Relative effects of Framingham Risk Score (FRS) factors on 10-year CHD risk in Korean adults were found to be significant in the order of age, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C), smoking, blood total cholesterol (TC), systolic blood pressure (SBP), diabetes, and sex. Overall, participants who consumed dairy products ≥2/week had a significantly lower OR of 10-year CHD risk compared to those who consumed dairy products <2/week after adjusting for confounding factors (OR: 0.742, 95% CI: 0.619 to 0.890). Otherwise, intake of soy products ≥2/week tended to decrease the OR of 10-year CHD risk, although the decrease was not statistically significant. In conclusion, Korean adults who consumed dairy products ≥2/week had higher HDL-C and lower 10-year CHD risk than those who consumed dairy products <2/week. However, these results did not appear when consuming soy products.

Ethnic differences in knowledge, attitudes, and practices related to dietary salt intake and association with hypertension in Malaysia: a multi-centre cross-sectional study.

The association between high salt intake and elevated blood pressure levels has been well-documented. However, studies on how effectively this knowledge translates into actionable practices, particularly across different ethnic groups, remain limited. This study aimed to evaluate the knowledge, attitudes, and practices (KAP) towards dietary salt intake across ethnicities and determine its association with hypertension. 5128 Malaysian adults recruited from a national blood pressure screening study completed questionnaires on demographics, and KAP related to dietary salt intake. There were 57.4% Malay, 23.5% Chinese, 10.4% Indian, and 8.7% individuals of other ethnic groups. Overall, more than 90% of the participants knew that a high salt intake causes serious health problems, but only around one-third knew the relationship between high salt intake and strokes and heart failure. Participants of different ethnic groups displayed significant differences in the KAP domains, where Indians generally exhibited better knowledge, attitudes, and reported better practices such as reading salt labels and using spices. Those who were unaware of the difference between salt and sodium and who reported not reading salt labels had higher odds of having elevated blood pressure. These findings demonstrate that while there is a suboptimal translation of salt knowledge into practice in Malaysia, with significant differences in KAP observed between ethnic groups, the potential of improving health outcomes by improving the clarity and awareness of salt labels is substantial. Tailored education promoting salt-label reading, minimizing processed foods intake and discretionary salt use should be ethnic-specific to better curb this escalating hypertension epidemic.

Enteric methane emissions from zebu cattle are influenced by seasonal variations in rangeland fodder quality and intake

Rangeland fodder resources used to feed ruminants in the Sahel decline considerably in both quantity and quality from the wet to dry seasons. While it is widely assumed worldwide that this seasonality of fodder supply impacts intake levels and therefore enteric methane (eCH4) emissions, there are very few references based on in vivo measurements of eCH4 in this region. The purpose of this study was to test the assumption that the seasonality of fodder supply impacts intake levels and consequently eCH4 in ruminants. Thus, eCH4 was measured in vivo in Sudanese Fulani zebu cattle during three main seasons of the year (wet season: WS, cold dry season: CDS, and hot dry season: HDS). The experiment was carried out on 10 steers aged 32 months with an average (± SD) initial BW of 138 ± 5.8 kg (i.e. 0.55 Tropical Livestock Unit − TLU) and kept in individual pens. Animals were fed with natural rangeland fodder harvested each season following herders’ practices, i.e. green fodder in the WS and dry fodder hay in the CDS and HDS. Different levels of fodder were offered to the animals to reproduce the gradient of fodder availability on rangelands over the year (six trials): 3.3% BW during the CDS; 3.3, 2.3, and 1.4% BW successively during the HDS; and 2.3% in two sequential studies in the WS. Each trial lasted 3 weeks, split into 2 weeks of fodder adaptation and 1 week of data collection. The BW, quantity of voluntary DM intake, digestibility of DM digestibility and of OM digestibility, and eCH4 (GreenFeed® system) were measured for each animal. Fodder composition varied considerably between seasons (P < 0.05). The DM intake (g/kg BW per day) varied from 23.9 in CDS to 15.7 in HDS and 22.3 in WS (P < 0.001). The DM digestibility varied from 0.50 in CDS to 0.46 in HDS and 0.57 in WS. The eCH4 yields (g/kg DM intake per day) varied significantly from 25.2 in the CDS to 31.8 in the HDS and 20.5 in the WS. When extrapolated over a full year and irrespective of season, eCH4 emissions for steers amounted to 68.1 g/d (24.6 g/kg DM intake per day, 46.7 ± 3.34 kg of eCH4/TLU per year). Variations in the various parameters recorded in different areas and during the main seasons must therefore be accounted for in national inventories to refine eCH4 data for ruminants in Sub-Saharan Africa.

