This study investigates the declining trend of student enrollment in higher education institutions in Nepal, a challenge increasingly observed across universities and colleges nationwide. Using a quantitative survey of 40 college-level teachers from Kanchanpur, supported by a focus group discussion with 10 participants, the research explores teachers’ perceptions of the current enrollment situation, identifies the major factors contributing to the decline, and examines the strategies implemented to address the issue. The findings reveal that the primary causes of decreasing enrollment include students’ strong attraction toward foreign education, lack of employment opportunities in Nepal, financial hardship, poor academic motivation, outdated curricula, and ineffective governance in higher education institutions. Quantitative results indicate that over 70% of respondents perceive the current enrollment as declining, with undergraduate programs being the most significantly affected. Qualitative responses further highlight systemic issues such as rigid academic calendars, limited practical and market-oriented courses, inadequate facilities, and poor institutional management. Despite these challenges, institutions have adopted various strategies, including school visits, collaboration with local governments, media campaigns, and efforts to enhance campus environments. The study concludes that revitalising higher education in Nepal requires policy reforms, job-linked academic programs, financial support mechanisms, improved governance, and strengthened institutional capacity. The findings provide critical insights for policymakers, educational leaders, and stakeholders striving to enhance the attractiveness and relevance of higher education in Nepal.

This study examines how technology-enhanced professional development supports transformative teaching and learning among English teachers in higher education institutions in Nepal, India, and Bangladesh. Drawing on semi-structured interviews, the research explores teachers’ experiences with digital tools—including online learning platforms, interactive applications, and open educational resources—and how these technologies shape pedagogical practices. Findings reveal that technology integration improves instructional design, promotes innovative and student-centered approaches, and strengthens teacher confidence and classroom effectiveness. The study also identifies challenges, including limited digital literacy, inadequate infrastructure, and institutional barriers, that hinder sustained technology adoption. In addition, results highlight the potential of internationalization—through cross-border collaboration, shared digital resources, and global professional networks—to enrich English-language teaching across the region. Practical recommendations are offered for educators, departments, and institutions seeking to leverage technology to advance professional growth, enhance instructional quality, and promote transformative learning in higher education.

This study aimed to explore the administrative experiences of bureaucratic leadership in higher education in Nepal. The study was based on a qualitative research design. Participant is selected as a deputy administrator of a higher education institution purposively. I collected the narrative of the participant regarding his bureaucratic leadership experience. The stories of lived experiences were recorded, transcribed in Devanagari script and translated into English for analysis. The findings of this study indicate that the participant's family background, particularly the moral influence of his mother, played significant role in shaping his discipline, punctuality, and collaborative approach, which are essential for effective administrative leadership. His vision of developing the academic environment was the enhancement of physical infrastructure, the development of collaboration among staff, and representing a commitment to both bureaucratic and transformational leadership practices. In the case of financial management and transparency, the participant prioritized financial self-reliance by minimizing expenditures, optimizing internal resources, and ensuring fiscal discipline to sustain institutional activities without dependence on central funding. The bureaucratic leadership approach to managing the academic environment reflected a careful effort to cultivate a supportive, politically balanced, and aesthetically enhanced learning environment through staff collaboration, adherence to bureaucratic leadership indicators, and strategies that promoted institutional development and staff motivation. This study contributes by showing how familial inspiration can shape essential leadership qualities such as discipline, promptness, and collaboration in higher education administration. It also adds to the literature by demonstrating that a leader's clear vision and effective bureaucratic practices can enhance infrastructure, foster collaboration, and cultivate a supportive and balanced academic environment.

