Instrument Modes Research Articles

Praktyka alternatim w rękopiśmiennym cantionale (r. 583) z Jasnej Góry

An important role in developing the performance practice of liturgical monody was played by the alternatim technique, which a lot of organ music is related to. The organ, replacing the choir of singers, performed a function which was analogical to the one of managing a liturgical text. Compositions performed in the alternatim way must have been widely known. They comprised, among others, great Marian antiphons and the Credo. This vocal – instrumental mode of performing Latin chant can also be found in the manuscript Cantionale R. 583 from the beginning of the 16 th century, belonging to the Pauline tradition. There are four chants altogether in which the practice of alternatim is visible: Salve Regina, Ave Regina caelorum, Regina caeli and Credo. In the light of the presented Marian antiphons and the foundations of the alternatim technique, it can be inferred that the Pauline manuscript conformed to the precise rules of using this technique whereas in Credo it is rather a local tradition. The given examples prove that the vocal and instrumental manner of performing chants was also present in the Latin Pauline liturgy.

Types of devices used in ridge split procedure for alveolar bone expansion: A systematic review.

The aim of this systematic review was to evaluate instrumentation procedures of the alveolar ridge expansion technique (ARST) with or without Guided Bone Regeneration (GBR) and to identify the most used instruments for successful outcome. An electronic as well as manual literature search was conducted in several databases including Medline, Embase, and Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials, for articles written in English up to September 2016. The question in focus was to identify the type of device for ridge expansion that is most frequently used and provides adequate bone expansion and implant success rate. To meet the inclusion criteria, the studies were analysed for the following parameters: prospective or retrospective studies, cohort or case studies/series, cases with 5 or more human subjects, type of device used for surgery, location of defect, and minimum follow up period. The frequency of osteotome usage in this study was approximately 65%, and on average, the implant success was 97%. The motorized expanders and ultrasonic surgery system are easier to use and cause less trauma to the bone compared to the traditional/conventional instruments like mallets and osteotomes. However, their cost is a limiting factor; hence, osteotomes remain a popular mode of instrumentation.

First light for GRAVITY: Phase referencing optical interferometry for the Very Large Telescope Interferometer

GRAVITY is a new instrument to coherently combine the light of the European Southern Observatory Very Large Telescope Interferometer to form a telescope with an equivalent 130 m diameter angular resolution and a collecting area of 200 m2. The instrument comprises fiber fed integrated optics beam combination, high resolution spectroscopy, built-in beam analysis and control, near-infrared wavefront sensing, phase-tracking, dual-beam operation, and laser metrology. GRAVITY opens up to optical/infrared interferometry the techniques of phase referenced imaging and narrow angle astrometry, in many aspects following the concepts of radio interferometry. This article gives an overview of GRAVITY and reports on the performance and the first astronomical observations during commissioning in 2015/16. We demonstrate phase-tracking on stars as faint as mK ≈ 10 mag, phase-referenced interferometry of objects fainter than mK ≈ 15 mag with a limiting magnitude of mK ≈ 17 mag, minute long coherent integrations, a visibility accuracy of better than 0.25%, and spectro-differential phase and closure phase accuracy better than 0.5°, corresponding to a differential astrometric precision of better than ten microarcseconds (μas). The dual-beam astrometry, measuring the phase difference of two objects with laser metrology, is still under commissioning. First observations show residuals as low as 50 μas when following objects over several months. We illustrate the instrument performance with the observations of archetypical objects for the different instrument modes. Examples include the Galactic center supermassive black hole and its fast orbiting star S2 for phase referenced dual-beam observations and infrared wavefront sensing, the high mass X-ray binary BP Cru and the active galactic nucleus of PDS 456 for a few μas spectro-differential astrometry, the T Tauri star S CrA for a spectro-differential visibility analysis, ξ Tel and 24 Cap for high accuracy visibility observations, and η Car for interferometric imaging with GRAVITY.

