Instrumental Attitude Research Articles

Why do people prepare for natural hazards? Developing and testing a Theory of Planned Behaviour approach

Natural hazards such as earthquakes and tsunami can have adverse impacts on infrastructures and populations globally. In Wellington, New Zealand, perception of these risks is high but many people are poorly prepared. Using the Theory of Planned Behaviour in a pre-registered longitudinal study, we assessed intentions, cognitions, and beliefs about the behaviour of preparing for natural hazards at Time 1 (N= 153) and self-reported behaviour one month later with 61 participants from the sample at Time 2. Experiential attitudes, instrumental attitudes, self-efficacy, and perceived descriptive norms explained approximately 34% of the variance in intentions, which in turn predicted preparation for natural hazards, although confidence in this result is qualified by the small sample size. Further, this study identified several key beliefs related to preparing, such as the belief that preparing helps people to get through a natural hazard event better, that people can make the effort to prepare, and that preparing can be fun and rewarding. These beliefs offer specific and tangible factors which can be efficiently addressed in public education campaigns. Secondly, this study addressed a number of common methodological limitations in how the Theory of Planned Behaviour is conceptualised, applied, and measured, by incorporating consistent inclusion of constructs and belief measures and coherence between measures of intentions and behaviour. This research supports the implementation of the two-factor distinction, splitting attitudes into instrumental and experiential, social norms into descriptive and injunctive, and perceived behavioural control into controllability and self-efficacy as well as including the belief measures which indirectly explain intentions. The Theory of Planned Behaviour has a long history of beneficial applications to a variety of behaviours, but the recommendations made here for future use aim to improve the usefulness of the theory in research beyond natural hazards, including comparisons of findings between studies.

Explicating factors that explain condom use intention among in-school adolescents in Botswana: a structural equation modelling approach

ABSTRACT Knowledge with respect to adolescents’ intentions to engage in protective sexual behaviours is still deficient in numerous countries around the world, particularly in Sub-Saharan Africa (SSA) where HIV prevalence is the highest. Increasing cross-sectional research suggests that the theory of planned behaviour (TPB) is robust in predicting condom use intentions. This study used secondary, baseline data from a study involving 794 in-school adolescents. A structural equation model was applied to the data. Latent variables were used to validate the applicability of the TPB in HIV/AIDS prevention among adolescents in the Botswana context. The predictors of interest were all derived from the TPB. The results revealed that the TPB predictors, apart from affective and instrumental attitude, were predictive of condom use intention among Batswana adolescents. The independent variables explained 57% of the variance in the model. These results suggest that the TPB is recommended as a framework to establish the predictors of condom use intention among Batswana in-school adolescents. Policy makers working on developing HIV education programmes or interventions targeted at adolescents should improve the intention to use condoms via promotion of positive instrumental attitudes, subjective norms and perceived behavioural control beliefs of condom use.

Мовна стійкість як вияв ставлення до мови (на матеріалі опитування)

This article deals with the problem of language attitude investigation. For this purpose, we tried to analyze the relation between language stability and language attitude how these phenomena interreact and how the knowledge of language stability can reflect the language attitudes. The scientific researches prove that the knowledge of the language attitude allows to evaluate not only loyal attitude (favor) to the language but also its functional value. In such conditions, language attitude shows the symbol role of language as a value of national identity, symbol of authentication, bridge to the past history of the nation, as well as, the means of the goal achievement and self-development. Considering the investigations of scientists from west countries, we understand language attitude as both positive or negative evaluation to any object and as an accumulated knowledge which in general helps to estimate the language stability, which is one of the characteristics of the language behavior and is reflected during the language activity processes. The motives of usage one language instead of the other in the bilingual’s situation is one of the subjects of the language attitude investigation in Ukrainian sociolinguistics. We conducted the survey which helped to describe the Ukrainian youth’s language attitude now and build the perspective of the language situation development in the future. For Ukrainian-speaking young people, language is the highest national value, a guide for identification, which demonstrates the promotion of the integrative language attitude. In this case language is a value, and not just to express their own thoughts, but a tool for professional and social growth. According to opinions of the Ukrainian-speaking youth it is essential to keep the prestige of the language and the assertion of its state status. Whilst Russian-speaking youth use the language as a tool that helps to communicate, which shows the benefits of instrumental language attitude, where language is a means to achieve communicative goals and professional growth. The results of our investigation show that language attitude among Ukrainian youth, who participated in the survey has instrumental and integrative meaning, which confirms that the language is not only the means of language activities but also a value, a tool for self-expression and identification. Our study is an attempt to outline the trends prevailing among young people in Ukraine and to explore how the language stability of the speaker can reveal their language attitude and how the latter affects the language behavior of the participant in the communicative process. The prospect of further research is the analysis of the language situation in Ukraine and a comprehensive study of the language attitude in the Ukrainian youth environment.