BackgroundChild violence is a global concern affecting the well-being and development of children and adolescents worldwide. Despite the obvious need, few studies on child violence have been conducted in clinical samples, especially in low- and middle-income countries.ObjectiveThe aim of this study was to examine the prevalence of different types of violence in past-year among adolescent psychiatric patients in Nepal.Participants and settingThe participants were 810 adolescents aged 11–15, 392 boys and 418 girls, who visited a child- and adolescent psychiatric outpatient unit in Kathmandu during a 12-month period.MethodsWe used a descriptive, quantitative, cross-sectional design. Data was collected with screening instruments completed by the adolescents themselves. Prevalence rates and range of occurrence of various forms of child violence were computed for both genders. Gender comparisons were conducted using Pearson chi-square tests. Adolescents rated the occurrence in the “rarely”, “sometimes”, “often” or “frequently” categories. Associations between the different forms were examined by Spearman’s correlation test.ResultsIn this study 88% of adolescents had experienced some forms of violence, girls reporting higher prevalence than boys last year. Emotional abuse was the most common. Neglect was reported by 25% of the adolescents, and domestic violence by 40%. Sixty percent of the adolescents had experienced peer aggression. Nearly 75% of the adolescents had experienced polyvictimization and it was higher in girls than boys. Significant correlations were found between several forms of violence, indicating compounded risks.ConclusionsThe study demonstrates high prevalence of multiple forms of violence among adolescent psychiatric patients, calling for increased awareness of child violence in young patients admitted to mental health institutions in Nepal.

BackgroundLoan delinquency among microfinance borrowers is a growing global concern, especially in South Asia, where microfinance programs have shown inconsistent performance. In Nepal, 59 microfinance institutions (MFIs) report a bad debt rate of 4.68% and an average non-performing loan (NPL) ratio of 7.49%. Timely repayment is critical to the financial sustainability of MFIs, yet there is limited research on the factors influencing repayment behaviour in Nepal. ObjectiveThis study aims to examine the determinants of loan repayment behaviour among MFI borrowers in Nepal, focusing on socio-demographic characteristics of borrowers, business-related attributes, and lender-specific factors. MethodsData were collected through a survey of 384 purposively selected borrowers in Chitwan district, the third largest microfinance hub in Nepal. Multiple regression analysis was used to evaluate the impact of these factors on repayment performance. Diagnostic tests confirmed the absence of multicollinearity. FindingsBorrower socio-demographic characteristics had the strongest positive influence on repayment, with female gender, higher education, and financial literacy emerging as significant predictors. Business-related factors such as higher transaction volumes, full loan utilization, and involvement in non-agricultural enterprises also positively affected repayment, though business profitability was not significant. Among lender characteristics, friendly loan policies, feasible repayment schedules, and clear communication of loan terms improved repayment, while intensive supervision had a negative effect. ImplicationMFIs should prioritize careful borrower selection, promote entrepreneurship development for high-risk agricultural borrowers, and strengthen staff advisory and communication skills. Implementing flexible, borrower-friendly loan policies tailored to clients’ conditions can further enhance repayment. The study enhances understanding of repayment behaviour in Nepalese microfinance and offers practical recommendations for improving MFI sustainability.

Cultural and economic capital acquisition: Role of mathematics in sanskrit educational institutions in Nepal

This study examines the determinants of market price of share of Microfinance Institutions (MFIs) in Nepal, focusing on the impact of firm-specific and macroeconomic variables such as Price Earnings Ratio (P/E), Book Value Per Share (BVPS), Return on Assets (ROA), Gross Domestic Product (GDP), and Inflation (INF). Using secondary data from annual reports of 10 listed MFIs over a period of 10 years (2014/15 to 2023/24), the research employs descriptive statistics, correlation analysis, and multiple regression techniques to analyze the relationship between these factors and Market Price of Share (MPS). The results indicate that all selected variables have a statistically significant positive effect on the market price of shares. Specifically, the regression model explains approximately 48.5 percent of the variation in share prices, highlighting the importance of profitability, asset efficiency, and macroeconomic stability in influencing investor behavior and market valuation.