Ambient Pressure Inverse Ion Mobility Spectrometry Coupled to Mass Spectrometry.

Although higher resolving powers are often achieved using ambient pressure drift tube ion mobility mass spectrometry (DT-IMMS) systems, lower duty cycles are often required which directly impacts sensitivity. Moreover, the mechanism of ion gating using Bradbury-Nielsen or Tyndall-Gate configurations routinely results in ion gate depletion effects which discriminate against low mobility ions. This paper reports a new method of ambient pressure ion mobility operation in which inverse ion mobility spectrometry is coupled to a time-of-flight mass spectrometer to improve sensitivity and minimize the effects of ion gate depletion. In this mode of operation, the duty cycle is improved to approximate 99% from a typical value of less than 1%, improving the signal intensity by over 2 orders of magnitude. Another advantage of inverse ion mobility mass spectrometry is a reduction of the impact of ion gate depletion on low mobility molecules that translates into higher sensitivity for this class of analytes. To demonstrate these benefits afforded by this instrumental mode of operation differences in sensitivity, resolving power, and ion discrimination are compared between the inverse and normal modes of operation using tetraalkylammonium standards. These results show that the ion throughput is significantly increased for analytes with a broad range of mobilities with little impact on resolving power. While the mobility-based discrimination is minimized using the inverse mode of operation, the noise level in the inverse mode is highly dependent upon the stability of ionization source.

Simulation and Forecasting of Wire Tool Piles Fatigue Endurance by Using Neural Networks

The article presents a study of the piles stress state of a wire tool, which is a basic element in cladding systems. The technology consists from the deformation surface hardening processed simultaneously with thermomechanical coatings. The paper also presents a correct estimation of the wire tools piles durability and the ways to improve its fatigue endurance. It is considered how wire tool constructional parameters and cladding modes affecting the value of the operating maximum stresses in the piles while their sliding along the contact area with the workpiece. The calculation of the endurance limit is made by taking into account the maximum temperatures of flexible tool piles during sliding. The CAE-simulation results of wire tool piles stress state and the comparative analysis with the results of the calculation by the analytical method are presented. It is proposed to apply the methods of artificial intelligence in the field of pattern recognition to find the allowable region of the flexible instrument parameters and modes of the cladding. It was found that the use of a neural network and perceptron for modeling cladding operation provides the least learning error in parameters set classifying on areas of acceptable and unacceptable values for allowable stress criteria.

Experimental and Numerical Investigations of Surge Extension on a Centrifugal Compressor with Vaned Diffuser Using Steam Injection

This paper presents the first report on surge extension with steam injection through both experimental and numerical simulation. The experimental section covers the test facility, instrumentation, and prestall modes comparison with and without steam injection. It is found that surge extension is not in proportion to injected steam. There exists an upper bound above which deteriorates the margin. Injection of less than 1% of the designed mass flow can bring about over 10% margin improvement. Test results also indicated that steam injection not only damps out prestall waves, but also changes prestall modes and traveling direction. At 90% speed, injection changed the prestall mode from spike to modal, while at 80% speed line, it made the forward traveling wave become backward. Through numerical simulation, location and number of injectors, molecular weight, and temperature of injected gas are modified to explore their influences on surge margin. Similar to the test results, there exists an upper bound for the amount of steam injected. The flow field investigation indicates that this bound is caused by the early trigger of flow collapse due to the injected steam which is similar to the tip leakage flow spillage caused spike stall in axial compressors.