Caffeine consumption of medical students in Korea: amount and symptoms based on a 2023 survey.

To investigate the form and level of daily caffeine intake recommended above 400 mg in medical students expected to consume caffeinated beverages to enhance their performance. From May to June 2023, freshman through senior medical students at a medical school in Korea were administered a seven-item questionnaire designed to measure the amount of caffeine-containing foods consumed, the weekly interval between consumption, the reason for consumption, and the level of caffeine-induced symptoms experienced. Out of 443 students, 361 responded (81.5%). The most commonly consumed caffeine beverages were coffee (79.2%), followed by soda (33.2%), tea (27.4%), chocolate (25.2%), and energy drinks (20.5%). The estimated (average±standard deviation) daily intake was estimated to 274.6±276.5 mg, and they consumed caffeine on an average of 4.25±2.26 days per week. Students who consumed 400 mg or more of caffeine daily consumed 19.9%. The primary motivation for caffeine intake was "to improve academic performance" (60.9%) and "preferred food" (51.8%). Among the responders, 98% of them replied they had symptoms that could be caused by caffeine, in order of palpitations (47.4%), frequent urination (42.9%), anxiety (27.1%), indigestion (17.5%), and excitement (17.5%). A total of 45.7% reported two symptoms, and 24.7% reported three or more. Caffeinated beverage consumption was routine among current medical students, with 20% consuming more than the recommended daily amount. Most students experienced at least one caffeine-induced symptom, with two symptoms in half, suggesting the need for policy measures and warnings about caffeine-containing foods.

Iron Deficiency Anemia among Sanitation Workers in a Tertiary Care Hospital: A Cross-sectional Study

ABSTRACT Background: Iron deficiency anemia (IDA) has been the main cause of the health burden in India over the past decade. The aim of the present study was to examine the iron status and prevalence of iron deficiency anemia using biochemical markers among sanitation workers working at a tertiary healthcare center. Methodology: This hospital-based cross-sectional observational study was conducted on 80 sanitation workers for a period of 18 months (age 31–40 years). Dietary intake patterns were collected through the structured questionnaires. Blood samples were analyzed for complete blood count, serum iron level and unsaturated iron binding capacity, and ferritin. Total iron binding capacity and percentage transferrin saturation were calculated. Stool samples were screened for intestinal helminthic ova and cysts of intestinal protozoa. Results: Of the 80 sanitation workers, IDA was found in 38.7%; out of this, mild anemia was found in 16 (20%) participants, while 11.3% and 7.5% participants had moderate and severe anemia, respectively. Higher plasma sTfR levels were observed in women with severe iron depletion than in those with iron sufficiency (median 17.6 versus 15.5 nmol/L; P = 0.001). A statistically significant positive correlation between hemoglobin and serum iron, serum ferritin, and transferrin saturation was found. Hemoglobin was positively correlated with white blood cells, red blood cells, hematocrit, and mean corpuscular hemoglobin. Conclusion: This study highlights the presence of mild IDA among sanitary workers and lower levels of iron intake than the recommended dietary allowance.

Abstract P397: Effects of Dietary Sodium Reduction on Systemic Inflammation: Findings from DASH-Sodium Study

