Institutional attendance policies shape predictability in human capital utilization with important consequences for utilization volatility and risk-adjusted performance. We conceptualized predictability as a time-varying organizational capability that captures the stability of utilization outcome around expected levels, rather than average utilization alone. To operationalize this, we developed a high-frequency predictability measure based on daily deviations from provider-specific utilization benchmarks. We analyzed detailed operational records from 100 universities in the USA, comprising 22,140 provider–day observations spanning the years 2016 to 2025. The econometric analyses show that higher predictability is associated with significantly improved risk-adjusted performance, primarily through reductions in utilization volatility rather than increases in mean utilization. These effects are stronger in units operating under attendance enforcement policies and intensify at higher levels of predictability, indicating complementarity between institutional design and utilization stability. By distinguishing predictability from average efficiency, this study clarifies why institutional mechanisms can generate sustained performance gains that are obscured in conventional utilization analyses and highlights predictability as a central mechanism linking operational design to performance under uncertainty.

The article, a follow up of our previous research projects, considers the practical implications of the life-cycle hypothesis by F. Modigliani for the institutional design of the program of Targeted housing capital for the Russian elderly. The program is designed as socially oriented monetization vehicle for extensive housing assets of Russia’s elderly households enabling them to cover costs of expensive healthcare and social services wherever public financing is not available. The paper explores the possible role of development institutions, digital financial technologies, mitigation of social, demographic, legal, and financial risks, long-term sustainability of the program, and potential for scaling up.

Cross-border postgraduate education is reshaping the public health workforce, yet little is known about what "return" looks like in aid-reliant health systems where authority, resources, and evidence are co-produced across government, research institutes, and international organizations. In Nepal, internationally trained public health scholars re-enter a mixed institutional landscape shaped by global higher-education markets, donor accountability regimes, and transnational procurement and supply chains. This study examines how Nepali returnees translate overseas training into system-facing work upon returning home, and how the timing of key milestones shapes what becomes actionable. Semi-structured interviews were conducted with 12 Nepali public health scholars who returned after postgraduate study abroad (five doctoral graduates; seven master's graduates) and were working in Nepal at two research institutes and two international non-governmental organizations. Positive deviance purposive sampling targeted returnees with identifiable system impact. Data were analyzed using applied thematic analysis, guided by Bronfenbrenner's bioecological model (micro-, meso-, exo-, and macrosystems), with the chronosystem examined as a cross-cutting influence. Four interconnected themes described patterned engagement across ecological levels. (1) Microsystem-reconstituting role and voice at home: return decisions were anchored in close relationships and early workplace recognition, with a time-sensitive shift from "credentialed outsider" to trusted colleague. (2) Mesosystem-boundary navigation: participants described convening and translating across institutions, with coordination accelerating after early probation and crystallizing around budget cycles, grant windows, and emergencies. (3) Exosystem-rules, resources, and distant decision-makers: procurement timelines, ethics review procedures, donor reporting templates, and customs/banking processes frequently determined the feasibility and tempo of reforms. (4) Macrosystem-national imaginaries, credential politics, and moral horizons of work: participants described credentials as opening initial doors, but sustained legitimacy depended on visible delivery amid shifting political and administrative cycles; some trained in regional Asian hubs emphasized the practical transferability of methods and policy argumentation. Across themes, timing mattered: family events, contract endings, fiscal quarters, monsoon disruptions, and crisis periods re-shaped constraints and opportunities. In this cohort, returnee contribution was bioecological and time-sensitive: agency was not simply "brought home," but assembled through relationships, cross-organizational brokerage, arm's-length governance, and national legitimacy contests, all modulated by temporal milestones. Treating return as a time-sequenced ecology of action-rather than skill transfer-can better inform how governments, funders, and academic institutions design re-entry supports, procurement and reporting architectures, and evidence-use processes so that international learning more reliably translates into public value. Not applicable.