Outcome of Term Pregnancies with Premature Rupture of Membranes in Whom Labour was Induced with Oralmisoprostol

Aims and Objectives: To study pregnancy outcome in term patients with premature rupture of membranes (PROM) in whom labour was induced with oral misoprostol. Study Design: The study was a randomized prospective study of 150 cases of pregnant women with singleton pregnancies at and beyond 37 weeks of gestation with induction of laborwith oral misoprostol in PROM. Informed consent was taken. Materials and Methods: The study was carried out in the department of Obstetrics and Gynaecologyat a Tertiary care health institute. The study was a prospective study of 150 cases of pregnant women with singleton pregnancies with induction of labor with oral misoprostol in PROM. 150 cases of pregnant women with singleton pregnancies with PROM for induction of labor with oral misoprostol at and beyond 37 weeks of gestation were approached for the study. Study was approved by the ethics committee of the hospital. Informed consent was taken. The outcome was decided into primary and secondary outcome Primary outcome was measured as PROM-induction interval, PROM-delivery interval and induction to delivery interval. Secondary outcome was measured in terms of mode of delivery, number of doses of drug used, indication of cesarean section, maternal and neonatal complications, adverse effects of drugs like fever, diarrhoea, nausea and others, APGAR score of the neonate at 5 minute, NICU admission and neonatal infection. Results: Out of the studied patients 8% were in between age group of 18-20 years, 60%were between 2125 years, 28% were in between 26-30 years and 4% were more than30 years. Booked cases were 84% and unbooked cases were 16%. Out of these 60%cases were prima and 40% cases were multigravida. Gestational age wise 52% were in between gestational age of 37-39 weeks,28% were in between 39-40 weeks and 20%cases were having a gestational age of more than 40%. Out of these 1,2,3 and 4 doses of misoprostol were required in 20%,48%,20% and 12% respectively. Distribution of cases depending upon the doses of misoprostol required and mode of delivery and needfor instrumentation revealed that out of 102 cases requiring 1 or 2 doses of misoprostol only 2 patients required instrumentation while out of 39 cases requiring 3 or 4 doses of misoprostol 10 cases needed instrumentation. This was statistically significant. Analysis of misoprost ol doses required in relation with maternal complications revealed that

City-as-a-Platform: The Rise of Participatory Innovation Platforms in Finnish Cities

This article discusses the idea of city as a platform. The analysis focuses on the forms and implications of citizen involvement in publicly-supported participatory innovation platforms that facilitate urban economic development in the welfare society context. The discussion opens with a review of the smart city discourse, which in the context of economic development policy translates into cities’ need to support innovativeness by creating smart environments. Participatory innovation platform is a prime example of such an environment. The empirical section discusses three cases, those of the Finnish cities of Helsinki, Tampere, and Oulu. The analysis shows that platformization in the first half of the 2010s became a strategic focal area supported by national and EU programs. Platforms are used to support both urban revitalization and economic development, of which the former is based on representative and the latter on instrumental modes of participation. Platforms are well integrated with city governments, even though they vary greatly in terms of organizational forms and scopes. Democratic culture, welfarism, and redistributive policy provide contextual support for platformization by strengthening social inclusion, taming the growth machine, and easing the tensions between pro-growth and anti-growth coalitions.

Systematic comparison of static and dynamic headspace sampling techniques for gas chromatography.

Six automated, headspace-based sample preparation techniques were used to extract volatile analytes from water with the goal of establishing a systematic comparison between commonly available instrumental alternatives. To that end, these six techniques were used in conjunction with the same gas chromatography instrument for analysis of a common set of volatile organic carbon (VOC) analytes. The methods were thereby divided into three classes: static sampling (by syringe or loop), static enrichment (SPME and PAL SPME Arrow), and dynamic enrichment (ITEX and trap sampling). For PAL SPME Arrow, different sorption phase materials were also included in the evaluation. To enable an effective comparison, method detection limits (MDLs), relative standard deviations (RSDs), and extraction yields were determined and are discussed for all techniques. While static sampling techniques exhibited sufficient extraction yields (approx. 10-20%) to be reliably used down to approx. 100ngL(-1), enrichment techniques displayed extraction yields of up to 80%, resulting in MDLs down to the picogram per liter range. RSDs for all techniques were below 27%. The choice on one of the different instrumental modes of operation (aforementioned classes) was thereby the most influential parameter in terms of extraction yields and MDLs. Individual methods inside each class showed smaller deviations, and the least influences were observed when evaluating different sorption phase materials for the individual enrichment techniques. The option of selecting specialized sorption phase materials may, however, be more important when analyzing analytes with different properties such as high polarity or the capability of specific molecular interactions. Graphical Abstract PAL SPME Arrow during the extraction of volatile analytes from the headspace of an aqueous sample.