Background: High sodium intake is a significant risk factor for hypertension and cardiovascular disease. Animal studies have demonstrated that high salt diet promotes tissue inflammation and increases systemic inflammation, such that it is plausible that sodium induced inflammation might be another pathway to hypertension. However, whether the link between dietary sodium intake and systematic inflammation in humans remains unclear due to limited human studies, different designs and inconsistent findings. Therefore, we tested the hypothesis that dietary sodium reduction reduces systemic inflammation in humans by leveraging the randomized controlled trial design of the DASH-Sodium study. Methods: DASH-Sodium study was a multicenter, randomized trial comparing the effects on blood pressure (BP) of three levels of sodium intake (3450 mg/d, 2300mg/d, and 1150 mg/d) in two diets (DASH vs American) among US adults. Five systematic inflammatory markers including hs-CRP, IFN-γ, IL-6, IL-10, and TNF-α were measured at each study visit in stored plasma samples from 224 participants. Two-level mixed-effects linear regression models were used to assess the effect of sodium reduction on inflammatory markers with adjustment of covariates. Results: A total of 224 participants (aged 49.4±9.5 yrs, 61% female, 62% black, and 2% other races) from the DASH-Sodium study were included in the analyses. Overall, compared to high sodium group, low sodium group had slightly elevated hs-CRP ( p =0.013), and intermediate sodium group had decreased TNF-α ( p =0.011). Both significances, however, disappeared after adjusting for multiple testing ( p adjust &gt;0.01). Conclusion: Modest dietary sodium reduction as recommended did not induce significant changes in systematic inflammation in humans.

Sugar-sweetened beverages, low/no-calorie beverages, fruit juices intake and risks of metabolic syndrome in adults: The SWEET project

Background and aimsMetabolic syndrome (MetS) is an important determinant of cardiometabolic disease development, with excessive sugar intake as one of the key modifiable risk factors. However, evidence on the association between sugar-sweetened beverages (SSB), their replacement by low/no caloric beverages (LNCB), and MetS development is still limited. Methods and resultsData from participants’ of Lifelines (n = 58 220), NQPlus (n = 1094) and Feel4Diabetes (n = 342) were prospectively analysed. Dose-response associations were investigated using restricted cubic spline analyses (Lifelines). Cox proportional hazard regression analysis with robust variance was used to quantify associations between intakes of SSB, fruit juices (FJ) and LNCB and MetS incidence; data were pooled using random-effects models. Associations were adjusted for demographic, lifestyle and other dietary factors. In Lifelines, NQPlus, and Feel4Diabetes, 3853 (7 %), 47 (4 %), and 39 (11 %) participants developed MetS, respectively. Pooled analyses showed that each additional serving of SSB was associated with a 6 % higher risk of MetS (95%CI 1.02–1.10). A J-shaped association was observed for FJ and MetS, with a significant inverse association at moderate intake levels (IPR 0.89, 95 % CI 0.82–0.96). LNCB intake was not associated with MetS (IPR 1.59, 95%CI 0.74–2.43), but findings across studies were inconsistent (I2 94 %, p-value <0.01). Replacing SSB with FJ or LNCB did not show any associations with MetS incidence. ConclusionSSB intake was adversely associated with MetS incidence. A J-shaped association was observed between FJ and MetS. For LNCB, results were inconsistent across studies and therefore findings must be interpreted cautiously.

The Prevalence and Prognosis of Cachexia in Patients with Non-Sarcopenic Dysphagia: A Retrospective Cohort Study.

The purpose of this study was to assess the prevalence and prognosis of cachexia in patients with non-sarcopenic dysphagia. A retrospective cohort study was conducted using the Japanese sarcopenic dysphagia database. Cachexia was diagnosed using the Asian Working Group for Cachexia criteria, sarcopenia using the Asian Working Group for Sarcopenia 2019 criteria, and malnutrition using the Global Leadership Initiative on Malnutrition criteria. Outcomes were death, swallowing function (Food Intake LEVEL Scale (FILS)), and activities of daily living (Barthel Index (BI)). The mean age of the 175 non-sarcopenic dysphagia patients was 77 (±11) years; 103 (59%) were male, 30 (17%) had cachexia, 133 (76%) had whole-body sarcopenia, and 92 (53%) were malnourished. Of the 30 patients with cachexia, 4 and 11 did not have sarcopenia and malnutrition, respectively. No significant associations were found between cachexia, sarcopenia, and malnutrition. Death was notably higher in the cachexia group (5/30; 17% vs. 2/145; 1%, p = 0.002). Median FILS (7 vs. 8, p = 0.585) and median BI (35 vs. 50, p = 0.469) scores did not show significant differences based on cachexia status. The prevalence of cachexia was 17%, and mortality may be higher with cachexia in non-sarcopenic dysphagia patients.