This study investigates how judicial independence is discursively constructed and contested following controversial rulings by Indonesia’s Constitutional Court. Drawing on theories of legal realism, neo-institutionalism, and discourse analysis, the research explores whether formal guarantees of judicial autonomy hold symbolic weight amid growing perceptions of political alignment. Using a qualitative case study approach, data were collected through semi-structured interviews with legal scholars, civil society actors, and journalists, complemented by discourse analysis of court rulings and media texts. Findings reveal that the Court’s independence is widely framed as situational, with legitimacy perceived to fluctuate based on alignment with dominant political interests. Respondents highlighted themes of strategic judicial reasoning, media-driven delegitimization, and performative institutional responses, suggesting that public trust is shaped less by institutional design and more by narrative coherence and interpretive transparency. Rather than neutral arbiters, courts are increasingly viewed as political actors embedded within broader struggles for power. The study contributes to literature on judicial politicization and democratic resilience by emphasizing the role of discourse in shaping perceptions of legality and legitimacy. It also offers practical insights for reform, including the need for transparent appointments and greater communicative accountability. The findings suggest that in hybrid regimes, judicial independence must be understood not only as a structural condition but as an ongoing, contested performance shaped by elite discourse, public critique, and symbolic legitimacy.

The rapid pace of digital transformation has revealed a structural asymmetry between technological expansion and protective capabilities. As digital adoption speeds up across economies, cybersecurity frameworks tend to develop more slowly, creating what this paper calls the cyber gap: a persistent misalignment between the trajectories of digital adoption and cybersecurity readiness. This gap is not a temporary delay but an institutional condition that arises when digitalisation advances faster than the laws, institutions and technical competencies required to secure it. This imbalance transforms cybersecurity from a discrete technical function into a systemic feature of digital governance. Building on strategic alignment and socio-technical systems theory, this paper introduces the cyber gap assessment (CGA), a conceptual framework designed to make this misalignment visible through analysis. CGA considers digital adoption and cybersecurity capacity as parallel yet interdependent trajectories, distinguishing between two complementary dimensions: level gaps, which measure the magnitude of divergence at a given time, and pace gaps, which capture the difference in their rates of change. Together, these parameters form a two-dimensional diagnostic that indicates whether states are converging or diverging in their capacity to align technological growth with institutional protection. A typology based on this structure identifies four configurations: high adoption/low capacity; low adoption/high capacity; high adoption/high capacity; and low adoption/low capacity. Each configuration reflects a unique sequence of digital reform, institutional design and governance logic. This analysis demonstrates that high level gaps correspond to structural exposure, where digital systems extend beyond protective reach, while sustained pace gaps generate compounding vulnerabilities across cyber-physical sectors such as energy, transport and e-government. Conversely, convergence across both dimensions signals institutional agility and anticipatory governance. By formalising these relationships, CGA reframes cybersecurity capacity as a co-evolving dimension of digital transformation rather than an ex-post control mechanism. This paper concludes that narrowing the cyber gap requires synchronised governance, adaptive regulation, secure-by-design infrastructures and investment in human capital. This study offers policymakers and researchers a reproducible framework to diagnose structural imbalances and align digital ambitions with resilience.

ABSTRACT Political instrumentalisation of ethnic identity remains a principal driver of insecurity in the East African Community. This article compares Tanzania’s nation-building trajectory with the persistence of instability in the Democratic Republic of the Congo (DRC), exemplified by the M23 rebellion. Using qualitative comparative-historical analysis and process tracing, it draws on secondary scholarship, archival sources, and triangulated datasets (ACLED, UNHCR, and the Worldwide Governance Indicators). We combine social identity theory and ethnic conflict theory to examine how institutional design and implementation shape incentives for ethnic mobilisation and state resilience. Three mechanisms help explain Tanzania’s relative cohesion: a nationally integrating Kiswahili language policy; legal regulation of political parties that limits ethnic outbidding; and subnational governance arrangements that reinforce civic nationalism. In the DRC, partial and uneven adoption of comparable reforms – amid insecurity and weak administrative capacity – has enabled politicised identity claims to be converted into armed entrepreneurship and rebellion. The analysis shows that ethnic diversity alone does not predict insecurity; instead, institutional incentives, state capacity, and implementation conditions determine whether identity-based grievances escalate into organised violence. The article concludes with policy implications for fragile, resource-rich states pursuing sustainable peacebuilding and regional stability in line with the African Union’s Agenda 2063 across the wider region.