The Footprint Database and Web Services of the Herschel Space Observatory

Data from the Herschel Space Observatory is freely available to the public but no uniformly processed catalogue of the observations has been published so far. To date, the Herschel Science Archive does not contain the exact sky coverage (footprint) of individual observations and supports search for measurements based on bounding circles only. Drawing on previous experience in implementing footprint databases, we built the Herschel Footprint Database and Web Services for the Herschel Space Observatory to provide efficient search capabilities for typical astronomical queries. The database was designed with the following main goals in mind: (a) provide a unified data model for meta-data of all instruments and observational modes, (b) quickly find observations covering a selected object and its neighbourhood, (c) quickly find every observation in a larger area of the sky, (d) allow for finding solar system objects crossing observation fields. As a first step, we developed a unified data model of observations of all three Herschel instruments for all pointing and instrument modes. Then, using telescope pointing information and observational meta-data, we compiled a database of footprints. As opposed to methods using pixellation of the sphere, we represent sky coverage in an exact geometric form allowing for precise area calculations. For easier handling of Herschel observation footprints with rather complex shapes, two algorithms were implemented to reduce the outline. Furthermore, a new visualisation tool to plot footprints with various spherical projections was developed. Indexing of the footprints using Hierarchical Triangular Mesh makes it possible to quickly find observations based on sky coverage, time and meta-data. The database is accessible via a web site (http://herschel.vo.elte.hu) and also as a set of REST web service functions.

Going online. Does ICT enabled-participation engage the young in local governance?

ABSTRACTLocal governments increasingly use online strategies to strengthen political participation of citizens in policy and politics. Young people, however, are generally under-represented. This article studies age patterns of participation across offline and online forms of action to test whether online initiatives are able to overcome this age bias. We first report a case study of online and offline problem reporting to local authorities. We find that simply going from offline to online participation reinforces rather than mitigates age bias. We then report a case study of message posting on an online political forum. In this case, age bias disappears. In contrast to the traditional instrumental modes, a forum is an expressive form of online participation. The young seem to value the act of participating over the outcomes of participation. For practice, these findings suggest a need for participation policies that speak to these expressive needs of young. In recent years, social media have reinforced the potential for expressive participation.

Increase in efficiency of quality and hole-making in glass-reinforced titanium laminate by reducing drilling vibroactivity

The work objective is to study the impact of the drill design value and geometrics on the quality of the processed holes, the efficiency, and the machining dynamics of the high-strength polymer composite - fiberglass plastic reinforced by titanium foil. Packs of the reinforcing layers made from the titanium foil or carbon fiber tapes are often used in the highly-loaded polymer composite structures. Processing in several operations and the application of sharp-ground tools provide the required dimensional accuracy, the surface macro- and microgeometry of the hole, and allow avoiding the delamination. The process of drilling fiberglass laminates under different patterns of HSS drills sharpening is studied. The data obtained allow determining the optimum type of instrument and operation mode taking into account the dependence of the high-altitude roughness parameters, the nature and amount of delamination in the entry (exit point) of the drill. The vibroactivity of the drilling process and its relationship with the quality metrics are studied using the computer-aided torque-sensing system. Some proposals for improving the hole-making technology applying to the glass-fiber spars of the main and tail helicopter rotors are developed.