Homo Sapiens Adaptation and the Law of Natural Selection

The article discusses whether the general biological law of natural selection works in formed human communities. The author proceeds from the understanding of natural selection as a mechanism of self-preservation and self-development of living systems, carried out through adaptation to environmental conditions. The author considers adaptation as a modus existendi of self-purpose substantive systems of biological and social type, capable of preserving the fact and quality of their life by changing its significant parameters. The article considers modes of adaptation of biological systems (individual and collective, somatic and ethological, passive and active), which determine the criteria of intraspecific and interspecific selection by bodily or behavioral properties. Turning to the analysis of social systems, the author considers human activity not as an alternative to adaptation, but as a special kind of it — active behavioral adaptation, acting in the form of labor, based on the synthesis of verbal and conceptual thinking with an instrumental attitude to the environment. The article criticizes the point of view about the absence of qualitative boundaries between human and animal lifestyles, which gained strength after the primatological revolution in biology. The author is convinced of the uniqueness of man, whose activity creates a fundamentally new socio-cultural reality based on the production and reproduction of social life, the institutional division of labor and value-normative regulation of behavior. In the sociocultural environment, of course, the laws of biological heredity persist, affecting the way people live, but not determining it. Similarly, in human communities there is intrapopulation and interpopulation competition, which, with the development of history, loses the form of natural selection by somatic and ethological traits. The latter retains its force only at the beginning of human history, manifesting itself, in particular, in the process of formation of somatic racial differences between humans. According to the author, the action of natural selection ceases as a result of the Great Neolithic Revolution, associated with the transition from the economy of the foraging type to the economy of the producing type.

Learning from Black/African American Participants: Applying the Integrated Behavioral Model to Assess Recruitment Strategies for a Glaucoma Genetic Study

ABSTRACT The underrepresentation of African American (AA) participants in medical research perpetuates racial health disparities in the United States. Open-ended phone interviews were conducted with 50 AA adults from Philadelphia who had previously participated in a genetic study of glaucoma that included complimentary ophthalmic screenings. Recruitment for the genetic study was done in partnership with a Black-owned radio station. Thematic analysis of interview transcripts, guided by the integrated behavior model (IBM), identified self-reported motivations for participating in this care-focused and community-promoted research program. Findings revealed that decisions to enroll were influenced by strong instrumental attitudes regarding learning more about personal health and contributing to future care options for others. Notable normative influences that factored into participants’ decisions to enroll in the study included hearing about the study from a respected community media outlet, friends, and family. About one-third of respondents discussed past and current racial discrimination in medical research as an important sociocultural frame within which they thought about participation, suggesting that experiential attitudes play a continuing role in AA’s decisions to enroll in medical research studies. Medical researchers seeking to recruit AA participants should collaborate with community partners, combine enrollment opportunities with access to health services, and emphasize the potential for new research to mitigate racial inequalities.

Estimating green purchase behavior: an empirical study using integrated behavior model in Bangladesh