ABSTRACT This paper analyzes the economics of artificial intelligence (AI) alignment through the lens of innovation incentives and regulatory design. We develop a dynamic game-theoretic model in which AI firms choose deployment timing and safety investment under competitive pressure and uncertain liability regimes. Using empirical calibration from global AI funding, patents, and governance indicators, we simulate how liability penalties and policy coordination reshape equilibrium strategies. Results show that in the absence of regulation, firms underinvest in safety and accelerate deployment, replicating a classic innovation race dynamic with negative externalities. Liability regimes and international coordination shift incentives toward higher alignment investment without halting innovation. The model contributes to the economics of innovation by embedding safety alignment as a strategic decision variable and demonstrates how institutional design can correct systemic underinvestment. Our findings highlight policy trade-offs at the frontier of technological change, with direct implications for innovation governance in emerging technologies.

The subject of the study is the governance architecture for managing an innovative economy in the European Union and the practical design of an implementation model for Ukraine under conditions of recovery and European integration. The paper examines how institutional design, regulatory frameworks, financial instruments, and coordination mechanisms interact in shaping innovation outcomes, and why innovation policy should be treated as a managed public-policy cycle rather than a set of isolated initiatives. Special attention is paid to the role of public administration and civil servants as carriers of delivery capacity, to analytics as decision infrastructure in the policy cycle, and to the embeddedness of innovation governance in international relations through standards, programme participation, and technology cooperation. The paper also addresses diplomacy and mediation as governance practices for aligning interests within complex innovation ecosystems and for maintaining legitimacy under heightened integrity requirements. Methodology. The research is based on a combination of systemic, comparative, and institutional approaches. It integrates analysis of leading innovation-policy models (national innovation systems, Triple Helix, mission-oriented policy, and open innovation) with an examination of EU multi-level governance logic and its delivery instruments, including programme cycles, portfolio financing, innovation procurement, competition and state-aid discipline, and evidence-based monitoring. This methodological design enables identification of institutional interface risks that typically arise between strategy and implementation, as well as assessment of Ukraine’s baseline constraints linked to fragmentation of competences, capacity limitations, wartime pressures, and regional heterogeneity. The aim of the work is to substantiate a coherent model of innovation governance for Ukraine that is compatible with European approaches and capable of operating under recovery-scale funding, while ensuring controllability, transparency, competition for resources, partnership, and accountability for results. The results of the study show that EU innovation governance functions as a portfolio-based management system in which priorities are operationalized through repeatable programmes, predictable funding windows, standardized procedures, and measurable performance signals. The effectiveness of this model is driven by delivery capacity within public administration, disciplined instrument design across the full innovation lifecycle, and analytics-based monitoring that supports policy correction. For Ukraine, the key challenge is the gap between strategic planning and administrable delivery, reinforced by overlaps of mandates and unowned zones at lifecycle transition points. The paper proposes a Target Operating Model built on functional separation between a policy owner responsible for portfolio coherence and specialized delivery agencies responsible for execution; a standing inter-ministerial synchronization mechanism to align innovation tools with procurement, skills, competition constraints, digital transformation, and recovery investments; and a regional contour grounded in smart specialization logic to generate pipelines and provide adoption environments. The proposed roadmap emphasizes innovation procurement as a demand-side scaling lever, standardized stage-gate progression for financing instruments, professionalization of civil-service competencies, data-driven management routines, and a compact KPI framework linking inputs, outputs, and outcomes with public reporting and effectiveness audit. Conclusion. Sustainable innovation governance requires shifting from declarative strategies and fragmented initiatives toward an integrated operating model that aligns institutional responsibility, procedures, data, and performance accountability in one coherent cycle. For Ukraine, the most feasible path is not replicating EU institutional forms, but reproducing their functional logic: predictable programme cycles, administrable instruments across the innovation chain, procurement-enabled demand creation, disciplined integrity safeguards, and analytics-based monitoring that enables continuous adjustment and strengthens trust in resource allocation during recovery and integration.