CHARACTERIZING TRANSITING EXOPLANET ATMOSPHERES WITH JWST

ABSTRACT We explore how well spectra from the James Webb Space Telescope (JWST) will likely constrain bulk atmospheric properties of transiting exoplanets. We start by modeling the atmospheres of archetypal hot Jupiter, warm Neptune, warm sub-Neptune, and cool super-Earth planets with atmospheres that are clear, cloudy, or of high mean molecular weight (HMMW). Next we simulate the λ = 1–11 μm transmission and emission spectra of these systems for several JWST instrument modes for single-transit or single-eclipse events. We then perform retrievals to determine how well temperatures and molecular mixing ratios (CH4, CO, CO2, H2O, NH3) can be constrained. We find that λ = 1–2.5 μm transmission spectra will often constrain the major molecular constituents of clear solar-composition atmospheres well. Cloudy or HMMW atmospheres will often require full 1–11 μm spectra for good constraints, and emission data may be more useful in cases of sufficiently high F p and high F p /F *. Strong temperature inversions in the solar-composition hot-Jupiter atmosphere should be detectable with 1–2.5+ μm emission spectra, and 1–5+ μm emission spectra will constrain the temperature–pressure profiles of warm planets. Transmission spectra over 1–5+ μm will constrain [Fe/H] values to better than 0.5 dex for the clear atmospheres of the hot and warm planets studied. Carbon-to-oxygen ratios can be constrained to better than a factor of 2 in some systems. We expect that these results will provide useful predictions of the scientific value of single-event JWST spectra until its on-orbit performance is known.

I thought you’d never become one of us

In this paper, I describe a collaborative process in which a class of grade 6&7 students made and performed two plays, and also transformed their learning. In this process, a reconfiguring of the spaces of learning, the students and I adapted a variety of literacy and drama practices; a key change in practice was the shift away from an instrumental mode of dialogue in which the teacher occupies the superior position of knower and evaluator, towards a Bakhtinian mode in which dialogue, as heteroglossic, moves between all the participants, and becomes the main purpose of learning. In a dynamic combination of linguistic, theatrical, and relational meaning making, the students moved clear of the outcomes-based learning that had hitherto stultified their interactions and language. As a result, they developed a new creative agency, both singly and as a collective, and an authoritative discourse. They left this discourse open for me to join, and also continue afterwards, as I have done here, by presenting and interpreting their voices, and including new ones.[1][1] EDITORIAL NOTE: Charles Bisley’s article is an unusual and brave attempt to transcend the current norms of scholarly and academic genres and create a polyphonic article in which he describes a year long educational event through the voices of all of its participants – among which he counts not only his students and himself, and their audience of parents and the school authorities, but also includes educational, literary and philosophical authors who inspired him and whose thoughts guided him in his actions and reflections during and after his project in creating dramatic spaces and times with his students. His writing has elements of reflective auto-ethnography, Woolfian lyrical stream of consciousness, dialogic double-voicedness and a storytelling narrative that is intended to transport the reader into an experience of the dramatic enfolding of the events and their protagonists, actors and directors: his students and himself. Although, his work doesn’t follow what is currently assumed to be the scientific criteria regarding form, length or standard components, we find it interesting and valuable as a polyphonic approach and qualitative study.

The governance of adaptation: choices, reasons, and effects. Introduction to the Special Feature

The governance of climate adaptation involves the collective efforts of multiple societal actors to address problems, or to reap the benefits, associated with impacts of climate change. Governing involves the creation of institutions, rules and organizations, and the selection of normative principles to guide problem solution and institution building. We argue that actors involved in governing climate change adaptation, as climate change governance regimes evolve, inevitably must engage in making choices, for instance on problem definitions, jurisdictional levels, on modes of governance and policy instruments, and on the timing of interventions. Yet little is known about how and why these choices are made in practice, and how such choices affect the outcomes of our efforts to govern adaptation. In this introduction we review the current state of evidence and the specific contribution of the articles published in this Special Feature, which are aimed at bringing greater clarity in these matters, and thereby informing both governance theory and practice. Collectively, the contributing papers suggest that the way issues are defined has important consequences for the support for governance interventions, and their effectiveness. The articles suggest that currently the emphasis in adaptation governance is on the local and regional levels, while underscoring the benefits of interventions and governance at higher jurisdictional levels in terms of visioning and scaling-up effective approaches. The articles suggest that there is a central role of government agencies in leading governance interventions to address spillover effects, to provide public goods, and to promote the long-term perspectives for planning. They highlight the issue of justice in the governance of adaptation showing how governance measures have wide distributional consequences, including the potential to amplify existing inequalities, access to resources, or generating new injustices through distribution of risks. For several of these findings, future research directions are suggested.