PurposeThis paper aims to examine the exogenous effects of experiential attitude toward green (EAG), instrumental attitude toward green (IAG), injunctive norms on green (ING), descriptive norms about green (DNG), green perceived control (GPC) and green self-efficacy (GSE) on green purchase intention (GPI). Moreover, this paper also investigates the causal factors of green purchase behavior (GPB) considering green knowledge (GK), the salience of green behavior (SGB), environmental constraints (ECPG) and green habit (GH).Design/methodology/approachThe research model was adopted to measure the green behavior of Bangladeshi consumers using an integrated behavior model (IBM). The data were randomly collected from 372 respondents and partial least squares structural equation modeling (PLS-SEM) approach was used to test the hypotheses.FindingsPLS results imply that all independent variables (EAG; IAG; ING; DNG; GPC and GSE) impact GPI; and SGB, GH and GPI influence GPB. On the other hand, GK and ECPG have no significant effect on GPB.Research limitations/implicationsThere may present a gap in the outcomes of the study to signify the generalizability because the survey was conducted in some cities of Bangladesh which may not represent the country as a whole.Practical implicationsThis study anticipates the cause-effect relationship between GPI, GPB and their determinants. The results of the study can help marketers understand green consumer behavior and design appropriate strategies and tactics for new marketing challenges.Originality/valueThis research investigates green purchase behavior in a developing country. It empirically confirms the validity of IBM in assessing green behavior, especially for Bangladesh, a booming economy and suitable for investment. Although ample research explored green purchase behavior, green habit and saliency have not been considered in measuring green purchase behavior.

Intention to Use E-Cigarettes to Quit Smoking: A Reasoned Action Approach

ABSTRACT Background: Some electronic cigarette (e-cigarette) users report using these products to quit smoking combustible cigarettes. Purpose: Using the Reasoned Action Approach (RAA), we sought to develop, confirm, and explore a measure of current smokers’ intentions, attitudes (instrumental and experiential), social norms (injunctive and descriptive), and perceived behavioral control (capacity and autonomy) to use e-cigarettes to quit smoking. Methods: A sample of US young adults completed one of two cross-sectional online surveys. For the first sample (n = 315) exploratory factor analysis (EFA) was used to examine the structure of the original 31-item instrument. The second sample (n = 315) confirmed the model using confirmatory factor analysis (CFA). Structural equation modeling (SEM) tested the constructs’ ability to predict intention. Results: SEM indicated instrumental attitudes (p < .05), experiential attitudes (p < .01), and injunctive norms (p < .05) predicted young adults’ intentions to use e-cigarettes to quit smoking (r2 = 0.43). Discussion: Further exploration is needed to determine if intention to use e-cigarettes to quit smoking is predictive of short- and long-term smoking abstinence. Translation to Health Education Practice: Health educators should emphasize the experience of using e-cigarettes, the importance of quitting cigarettes completely, and injunctive norms who support young adults switching to these devices. A AJHE Self-Study quiz is online for this article via the SHAPE America Online Institute (SAOI) http://portal.shapeamerica.org/trn-Webinars

A Comparative Study on Pedestrians' Intention to Violate Traffic Rules: The Case of China and Djibouti

Crashes involving pedestrians account for a higher proportion of all road traffic crashes. So, in order to develop more effective safety measures, it is important to determine the causes of the crashes that involve pedestrians. This paper adopts an extended Theory of Planned Behavior (TPB) to predict and explain pedestrians’ intention to violate traffic rules when crossing the road. In addition to the three traditional determinants of intention (instrumental attitude, Subjective norm and perceived behavioral control), this paper analyzes the effects of sensation seeking and conformity tendency on the intention to violate traffic rules while crossing the road. In order to analyze the relationships among the aforementioned variables, a survey was conducted in Dalian City (China) and Djibouti City (Djibouti), 452 participants from Dalian City and 828 participants from Djibouti City were interviewed. Structural Equation Modeling (SEM) was employed to analyze the collected data. The results indicated that the instrumental attitude, the subjective norm, and perceived behavioral control positively affected the behavioral intention to violate traffic rules when crossing the road for both cities except for perceived behavioral control which was not significant for Dalian City. Conformity tendency and sensation seeking had a significant and positive impact on behavioral intention for Djibouti City. However, for Dalian City, conformity tendency significantly and positively affected the behavioral intention, but sensation seeking did not. Several empirical and practical implications were also discussed.

Reasoned action approach and compliance with recommended behaviours to prevent the transmission of the SARS-CoV-2 virus in the UK.