ABSTRACT This article examines how universal jurisdiction (UJ) over genocide operates across national jurisdictions following an analysis of prosecutions and institutional designs. Building a comprehensive dataset of forty-two UJ genocide proceedings (1961–2025), it traces applications’ growth, outcomes, and the geography of commission and prosecution. Following this empirical base, the article develops a tiering typology of institutional designs – Restrictivists, In-betweeners, Practice-gated Permissives, and Expansionists – based on the UJ requirements – nexus design, double criminality, subsidiarity, temporal rules, and prosecutorial procedure and practice. A focused comparison of France and Germany, the two most expansionist’s jurisdictions, reveals contrasting UJ designs: France’s expansionism by exception, notably concentrated on Rwandan genocidaires versus Germany’s expansionist by design, spanning multiple conflicts. Across systems, procedural design choices (nexus requirements, subsidiarity, and imprescriptibly), specialized prosecution teams, and NGOs, emerge as key determinants of case movement. The analysis shows that UJ has been institutionalized through domestic law and practice, functioning as an evolving transnational justice mechanism that can fill accountability gaps when territorial or national fora falter. The contribution is empirical, analytical, and substantive: a disaggregated and comprehensive map of UJ-based genocide prosecutions, a replicable framework for evaluating which legal-institutional levers most effectively enable (or constrain) the pursuit of genocide cases, and an in-depth comparison of two viable, yet different, routes to sustained genocide prosecutions.

Abstract BACKGROUND: Immunotherapy with immune checkpoint inhibitors has been approved for triple negative breast cancer (TNBC) since 2019. However, uptake of new therapies may be delayed by a variety of factors that affect access, such as facility level factors and individual demographic factors such as race/ethnicity and age. We investigated individual-, facility- and neighborhood-level factors associated with use of immunotherapy among females diagnosed with TNBC in California from 2019-2021 using statewide cancer registry data. METHODS: We used the California Cancer Registry to identify 7,495 women ages 18 and over diagnosed with first primary microscopically confirmed malignant TNBC diagnosed in 2019-2021. We used registry data about immunotherapy use to infer use of immune checkpoint inhibitor. Patient-level factors include age at diagnosis, AJCC stage, grade, other treatments received, marital status, and health insurance status. We used multivariable logistic regression to calculate odds ratios (OR) and 95% confidence intervals (CI) factors associated with immunotherapy use, including independent variables that were statistically significant at p<0.1 for inclusion in the final logistic model. RESULTS: Overall, 16% (1,219 of7,495) women with TNBC received immunotherapy with use increasing from 7.8% in 2019 to 28.3% in 2021. In multivariable models, patient-level factors associated with lower likelihood of immunotherapy use included Non-Hispanic Black females (Non-Hispanic Black vs. Non-Hispanic White OR 0.61; 95% CI:0.47-0.80), earlier stage disease (Stage I vs. Stage IV OR: 0.14; 95% CI: 0.10-0.19), older age (Age >70 vs. Age <40 OR: 0.48; 95% CI: 0.39-0.61). Facility level factors associated with lower likelihood of immunotherapy use included no National Cancer Institute (NCI) designation status (non-NCI-designated vs. NCI-designated OR: 0.54; 95% CI: 0.43-0.67), facility with predominantly low socioeconomic status (low SES) patients (predominantly low SES vs. high SES OR: 0.61; 95% CI: 0.46-0.82). CONCLUSION: Use of immunotherapy among patients in California lagged among women seen at low SES hospitals, non-NCI designated facilities, and among older and Non-Hispanic Black patients. These results provide direction towards future research to better understand the patient, institutional, and neighborhood level barriers. Citation Format: J. Moya, A. Vu, L. Huppert, E. Ziv, S. Lin Gomez. Factors with Immunotherapy Use Among Patients with Triple Negative Breast Cancer in California: A Population-Based Study [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the San Antonio Breast Cancer Symposium 2025; 2025 Dec 9-12; San Antonio, TX. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Clin Cancer Res 2026;32(4 Suppl):Abstract nr PS4-09-18.