Assessment of Apical Extrusion during Root Canal Irrigation with the Novel GentleWave System in a Simulated Apical Environment

IntroductionThis study assessed apical extrusion during treatment with GentleWave (GW; Sonendo Inc, Laguna Hills, CA), a conventional open-ended 30-G needle (CN), or Endovac (EV; SybronEndo, Orange, CA) in root canals enlarged to different dimensions with and without apical constriction. MethodsSixteen mandibular molars were mounted in an in vitro apparatus. Roots were immersed in a pressure-regulated chamber containing distilled water with pressure kept at 5.88 ± 0.15 mm Hg to simulate periapical back pressure. Mesiobuccal (curved ≤30°) and distal (straight) canals were instrumented to the working length (WL) as follows: minimal instrumentation (MI, #15/.04), traditional instrumentation (#35/.06), or overinstrumentation (OI, #35/.06, to the WL + 1 mm). Canals were tested 5 times each with distilled water using GW, CN (at WL-3 mm), or EV and the mass (g) of extruded water recorded. Extrusion frequency and mean extruded mass were compared for each canal, irrigation group, and canal instrumentation mode (Wilcoxon t test, P < .05). ResultsNo extrusion occurred with GW and EV, whereas the frequency of extrusion with CN was 33%. Mean extruded water mass using CN ranged in mesial canals from 0.000 ± 0.000 g (OI) to 0.047 ± 0.098 g (MI) and in distal canals from 0.123 ± 0.191 g (MI) to 0.505 ± 0.490 g (OI). With traditional instrumentation and OI instrumentation, extruded mass in distal canals was significantly higher than in mesial canals (P < .002) and distal canals with MI (P < .020). ConclusionsWithin this study's limitations, root canal treatment with GW and irrigation with EV was not associated with extrusion. Extruded irrigation mass using the open-ended 30-G needle depended on the canal type and enlargement. These results have to be interpreted with caution, and further investigations are warranted to evaluate the possibility of extrusion using GW in different tooth types and clinical situations.

Insights on profiling of phorbol, deoxyphorbol, ingenol and jatrophane diterpene esters by high performance liquid chromatography coupled to multiple stage mass spectrometry

This paper reports our effort to develop a comprehensive HPLC-MSn-based dereplication strategy for phorbol ester (PE), deoxyphorbol ester (dPE) and ingenol ester (IE) profiling in plant extracts. This strategy is composed of two sequential analysis exploiting specific hybrid triple quadrupole/linear ion trap instrument modes. A first run was performed using a multiple reaction monitoring (MRM) mode targeting fragmentation of PE and dPE/IE coupled with the acquisition of MS2 spectrum for the ions at m/z 311 and m/z 313, respectively. A second run was then completed based on precursor ion scan mode (PIS) and automatic MS2 acquisition for each quasimolecular ion. The developed approach was used to investigate ten Euphorbia extracts showing bioactivity against chikungunya virus replication. Experiments allowed partial annotation of three dPE/IE but no PE was detected. Results suggested that other types of diterpene esters displayed PE- and dPE/IE-like fragmentations. The study of jatrophane ester (JE) standards by CID fragmentation using low and high resolution mass spectrometry confirmed this hypothesis, highlighting challenges and difficulties of diterpene esters profiling within plant extracts. Nonetheless, the present LC–MSn method can be easily adapted to profile other types of diterpene esters.

Women's birth expectations, are they fulfilled? Findings from a longitudinal Swedish cohort study.