ObjectivesTo examine associations between demographics, people’s beliefs, and compliance with behaviours recommended by the UK government to prevent the transmission of the SARS‐CoV‐2 virus that causes COVID‐19.DesignA two‐wave online survey conducted one week apart during the national lockdown (April, 2020).MeasuresA sample of 477 UK residents completed baseline measures from the reasoned action approach (experiential attitudes, instrumental attitudes, injunctive norms, descriptive norms, capacity, autonomy, and intention) and perceived susceptibility for each of the following recommended behaviours: limiting leaving home, keeping at least 2 m away from other people when outside and when inside shops, not visiting or meeting friends or other family members, and washing hands when returning home. Self‐reported compliance with each of the recommended behaviours was assessed one week later.ResultsRates of full compliance with the recommended behaviours ranged from 31% (keeping at least 2 m away from other people when inside shops) to 68% (not visiting or meeting friends or other family members). Capacity was a significant predictor of compliance with each of the five recommended behaviours. Increasing age and intentions were also predictive of compliance with three of the behaviours.ConclusionsInterventions to increase compliance with the recommended behaviours to prevent the transmission of the SARS‐CoV‐2 virus, especially those relating to social distancing, need to bolster people’s intentions and perceptions of capacity. This may be achieved through media‐based information campaigns as well as environmental changes to make compliance with such measures easier. Such interventions should particularly target younger adults.

Social Behavior of Students in Higher Education (Based on the Results of a Sociological Study in the Rostov Region, Russia)

The transformational processes in the field of higher education in Russia, associated with the introduction of new educational practices, actualize the importance of studying changes in the social behavior of university students. The main purpose of the study was to clarify the characteristics of the social behavior of university students, conditioned by external and internal factors. The methodological construct included synthesis of socially deterministic and neoinstitutional approaches, the theory of mental programs, the theory of generations, the value approach of M. Rokeach, as well as the activity-based approach to the study of social practices. Reforms in the higher education system in Russia, which were accompanied by the emergence of a new educational environment and excessive social inequalities, were studied as external factors. Mental programs were studied as internal factors, which included ideas about education as a terminal and instrumental value, attitudes and motives of practices. The research was based on the data of the authors' questionnaire survey of 382 students from 7 universities of the Rostov region. Identifying the features of the mental programs of university students and their educational practices made it possible to identify six types of social behavior of students in the educational sphere: traditional, career, pragmatic, traditional and career, traditional and pragmatic, and career and pragmatic. The analysis of the results allows drawing conclusions about the high readiness of students to new educational practices, which are still poorly implemented. At the same time, motivation depends on mental programs, and the educational practices themselves depend on the conditions created in universities. The results of the study may be of interest to specialists dealing with the issues of social behavior of students in the context of transformations of the higher education system.

Cultural Adaptation, Validation, and Primary Application of a Questionnaire to Assess Intentions to Eat Low-Glycemic Index Foods among Rural Chinese Women.

Different lines of evidence indicate that knowledge of low-glycemic index (GI) foods and the practice of eating them play important roles in blood glucose management and preventing T2DM in women with prior gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM). According to the theory of planned behavior (TPB), intention is a critical factor in complying with health-related behaviors. However, an instrument for assessing the intention to eat low-GI foods is lacking in China. We aimed to (1) adapt and validate a Chinese version of the intentions to eat low-GI foods questionnaire (CIELQ) and (2) apply the CIELQ among rural Chinese women to explore the associations between CIELQ scores and glycemic status. A cross-sectional study was conducted on 417 nondiabetic, nonpregnant participants with a history of GDM in Hunan, China. After cultural adaptation and validation, the CIELQ was applied in a target population. Glycemic status, anthropometric variables, dietary intake, and physical activity were measured; a self-developed, standard questionnaire was applied to collect relevant information. The CIELQ showed good internal consistency; model fitness was acceptable based on the confirmatory factor analysis results. Awareness of the glycemic index was low among the study population. TPB factors were found to be associated with each other; education level and parents’ diabetes history were associated with specific factors. The score for instrumental attitude showed a positive association with the risk for a high level of the 2-h 75-g oral glucose tolerance test (odds ratio, OR = 1.330), while the score for perceived behavior control (PBC) showed a negative association with the risk for a high level (OR = 0.793). The CIELQ was determined to be a valid instrument for assessing the intention to eat a low-GI diet among the study population. The awareness of the GI was poor among the study population. The score for instrumental attitude showed a positive association with the risk of a high level on the 2-h 75-g oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT), and the score for PBC showed a negative association with the risk for a high level on OGTT.