Abstract Place-based approaches to renewable energy transitions tailor solutions to specific social, cultural, economic and ecological contexts inherent to particular localities. Drawing on transformative energy justice frameworks and approaches, we argue that place-based framings and interpretations of impacts of community renewable energy projects provide the means to center Indigenous worldviews, observations and experiences of justice associated with these projects. This co-created study draws on interviews with knowledge holders in 14 First Nations across the Province of British Columbia (BC), Canada. Interview participants shared experiences and observations on both the process (community engagement) and outcome (impacts and benefits) dimensions of 36 operational and planned renewable energy projects, pointing to a rich diversity of social, political, material, economic, ecological and relational impacts. Across a wide range of project sizes and technologies, the findings indicate that deep community engagement and the collective decisions for allocation of revenues mediate the positive and transformative impacts experienced by the community. Taken collectively, these findings show that First Nations approaches to developing projects are place-based, ensuring a wide range of impacts to the community that can collectively contribute to transformative change. In the broader context of systematic neglect of social, environmental and justice-oriented values in public policy making, and amidst widespread failure of ‘decide-announce-defend’ approaches to achieving social acceptance for renewable energy projects, this study demonstrates what distinguishes place-based approaches in practice, and how they deliver transformative outcomes for First Nations. Policy, project and resource allocation decisions should reflect the diverse impacts and transformative outcomes of renewable energy projects in First Nations contexts. We conclude that embedding place-based approaches in institutional arrangements, policy and project design is critical to providing economic opportunities to First Nations without discrimination under the United Nations Declaration on the Rights of Indigenous People, alongside meeting BC’s power needs and decarbonization goals.

This qualitative study investigates how Chinese undergraduates navigate the rigid, credential-driven framework of contemporary higher education by examining the interplay between institutional structure and individual agency. Through in-depth interviews with 25 students and a critical typological analysis, this study develops a typology of situated student learning behaviors, grounded in the dimensions of goal orientation (mastery vs. performance) and proactivity (active vs. passive). Four patterns are identified: Active Learning-Oriented, Active Performance-Oriented, Passive Learning-Oriented, and Passive Performance-Oriented. The analysis reveals that students tactically employ a spectrum of strategies—from proactive knowledge pursuit to ritualized compliance—often shifting across contexts. The findings demonstrate how institutional designs centered on performativity and audit culture can incentivize performative labor and educational involution (neijuan), thereby constraining authentic epistemic engagement. The study challenges monolithic views of student passivity and underscores that fostering more learning-oriented agency requires reforms to the underlying institutional logics and reward systems, rather than focusing solely on pedagogical techniques. The typology provides an analytical framework for critically examining performative systems in mass higher education.

