Installation Of Solar Panels Research Articles

Enhanced Detection of Solar Panel Defects Using VGG16-Based Convolutional Neural Networks

Solar energy is a renewable energy source that is expanding rapidly, and it is essential to ensure that solar panel installations are correctly monitored and maintained to ensure that they are operating at their full potential. Detection of various situations and irregularities in solar panel arrays may be accomplished through automated image classification algorithms, which hold great potential. Within the scope of this research, we offer a technique for categorizing images of solar panels that uses the VGG16 convolutional neural network (CNN) architecture. The dataset was taken from Kaggle, which contained 891 Images. The dataset was divided into six categories: Bird drop, Clean, Dusty, electrical damage, physical damage, and snow-covered. In this research, we implemented solar panel image classification using VGG16, a convolutional neural network and achieved a remarkable accuracy of 97.88%. This research exhibited performance compared to the state-of-the-art methods.

Defect Analysis with Remedial Quality Controls in Manufacturing/Transport and Installation of Solar Photovoltaic Panels: A Case Study Driven Review

Abstract The economic viability of large‑scale photovoltaic (PV) deployment depends on the long‑term reliability of solar modules. Field surveys continue to reveal systematic defects introduced at the factory, during logistics, and on the construction site. This paper synthesises peer‑reviewed literature, international failure databases, and six recent case studies to (i) categorise dominant defect modes across the life‑cycle, (ii) quantify their impact on energy yield and levelised cost of electricity (LCOE), and (iii) propose a tiered quality‑control (QC) framework that integrates in‑line monitoring, shipment surveillance, and post‑installation acceptance testing. Results show that implementing the recommended remedial controls could avert up to 2.4 % annual revenue loss for utility‑scale assets. Keywords: Solar PV reliability, microcracks, potential‑induced degradation, quality management, electroluminescence, field failure, supply‑chain risk

The Impact of Photovoltaic Installations on Changes in Voltage Levels in the Low-Voltage Network

Due to the dynamic increase in the number of prosumer electrical installations in Poland, one may observe many negative effects of their development, including the deterioration of energy quality parameters and the reliability of the existing distribution network. The installation of solar panels in Polish homes was mainly motivated by economic reasons. One of the most important problems of the distribution network is the increase in voltage. The aim of this work was to develop a practical method for determining the maximum voltage changes caused by the connection of photovoltaic installations. To accomplish this, a representative low-voltage overhead line, typical of those found in Poland, was modeled using the NEPLAN software. More than 100 distinct simulations were conducted, exploring various locations and power capacities of photovoltaic installations and utilizing authentic annual profiles for both electrical loads and photovoltaic generation. From the analysis of the data obtained, relationships that enable the determination of voltage changes induced by photovoltaic connections at any node within the low-voltage circuit were established. The computational results derived from this simplified model demonstrate sufficient accuracy for practical applications, and the required input data is accessible to distribution system operators.

Expectation vs Reality: Energy Production Through Solar Panels

Abstract: In recent years, the global demand for clean and renewable energy has accelerated, positioning solar energy as one of the most promising and accessible sources. Governments and environmental organizations have promoted solar panel installation as a sustainable solution to climate change, energy insecurity, and rising electricity costs. In response, individuals and institutions have rapidly adopted solar technology, motivated by expectations of high energy output, financial savings, and independence from traditional power grids. However, a significant gap exists between these optimistic expectations and the practical, real-world outcomes of solar panel performance. This research paper explores this expectation-reality divide using secondary data drawn from scholarly articles, government reports, industry publications, and case studies. It examines key factors shaping public perception, such as advertising, word-of-mouth communication, and simplified marketing messages that often overstate the capabilities of solar technology. On the other hand, it evaluates real-world limitations—geographical location, weather variability, system design, panel orientation, and maintenance requirements—that significantly impact the actual performance and output of solar photovoltaic systems. The paper also investigates the role of national policies like India’s PM Surya Ghar Muft Bijli Yojana, which provides subsidies and support for rooftop solar installations. While such initiatives increase accessibility, there remains a lack of public awareness regarding system limitations, financial payback periods, and ongoing maintenance needs. Through comparative analysis, this paper presents a realistic understanding of daily energy output (typically 3.5–4.5 kWh for a 1kW system), expected lifespan (20–25 years with degradation), and the actual cost-benefit ratio experienced by users. The findings emphasize the need for transparent communication from manufacturers, better consumer education, and policy measures aimed at narrowing the information gap. Bridging this gap is essential not only for improving user satisfaction but also for promoting long-term adoption and trust in solar energy solutions. By aligning public expectations with technological and environmental realities, stakeholders can ensure that solar energy continues to be a reliable and sustainable alternative to conventional power sources.