Psychological Determinants of Seatbelt Use Among Front-Seat Passengers on Urban Roads in Iran: An Application of the Extended Theory of Planned Behavior

Background: Given the significance of using seatbelts in preventing fatalities in accidents, more studies are required to detect the predictors of seatbelt use. Objectives: This study aimed to specify the constructs of the extended theory of planned behavior (TPB) to predict seatbelt use in front-seat passengers in urban trips. Methods: In this cross-sectional study, 328 front passengers of urban roads, who were residing in Bushehr during March-May 2018, were selected using multistage, stratified cluster random sampling. A researcher-made questionnaire addressing demographic variables, TPB constructs and intention, and seatbelt use questions was used to collect data. Chi-squared test, ANOVA, multiple linear regression, and logistic regression analysis were used to analyze the data using SPSS version 22. Results: In this study, 28.7% (n = 94) of the participants did not use seatbelts as front-seat passenger, 27.7% (n = 91), and 43.6% (n = 143) used seatbelt for the sake of law enforcement and personal safety, respectively. The predictors of using seatbelts for law enforcement were experiential attitude (P &lt; 0.001, Exp (B) = 1.25), self-efficacy (P = 0.001, Exp (B) =1.21), and instrumental attitude (P = 0.006, Exp (B) =0.89). The predictors of using seatbelts for personal safety were intention (P = 0.001, Exp (B) = 1.26), experiential attitude (P &lt; 0.001, Exp (B) =1.25), self-efficacy (P &lt; 0.001, Exp (B) =1.24), and instrumental attitude (P &lt; 0.001, Exp (B) =0.84). The only predictor of wearing seatbelts for personal safety versus wearing seatbelts for law enforcement was descriptive norm (P &lt; 0.001, Exp (B) = 1.16). Conclusions: The seatbelt comfort is an important factor in wearing seatbelts. Moreover, since the intention was not the predictor of seatbelt wearing in seatbelt users for law enforcement; therefore, these users are less likely to continue such a behavior.

Psychological correlates of physical activity and exercise preferences in metropolitan and nonmetropolitan cancer survivors.

Interventions to increase physical activity (PA) in cancer survivors have often adopted a "one-size-fits-all" approach and may benefit from being tailored to psychological constructs associated with behavior. The study objective was to investigate the exercise preferences and psychological constructs related to PA among cancer survivors. Posttreatment colorectal, endometrial, and breast cancer survivors (n = 183) living in metropolitan and nonmetropolitan areas completed survey measures of PA, exercise preferences, attitudes, self-efficacy, perceived behavioral control (PBC), and intention toward PA. A structural equation model with adequate fit and quality indices revealed that instrumental attitude and self-efficacy were related to PA intention. Intention was related to behavior and mediated the relationship between self-efficacy and behavior. Preferred exercise intensity was related to self-efficacy, PBC, attitudes, and intention, while preferred exercise company was related to self-efficacy and PBC. Participants preferred moderate-intensity PA (71%), specifically self-paced (52%) walking (65%) in an outdoor environment (58%). Since instrumental attitude and self-efficacy were associated with PA, incorporating persuasive communications targeting attitudes in PA interventions may promote PA participation. As cancer survivors who prefer low-intensity exercise and exercising with others report lower self-efficacy and PBC, interventions targeting confidence and successful experience in this group may also be warranted.

Pedeutology of the XXIas a positive social science

The popular in the modern timespragmatic approach, creates in teaching instrumental attitude to professional tasks execution. It means that reaching goals, on utilitarian level,leads to more effective actions. The positive social sciencestake another approach, basing on the usual human inner drive to be happy. Such being takes place when a person realizes well-being for others and for oneself, following hope, which direction is pointed out by freedom, dignity and human responsibility. The main purpose of the article is to reveal the evidence that create pedeutology of the XXI century as a science of strong teaching profession: its values, meaningfulness and beauty. It has been pointed out to agathological and arthrological aspect of pedeutology. The first one refers to doing good deeds. It is represented by optimal pupil development, which therefore should become a priority in teacher’s professional actions. In reference to the above, the instrumental and vocational teaching context has been characterized. The second aspect refers to the teacher’s moral capabilities, called the virtues. A virtue is a central knowledgeable category of positive social sciences. According to this issue, the utility of the virtue theory has been presented in for the pedeutological thought. The extraordinary attention has been put upon the virtue of hope, reasoning its inevitability in the process of upbringing in the XXI century.