Abstract Conceptual change is commonplace in political theory. Recent scholarship argues that improving a concept, or “engineering” it, can sharpen its normative and explanatory power. This article illustrates what political theory can learn from conceptual engineering (CE) by examining the evolution of “corruption” as a case study. Traditionally defined as the “use of entrusted power for private gain,” corruption has been revisited to capture broader institutional dysfunctions. We show how the recent re‐engineering of corruption as a “deficit of office accountability” enhances the concept's ability to capture uses of office power that may undercut institutional functioning beyond illegal acts, including individual wrongdoing and faulty institutional design. Re‐engineering corruption has normative value insofar as it helps policymakers and scholars alike to identify and address questionable uses of office power—including in nondemocratic regimes and nonpublic organizations. The article thereby argues that CE can enhance political theory's methodological toolkit and corroborate its practical relevance.

Judicial councils are often seen as institutional safeguards that protect courts from political interference and uphold the rule of law. Yet their real-world effects on executive behavior vary widely across countries. This paper investigates the conditions under which judicial councils promote or undermine government compliance with court rulings. I develop a model in which executives strategically design or reform judicial councils to influence court assertiveness, depending on the level of transparency and reputational risk. The model yields clear empirical expectations about when councils facilitate compliance and when they serve symbolic or even suppressive functions. To test these claims, I construct an original panel dataset of 47 European and neighboring countries (1945–2025) that includes detailed institutional features of judicial governance. Using multilevel regression models and extensive robustness checks, I find that councils only promote compliance when they are judge-dominated, institutionally empowered, and embedded in transparent political environments. By contrast, politically dominated or merely symbolic councils are associated with lower levels of compliance. The findings challenge the assumption that judicial councils are inherently democratizing and highlight how institutional design interacts with political context to shape executive-judicial relations.

ABSTRACT The use of social assistance by incumbent governments has become a pervasive electoral strategy, yet its effectiveness in converting welfare into votes is the subject of ongoing academic debate due to fragmented and often contradictory empirical evidence. This study aims to address this gap by systematically reviewing the literature to: (1) measure the aggregate strength of evidence regarding the electoral impact of social assistance; (2) identify the key contextual factors that moderate this relationship; and (3) synthesise the most common targeting strategies and the characteristics of the most responsive voter groups. A Systematic Literature Review (SLR) was conducted following the PRISMA 2020 guidelines. The findings reveal social assistance's consistent and statistically significant positive effect on incumbent electoral outcomes, primarily through voter mobilisation. However, this effect is heavily moderated by political context, economic conditions, and institutional design. Incumbents employ a pragmatic portfolio of targeting strategies, including rewarding partisan loyalists and courting swing voters, with economically vulnerable populations consistently demonstrating the most significant electoral response. This review provides a holistic, evidence-based understanding of the conditions under which social assistance is effectively translated into electoral advantage, confirming it as a powerful, albeit context-dependent, political instrument.

This cross-cultural study examines how Pedagogy students in Brazil and Germany perceived professor-student interactions during Emergency Remote Teaching (ERT) caused by the pandemic. The analysis focuses on cognitive, affective, and behavioural dimensions. The research involved 108 Pedagogy students from Brazil and Germany, using mixed methods: a comparative quantitative survey and semi-structured interviews, analyzed through Objective Hermeneutics. Results revealed that ERT prompted shifts in pedagogical interactions, highlighting a horizontal teaching model where professors retain expertise while fostering knowledge co-construction. Empathy and flexibility were core competencies, recognized by 90% of Brazilian and 68% of German students. Synchronous interaction - virtual or face-to-face - proved relevant for learning effectiveness and student well-being. Technology enhanced relational learning without replacing human contact. These findings indicate that institutionalizing quality relational practices may enhance post-pandemic higher education. The study suggests implications for institutional culture, faculty development, and policy design regarding relational quality in contemporary higher education.

Using county-level designation as major grain-producing counties to capture China’s food security responsibility (FSR), we examine its impacts on water sustainability. Our findings are three-fold: (1) FSR significantly reduces terrestrial water storage (TWS) and groundwater storage (GWS); (2) Heterogeneous effects are stronger in main grain areas, become more pronounced after the Food Security Governor Responsibility System Evaluation (FSGRSE), are more significant where TWS and GWS decline is more severe, and amplify under low-precipitation conditions; (3) Further analysis shows irrigation expansion is the mediating channel from FSR to TWS and GWS decline, with a stronger mediation effect in fiscally constrained counties. These results suggest that the institutional design of FSR induces unsustainable water use, highlighting a trade-off between “feeding today” and “thirsting tomorrow.”