The importance of women's expectations on the experience of birth has shown contradictory results regarding fulfilment. The aim of this study was to describe pregnant women's expectations of birth and to investigate if these expectations were fulfilled. An additional aim was to determine if unfulfilled expectations were related to the mode of birth, use of epidural and the birth experience. This research investigated a prospective regional cohort study of 1042 Swedish-speaking women who completed a questionnaire about birth expectations in late pregnancy and were followed up with two months after birth. Five areas were under study: support from partner, support from midwife, control, participation in decision making and the midwife's presence during labour and birth. An index combining expectations and experiences was created. Certain background characteristics were associated with expectations as well as experiences. Statistically significant differences were shown between expectations and experiences in support from midwife (mean 3.41 vs 3.32), support from partner (mean 3.70 vs 3.77), and midwife's presence (mean 3.00 vs 3.39). Experiences 'worse than expected' regarding decision making and control were associated with modes of birth other than vaginal and four out of five areas were associated with a less positive birth experience. Some women had high birth expectations of which some were fulfilled. An expectation on support from the midwife was less likely to be achieved, while support from partner and the midwives' presence were fulfilled. If the woman's expectations were not fulfilled, e.g. became 'worse than expected' this was associated with a less positive overall birth experience as well as with instrumental or surgical mode of birth.

A systematic review on the effects of air polishing devices on oral tissues.

Air-polishing devices are used for the instrumentation of the root surface. Their potential of harm to the hard and/or soft tissues needs to be considered during periodontal treatment. The objective of this systematic review was to analyse the effects of air polishing devices on oral tissues. The electronic databases MEDLINE, EMBASE and the Cochrane Library were screened for studies published through 18 November 2013. The surface modifications on human cementum, dentine or gingiva after the instrumentation were considered as outcomes. Of the 1266 abstracts screened, 17 studies were included in the analysis. Different air polishing powders consisting of sodium bicarbonate, calcium carbonate, pumice or glycine were used in different ex vivo or in vitro settings. Thirteen publications reported data on the effects of air polishing devices on cementum and dentine. Hard tissue modifications, including defect depths and volume, caused by sodium bicarbonate or calcium carbonate powders were significantly greater compared to powders consisting of glycine. The soft tissue modifications using different modes of instrumentation were assessed in four publications. The data demonstrate less potential of harm to the gingiva after spraying with glycine powder compared to sodium bicarbonate powder or instrumentation with curettes. Glycine powder air polishing may be safely applied to human root surfaces and gingivae.

Studying Form and Ergonomics of Metal Tallow-burners during Seljuk Empire, the Case Study of Iran's Reza Abbasi Museum

Metalworkers encouraged and supported by Seljuk court despite the limitations in choosing metals (due to the sanctions against the use of gold and silver in Islam) taking advantage of metals “brass and bronze”, with a high amount of tin, have been able to make unique objects, including “Tallow-burners” whose functional and yet decorative features, bring to mind this question: how craftsmen lacking academic education of product design and ergonomics issues of today's style have been able to consider form and ergonomics appropriate to the user at that time? In the current research to answer the question, a number of Tallow-burners of Seljuk period (12 AD) were studied in Tehran Reza Abbasi Museum to recover and introduce their aesthetic and ergonomic values. Thus, with the help of library, field-observational and documentary studies, the hypothesis that “form and decorations of these pieces have been established in accordance with ergonomic standards the technical principles” has been tested and the findings have been collected using an analytic-descriptive method. The result is that: in an object such as metal Tallow-burners which is a moving lighting tool, design is intended at simplicity of instrument and light weight, safety, and as much light emission as possible, all of which have been well considered in examined works of this study, as all components of the Tallow-burners, even elements that merely seem decorative are subject to ergonomic principles. Using a variety of instrument modes have also allowed easy and safe transportation, as out of the six examined works, four have made use of fine digital instrument and the rest of the power instrument.