Integrating the Theory of Planned Behavior With Norm Activation in a Pro-Environmental Context

Background: The theory of planned behavior (TPB) is one of the famous theories used to predict a person’s intentions in various contexts, using the subjective normative component. This article, therefore, focused on proposing a conceptual model to fill the existing gaps related to the pro-environmental context, based on the TPB, with the normative aspects supplemented by incorporating the norm activation theory (NAT). Focus of the Article: The interaction between subjective and personal norms needs to be considered in order to acquire empirical data support from social marketing scholars. The awareness of consequences is used to form personal norms that function as an “instrumental attitude” in predicting intention. The existence of attitude needs to be distinguished between the experiential and instrumental, reflected in the awareness of consequences. Program Design/Approach: Pro-environmental behavior (PEB) in the context of waste sorting is a shared function of intentions, personal norm, and perceived control. It plays an important role in mediating the influence of motivational factors of TPB and personal norm of NAT, on waste sorting. Communication strategies in promoting waste sorting activity have to integrate social pressure with a feeling of moral obligation. Importance to the Social Marketing Field: The conceptual model shows that the integration of TPB and NAT contributes a more comprehensive perspective for social marketers to promote the waste sorting behavior of the targeted society. Methods: Five essential stages are systematically arranged to integrate TPB and NAT. The first stage explains the basic equation of TPB and NAT. The second proposes three essential propositions. The third provides logical thinking of the integrated equation model, while the fourth stage creates the visual form and explains it in detail. The fifth stage provides a clear and concise managerial implication and limitation of the model, accompanied by the possibility to expand it in future studies. Recommendations for Research or Practice: The social marketing practitioners and academicians interested in the issue of PEB context from the community, need to consider the integration of TPB and NAT in their activities. Social pressure within the community is strengthened by the formation of a sense of moral obligation with the simultaneous strengthening of the experiential and instrumental attitude. Limitations: The proposed conceptual model is limited to the utilization of a cultural approach as the central premise. It is also limited to the use of the fundamental theory in predicting humans’ behavior in a waste sorting context.

Validation of family planning tool in the pastoralist community

BackgroundPastoralist community, Afar, women felt that they are embedded in strong cultural and religious perspectives which promotes a high number of children, and discourages family planning (FP) use. They are multifaced factors which hinder women not to use FP and it is time to develop a context-based tool to understand the situation at the ground. However, we have a dearth of evidence on a reliable and valid tool. Therefore, this study aims in developing a reliable and valid tool that considers the women’s knowledge, male involvement, attitude, and belief about whether most people approve or disapprove of the behavior to use or not use of FP.MethodsA total of 891 married women participated in the study. Reviewing the literature, piloting, pretesting, and collecting the actual data were the steps we used to develop a reliable and valid tool. We used the integrated behavioral model (IBM) as a conceptual framework for developing the tool. The developing tool consists of 1) knowledge 2) perceived male involvement and 3) constructs of integrated behavioral model (IBM); expressional and instrumental attitude, subjective norm, self-efficacy, perceived control and intention to use of FP. The IBM items composed of direct and indirect measurement. In the analysis of the data, exploratory and confirmatory factor analysis was done. Independent t. test with cohen’s d was used to calculate the effect size. The correlation coefficient was carried between the direct and indirect measurements of the items of the integrated behavioral model (IBM).ResultsA total of 891 pastoralist married women were included in the analysis of the reliability and validity of the tool. The mean age of the participants was 26.74(±6.45). The KMO value for all items was greater than 0.83 with a Bartlett test of sphericity of (p < 0.00). Thirteen items were used to measure the knowledge of the respondent towards FP use. The tool had 64.92 variances explained and Cronbach alpha of 0.85. Acceptable values of the fitness indices were obtained in the confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) The items of knowledge towards FP had normed chi-square of 4.5, RMSEA with 90% CI of 0.064(0.056,.0.071), SRMR of 0.039, CFI of 0.969 and TLI of 0961. All the developed items had a Cohen’s d ranges from 0.5 to 2. Moreover, the correlation test of the IBM ranges from 0.6 to 0.7 which shows a higher correlation between the measurement direct and indirect items.ConclusionThe pastoralist community version of the FP questionnaire is a valid and reliable tool and can be used to measure future family planning use. The indirect measurement of the IBM constructs was a good item to measure FP. However, as a limitation of the study respondents may face difficulty in realizing the difference one item to another especially when items on the scale look so similar to her.