The Hypernetic Law of Experience (HLE) generalizes Ashby’s neglected Law of Experience from determinate machines to stochastic, gradient-driven adaptive systems. The HLE characterizes a persistent tendency of adaptive systems exposed to sustained directional experience: internal variety is progressively consumed, and system trajectories converge toward increasingly narrow regions of state space, even when local transitions remain probabilistic. We formalize this contraction pressure using the Rebis equation, a discrete-time variance-contraction dynamic that relates optimization pressure and novelty injection to the evolution of internal diversity. Through cross-domain comparative analysis, we show that HLE-consistent geometry appears in biological evolution, recursive model collapse in machine learning, economic cycles, neural plasticity and habituation, linguistic convergence, and institutional lock-in. In these domains, excessive variety consumption is associated with brittle attractors and heightened vulnerability under distributional shift. We further show that biological systems employ countervailing mechanisms—such as sexual recombination, mutational plasticity, sleep-driven renormalization, and variance-preserving neuromodulation—that mitigate, but do not eliminate, the contraction pressure described by the HLE. We conclude that the HLE and the Rebis equation provide a systems-level diagnostic for identifying and explaining optimization-induced fragility and for informing the design of regulators, AI architectures, and institutions that remain viable under drift.

In the context of China’s “dual-carbon” strategy, the Beijing 2022 Winter Olympics provides a critical case for examining whether carbon-neutral commitments can be translated into measurable and lasting environmental outcomes through a closed-loop governance mechanism. This study develops an integrated analytical framework linking institutional design, policy tools, monitoring–reporting–verification (MRV), and environmental legacy, and evaluates full life-cycle carbon-neutral governance and post-event environmental performance using officially verified carbon accounting materials, governmental disclosures, and publicly available statistical data from 2016–2022. We synthesize the emission structure across preparation and Games-time phases, examine key mitigation and offset portfolios, and assess multi-dimensional environmental indicators in Beijing and Zhangjiakou, including atmospheric quality, energy structure transition, ecological restoration, and low-carbon transport systems. The results suggest that an MRV-centered governance chain strengthened accounting transparency and compliance-oriented implementation, while environmental indicators in the competition zones exhibited sustained improvement over the study period. To reduce over-attribution under concurrent national clean-air policies and macro-level environmental governance trends, we benchmarked host-zone indicators against external reference statistics and interpret the observed improvements as an “acceleration effect” under bounded inference rather than a strict net causal contribution. The findings highlight the importance of hotspot-oriented asset-chain governance (transport infrastructure and venue construction), robust MRV disclosure, and quality-controlled offsets in shaping credible environmental legacies, and provide policy implications for future mega-events seeking to balance carbon neutrality with long-term regional sustainability.

Abstract This article investigates the role of European Union regulation in shaping EU companies’ resilience when their supply chains encounter risks in the EU internal market, focusing on the Corporate Sustainability Due Diligence Directive (CSDDD) as a representative case. In light of increasing global disruptions, the EU has adopted regulatory measures that embed sustainability, human rights, and environmental protection into corporate governance. Through doctrinal analysis and structured coding of legal provisions, the article examines how the CSDDD influences EU companies’ capacity to anticipate, absorb and adapt to supply chain shocks. It argues that while integrating multiple policy objectives within a single legal framework is both necessary and inevitable, doing so requires legal flexibility and institutional design that account for EU companies’ interdependent resilience capabilities. The analysis highlights the importance of adaptive regulatory mechanisms in ensuring that EU law remains effective and coherent in a rapidly changing global environment.