This study explores how Mahendra Ratna Multiple Campus (MRMC), Ilam, applies the Quality Assurance and Accreditation (QAA) criteria set by Nepal’s University Grants Commission (UGC). Using a descriptive case study approach, data were gathered from interviews, institutional reports, and observations, focusing on eight key areas including policy, planning, and public information. The findings highlight MRMC’s significant progress through strategic planning, program expansion, and improved infrastructure—such as launching B.Sc. in Horticulture and BBA programs and forming a Quality Monitoring and Check Cell. However, the campus still faces challenges like limited academic autonomy due to its dependence on Tribhuvan University, weak research and consultancy efforts, poor student support services, and fragmented information systems. Financial dependency on government grants and resistance to digital reforms also hinder advancement. While MRMC is on track for QAA re-accreditation, requires greater autonomy, better resource, improved governance, and stronger institutional quality assurance. This case offers valuable lessons for higher education institutions in Nepal.

BackgroundPrescribing medication is an essential part of clinical dentistry, particularly concerning the use of antibiotics for acute odontogenic infections, surgical prophylaxis, and care of medically compromised patients. Research on dental students' knowledge and perception of antimicrobial prophylaxis in dental practice is notably lacking in Nepal. This study aims to bridge that gap by assessing the level of understanding among Nepali dental students.MethodsAn online, questionnaire-based cross-sectional study was carried out among dental students all over Nepal. A total of 288 dental students from Nepal took part in the study, comprising 189 undergraduate students, 62 interns, and 37 postgraduate students. A standard structured questionnaire that included 12 clinically relevant and three perception-based questions was distributed online. The results were analyzed via descriptive statistics.ResultsThe mean ± SD correct answers were 6.79 ± 2.26. More than three-fourths of the total students (288), i.e., 76.04% (219), answered more than half of the questions correctly. In the dosage and timing scenario, 76.3% of the students answered correctly wherein interns provided the most correct responses (91.0%). In deciding their knowledge of specific scenarios, 73.7% of the students knew when to prescribe correctly in four of five relevant scenarios, with postgraduates performing better (76.1%). Performance declined significantly when it involved evaluating scenarios deemed inappropriate for prophylaxis. Additionally, self-reported perceptions highlighted significant gaps in knowledge (38.6%) and confidence (40.9%). These deficiencies emphasize the strong need for further education, as acknowledged by two-thirds (65.4%) of the students.ConclusionWhile most students demonstrated a basic understanding of antibiotic prophylaxis, significant shortcomings were noted, particularly in avoiding unnecessary prescriptions. To ensure appropriate prescribing practices and reduce antibiotic overuse, the integration of a standardized antimicrobial stewardship (AMS) curriculum in all dental institutions in Nepal is strongly recommended.

This study aimed to examine the tenure effect on organizational performance and the moderating impact of tenure between HRM practices and organizational performance. 2251 officer-level employees of nine Nepalese public financial institutions were the population. Among them, 430 was the sample size. The purposive sampling method was used to select the sample. One-way ANOVA has been used to assess differences in organizational performance among tenure levels (less than 5 years, 5-10 years, and more than 10 years). Process Macro Model One (1) has been used to test the moderating effect of tenure on the relationship between HRM practices and organizational performance. The result unveiled that organizational performance significantly differs among the tenure levels of more than 10 years, 5-10 years, and less than 5 years. Tenure moderated the association between HRM practices and organizational performance in Nepal’s public financial institutions.

Most educationists believe that fostering a culture of quality within higher education institutions (HEIs) is essential for overall development of HEIs. This statement is relevant to higher education institutions in Nepal. Thus, the objective of this paper is to examine the quality culture practices at Myagdi Multiple Campus (MMC), Beni Bazaar, Nepal. The study primarily utilized a quantitative research approach, employing a descriptive research design and organizational culture theory to examine the shared values, beliefs, and behaviors within the HEIs. A sampling survey method was used gathering responses from 69 respondents, including students, teaching and non-teaching staff, through online survey such as collecting data through Google forms. This method involved a thorough exploration of individual experiences and perspectives concerning the current quality culture practices in the campus. The study concluded that while certain aspects of the quality culture were well established, there was a need for continuous improvement in the areas such as open and transparent communication, careful planning, and stakeholder engagement. These areas received mixed or lower ratings, indicating that the respondents identified them as needing further development. Hence, the campus should focus on increasing recognition of its programs, strengthening faculty development, and addressing areas that received mixed feedback.