Agrivoltaics: Dual Use of Land for Energy and Food Sustainability

Renewable energy has been of prime importance in the present era in meeting energy demand across all sectors. To meet this demand, solar energy has become a plausible option among scientists to reduce the fossil fuel effect and find an alternative solution. The main concern about large renewable energy installations on open land, mostly used for agricultural practices, is that they can displace different land uses and instigate the feed vs. fuel controversy in the long run. The current study reviewed the installation of solar panels on farmland’s benefits and challenges. The present study also reviewed the effect of solar panels on agricultural crop microclimate, soil, water condition, and crop growth and yields. Crop production and solar PV electricity generation from the same land space have numerous benefits, such as improving land productivity, reducing irrigation, managing soil, protecting crops from adverse climatic conditions (heat, frost, rainfall, etc.), increasing PV panel efficiency, and meeting house and farm electricity needs. Fewer demerits of agrivoltaics are to be studied in the future, such as keeping a suitable crop cycle, limited crop suitability, high expenses, and a lack of technical expertise. A big change to meet future energy demand without much impact on the environment is the dual use of open land for crop production and solar energy generation. To maximize crop yield, the impact of solar panels on crop yields has not been studied for numerous crops. We found that the optimum arrangement of solar panels admits varying levels of solar radiation according to crop needs. Sustainable agriculture and efficient solar energy generation can be possible in the same field by perfecting shade design and selecting suitable crops.

Solar panel installation feasibility analysis based on techno-economic of PVSyst at Universitas Multimedia Nusantara

Universitas Multimedia Nusantara (UMN) integrates green building principles to enhance environmental sustainability by reducing energy waste and utilizing renewable energy sources. This study conducts a feasibility analysis of installing solar panels in a green open space near building D to supply up to 20% of its electricity needs. PVSyst simulations evaluated different panel orientations (north, south, and east). The results indicated that the installation is currently unfeasible, with a net present value (NPV) of -134,346,450.22 IDR and an internal rate of return (IRR) of -4.64%. The challenges included shading from surrounding buildings, heat buildup, and limited installation space. To improve viability, future installations should focus on sites with minimal shading and explore advanced technologies to enhance efficiency. Additionally, optimizing panel orientation and investigating alternative renewable energy sources suited to UMN’s conditions are crucial. These measures can enhance the effectiveness of solar installations and contribute to overall energy sustainability on campus.

RETROFIT-LAT: A comprehensive dataset for energy efficiency investments in Latvia

This article presents RETROFIT-LAT: a collection of data from 1010 residential building projects, funded by the Republic of Latvia’s Environmental Investment Fund (LEIF). The first dataset analyses the energy performance and sustainability of buildings before and after retrofitting actions, including their energy consumption, CO 2 emissions, and energy classes. It spans projects implemented from 1870 to 2022, covering various building types and regions, with data on their energy use, heat loss coefficients, and both renewable and non-renewable energy contributions. The second dataset focuses on photovoltaic (solar panel) installations as part of energy efficiency measures. It documents electricity consumption, rimary energy use before and after installation, inverter power, and reductions in CO 2 emissions. Such a collection could offer a valuable foundation for developing machine learning models to evaluate and predict the impacts of retrofitting and solar panel installations on energy efficiency and sustainability. It could also be particularly relevant for researchers and policymakers who evaluate the effectiveness of energy-saving measures or planning similar interventions in other contexts.