GENDER, SOCIOSEXUAL ORIENTATION, AND PERSONALITY TRAITS AS PREDICTORS OF ATTITUDES TOWARDS SEX

The aim of the present study was to examine relations among gender, personality traits, and a behavioral component of sociosexual orientation on the one hand, and four dimensions of attitudes towards sex on the other hand. Participants (N = 266) from the general population of Serbia completed Sociosexual Orientation Inventory (SOI), the brief Sexual Attitudes Scale (BSAS) and Big Five Plus Two, shorten version (BF+2). Results pointed to a very modest contribution of gender to the prediction of sexual attitudes. Small effects of openness on instrumentality, extraversion on communion, and neuroticism on permissiveness were noted, and sociosexual orientation predicted all these three dimensions of attitudes towards sex. Results also indicated a significant effect of interaction between neuroticism and gender, as well as a positive valence and gender on instrumental attitude towards sex. The relationship in both cases was positive for males and negative for females.

Need Safer Taxi Drivers? Use Psychological Characteristics to Find or Train!

Professional drivers play a key role in urban road network safety. It is therefore important to employ safer drivers, also find the problem, and train the existing ones. However, a direct driving test may not be very useful solely because of drivers’ consciousness. This study introduces a latent predictor to expect driving behaviors, by finding the relation between taxi drivers’ psychological characteristics and their driving behaviors. A self-report questionnaire was collected from 245 taxi drivers by which their demographic characteristics, psychological characteristics, and driving behaviors were obtained. The psychological characteristics include instrumental attitude, subjective norm, sensation seeking, aggressive mode, conscientiousness, life satisfaction, premeditation, urgency, and selfishness. Driving behaviors questionnaire (DBQ) provides information regarding drivers’ violations, aggressive violations, errors, and lapses. The standard linear regression model is used to determine the relationship between driving behavior and psychological characteristics of drivers. The findings show that social anxiety and selfishness are the best predictors of the violations; aggressive mode is a significant predictor of the aggressive violations; urgency has a perfect impact on the errors; and finally, life satisfaction, sensation seeking, conscientiousness, age, and urgency are the best predictors of the lapses.

Development of a measure of receptivity to instructional feedback and examination of its links to personality

The purpose of this study was to report on the construction of an instrument to measure receptivity to instructional feedback (RIF) and provide initial validity evidence for its use. We also explored the degree to which students' receptivity of instructional feedback was associated with their the Big Five personality traits of Conscientiousness, Agreeableness, Neuroticism, Openness, and Extraversion. Confirmatory Factor Analysis suggested that the 4-factor initially hypothesized model that comprised experiential attitudes, instrumental attitudes, cognitive engagement with feedback, and behavioural engagement with feedback componets had good model fit. Out of the five personality dimensions, Conscientiousness and Openness were the strongest predictors of the receptivity components, especially of students' behavioural engagement with feedback. This study presents initial validity evidence of the utility of the RIF scale.

Changing Sedentary Behavior in the Office: A Randomised Controlled Trial Comparing the Effect of Affective, Instrumental, and Self-Regulatory Messaging on Sitting.

Although avoiding sedentary behavior has many health benefits, adults often sit for long periods at work. The purpose of this study was to compare affective attitude, instrumental attitude, and self-regulation messaging interventions on sitting in the workplace. Using a cluster randomised controlled trial design, participants (N=116) were assigned (by workplace) to: (a) instrumental, (b) affective, (c) self-regulation, or (d) control (nutrition information) groups. Measurements were taken online at baseline, 4weeks, 8weeks, and 12weeks post-baseline. The interventions comprised three presentations delivered following baseline, week 4, and week 8 assessments. The primary outcome was self-reported average hours of sitting per day at work (registered trial number: NCT04082624). Controlling for baseline sitting, overall, the affective group sat for less time than the instrumental and self-regulation groups. Also, at week 4, the affective group sat for less time than the instrumental and self-regulation groups and, at week 8, the affective group sat for less time than the self-regulation and control groups. There were no differences between the groups at week 12. This investigation showed that workplace interventions targeting affective attitude can lead to less sitting time in the short term. Future research should explore additional strategies to minimise sedentary behavior in the long term.