Microfinance Institutions (MFIs) provide financial services to those who have no access to finance and are hence considered a tool for poverty alleviation. However, the clear relationship between the depth of the MFIs and their sustainability is still lacking as there is an ongoing debate on whether the two components complement each other or whether there exists a tradeoff. This study applied the panel regression analysis to the data from 44 MFIs of Nepal from 1999 to 2019 and explored the inter-relationship between depth and sustainability of MFI in the Nepalese context. In addition to the two variables of interest, this study further analyses the interaction effect of operational efficiency. The findings show a significant tradeoff relationship between outreach and sustainability at a 99% confidence interval, further moderated by operational efficiency. As a result of increased operational efficiency, MFIs can have better outreach and sustainability. These findings can thus provide a better policy prescription that promotes operational efficiency and ultimately improve both the outreach and sustainability of MFIs.

In today’s digital age, academic institutions in Nepal are increasingly active on social media platforms, often more so than on their official websites. This research evaluates the effectiveness of digital marketing strategies employed by Nepalese academic institutions in attracting Generation Z (Gen Z) students, who dominate the student population from secondary education to the PhD level. The study explores the relationship between academic institutions' social media efforts and Gen Z students' decision-making processes, focusing on the types of content that resonate most with this demographic. Additionally, the study examines the role of trust and credibility in digital marketing and identifies strategies that institutions can adopt to enhance their online presence. A survey of 152 Gen Z students, primarily from Kathmandu Valley, provides insights into their social media usage patterns, preferences, and perceptions of digital marketing content. The findings guide Nepalese academic institutions in refining their digital marketing strategies to better engage and attract Gen Z students

This study examines factors influencing student satisfaction in Nepalese higher learning institutions, focusing on the student-teacher relationship, faculty preparedness, educational experiences, and institutional services and facilities. Using a quantitative approach, data was collected from 412 participants through convenience sampling. Surveys and path analysis were employed to analyze key determinants of student satisfaction. Results indicate that supportive student-teacher relationships positively impact satisfaction, while faculty preparedness does not directly influence course quality perceptions. Educational experiences, including campus climate and extracurricular activities, significantly predict satisfaction. Although the effect of institutional services and facilities is marginally insignificant, their quality still shapes the student experience. The findings highlight the need for targeted interventions to improve student satisfaction and educational outcomes. These insights can guide policymakers and university administrators in fostering supportive learning environments through enhanced student-teacher relationships, faculty evaluation, and service improvements.

Agricultural credit is crucial for the progress and advancement of the agricultural sector in Nepal. Despite the proliferation of formal financial institutions in Nepal, a significant proportion of agricultural households still encounter challenges in accessing credit for agri-business. Finding the barriers to agricultural credit availability and the variables affecting loan size in the Kailali district was the aim of this study. The study purposively selected Janaki Rural Municipality, Lamkichuwa Municipality, and Tikapur Municipality of the Kailali district. A random sampling method was employed to select a sample of 120 respondents and data collection involved utilizing a semi-structured interview schedule to gather information from the selected participants. The high-interest rate, preference for informal credit, and lack of mortgage were found as major challenges in credit access for credit nonusers. Similarly, higher interest rate was a major problem for taking a loan from banks, followed by a lack of mortgage and complex procedure. Furthermore, low volume of loan availability was a major problem for taking loans from micro-finance institutions followed by high-interest rates and a short repayment period. Sex of household head, cultivated land, and interest rate were the significant factors determining the loan size. Reducing elevated interest rates is crucial to expanding access to agricultural credit.

This study aims to examine the impact of job stress in terms of personal factors, job-related factors, and organizational factors in their level of performance. This research work involved assistant, officer, and managerial level employees of financial institutions (including commercial banks, development banks, insurance companies, and finance companies). In this research work, 535 questionnaires are distributed online and personally out of which 455 questionnaires are received which are used for completion of the study. The result shows significant negative correlation between the high levels of job stress due to individual, work-related, and organizational factors and employee performance of financial institutions in Nepal. It also shows a significant negative impact of high levels of job stress on employee level of performance in the financial institutions of Nepal. It is also indicated that suitable measures should be taken by the management to minimize the level of job stress among the employees due to personal factors, job-related factors, and organizational factors which would contribute to improving the performance level of the employees.

The objective of the study is to analyze the factor affecting productivity of microfinance institutions in Nepal. The institutional characteristics (such as age, number of branches and number of staffs), outreach (such as number of active borrowers and average loan size), and efficiency (cost per loan) are taken as independent variables and productivity is taken as dependent variable. The productivity is measured by number of borrowers per staff. The microfinance institutions (established before 2016 AD) operating in Nepal are selected as sample through the convenience sampling method. Taking panel data from 21 microfinance institutions from 2016/17 AD to 2023/24 AD with 168 observations, Fixed Effect regression model is used. The study found that number of operation year, number of branch and number of active borrowers has positive significant impact on borrower per staff but number of staff, average loan size, and cost per loan has negative significant impact on productivity of Nepalese microfinance institutions. The study has important implications for the policy makers of Nepalese microfinance institutions to improve their productivity by utilizing their resources and making sound policy towards staff and borrower.

Political parties' accountability to the public in Nepal: What factors affect it?

Child violence is a global concern affecting the well-being and development of children and adolescents worldwide. Despite the obvious need, few studies on child violence have been conducted in clinical samples, especially in low- and middle-income countries. The aim of this study was to examine the prevalence of different types of violence in past-year among adolescent psychiatric patients in Nepal. The participants were 810 adolescents aged 11-15, 392 boys and 418 girls, who visited a child- and adolescent psychiatric outpatient unit in Kathmandu during a 12-month period. We used a descriptive, quantitative, cross-sectional design. Data was collected with screening instruments completed by the adolescents themselves. Prevalence rates and range of occurrence of various forms of child violence were computed for both genders. Gender comparisons were conducted using Pearson chi-square tests. Adolescents rated the occurrence in the "rarely", "sometimes", "often" or "frequently" categories. Associations between the different forms were examined by Spearman's correlation test. In this study 88% of adolescents had experienced some forms of violence, girls reporting higher prevalence than boys last year. Emotional abuse was the most common. Neglect was reported by 25% of the adolescents, and domestic violence by 40%. Sixty percent of the adolescents had experienced peer aggression. Nearly 75% of the adolescents had experienced polyvictimization and it was higher in girls than boys. Significant correlations were found between several forms of violence, indicating compounded risks. The study demonstrates high prevalence of multiple forms of violence among adolescent psychiatric patients, calling for increased awareness of child violence in young patients admitted to mental health institutions in Nepal.

Microfinance institutions have been used as a catalyst tool for increasing the welfare of poor people and fostering economic growth in many regions globally, including Nepal, since the decade of the 70s. However, the issue of financial sustainability in their operations is still emerging. The study aimed to analyze the factors influencing the financial sustainability of microfinance institutions in Nepal. The research employed the two-step system General Method of Moments estimator to analyze the financial sustainability of twenty-five sampled microfinance institutions, out of fifty-seven D-class financial institutions categorized as microfinance institutions and regulated by Nepal Rastra Bank, using cross-sectional data obtained from their comprehensive financial statements spanning from 2016 to 2023. The study used three key indicators – operational self-sufficiency, return on equity, and return on assets – to assess the financial sustainability of the selected microfinance institutions in Nepal. The findings of this study suggested that savings and the number of borrowers significantly and positively affect the financial stability of microfinance. In contrast, member-per-staff and non-performing loans negatively and significantly affect financial sustainability. However, loan portfolios do not significantly affect the financial sustainability of microfinance in Nepal. Further researchers can broaden the scope of the study by including variables such as geographic location, developmental stages, ownership structures, age, product delivery strategies of microfinance institutions, microfinance institution size, and government policy and regulations.