Techno-Economic Optimization of Solar Panel Installations: Balancing Thermal Performance and Economic Viability

As solar energy continues to gain prominence as a sustainable power source, optimizing solar panel configurations for maximum efficiency and economic viability is crucial. This study explores the interplay between installation height and tilt angle in improving thermal performance and power output while managing structural and economic constraints. This study uses computational models to optimize solar panel installation height and tilt for better thermal performance and cost-efficiency. By analysing convective cooling, wind loading, and structural stresses, the study identified configurations that enhance energy output while minimizing structural costs. It was found that increased heights improve air circulation around panels, lowering solar cell temperatures and thereby enhancing efficiency through passive cooling. Higher tilt angles were also shown to improve heat dissipation by inducing air turbulence, though both increased height and tilt raise wind loading, which in turn requires sturdier and costlier support structures. The optimal configuration was identified as a height of 0.165 meters and a tilt angle of 25.022°, balancing efficiency gains with manageable structural demands. This setup achieved a Levelized Cost of Energy (LCoE) of $0.07/kWh, an ROI of 16.3 %, and a payback period of 6.25 years, offering a 42 % lower LCoE than a nonoptimized configuration with a height of 7.5 meters and a tilt of 75°. This optimization also resulted in a 60 % improvement in ROI and a 37.5 % reduction in the payback period. The study underscores the importance of tailored height and tilt configurations to enhance efficiency without incurring prohibitive costs, particularly in varying climate conditions. It is recommended that future research explore different installation surface types and climates to further refine the balance between performance and cost.

DC vs. AC distribution: Revealing the efficiency advantage of DC in today's energy landscape.

The new millennium witnessed an unanticipated escalation in the installation of rooftop solar panels, particularly due to the development of highly efficient power electronic converters (PECs). The 'battle of currents' between AC and DC, which settled in the favor of AC in the nineteenth century, reignited as DC is striking back due to this technological augmentation. The shifting trend towards DC is more pronounced in the residential sector, which necessitates a comparative analysis of AC and DC at distribution scale on realistic grounds. Modern home data extracted from the energy information administration (EIA) has been utilized to devise a mathematical model based on bottom-up approach. The comparative analysis has been performed encompassing scenarios of varying PEC efficiencies as a result of daily load variation. Moreover, the scenarios of multiple PEC efficiencies and rooftop solar capacities are also considered. The comparative analysis revealed efficiency advantage of 1.966%, 1.41% and 1.17% in favor of DC as compared to AC for the scenarios considered. In the end future recommendations are presented to further enhance the efficiency of DC, thereby providing a concrete standing for power industry decision of adopting DC at distribution scale.

Recultivation Strategies for Peat Extraction Fields: a Case Study in Latvia

Peat bogs are serving as habitats for diverse species and essential components of the natural environment. Currently, peat extraction is actively carried out in various regions to meet the demands of industries such as horticulture and in some cases even energy production. To mitigate land degradation caused by peat mining, the European Commission, through the Nature Restoration Law (Regulation (EU) 2024/1991), has established a goal to restore habitats. This includes repurposing peat mining fields into areas designated for various restoration measures. When defining a repurposing strategy for a specific peat extraction field, an important aspect is to assess the environmental impact of the different scenarios. This study is made in cooperation with the Latvian peat extraction company with the goal of achieving climate neutrality by the year 2050. The company is a significant producer of peat substrate with a capacity of 115 thousand tonnes per year. Ten recultivation scenarios were identified for the company’s peat extraction field: afforestation, blueberry cultivation, cranberry cultivation, paludiculture, waterbodies, croplands, grasslands, renaturalisation, solar parks and wind parks. These scenarios were compared with the baseline scenario, i.e. the situation if peat extraction were to continue in this field. The required data for the recultivation scenarios were collected and normalized to the functional unit of 1 ha. The obtained life cycle assessment results for each recultivation scenario were assigned to the respective planned area for each scenario foreseen by the company’s climate neutrality plan. All scenario emissions have been attributed to 50 years of land use, starting from implementation of the scenarios in 2025. Three main emission reference points were identified for the 50-year greenhouse gas emissions assessment: short-term 2030 (when peat extraction for energy in Latvia must cease), medium-term 2050 when climate neutrality must be achieved and long-term - emissions after 50 years (2075), when the vegetative life of berry plants has reached its end and when forest stands have reached the optimum age for tree harvesting. The results show that the highest emissions per 1 ha over 50year period are from the installation and reconstruction of solar panels. For each scenario, the emissions per respective planned area were calculated. It was determined that each scenario individually results in lower emissions compared to the baseline. However, when the emissions from all scenarios are added together, the sum is greater than the baseline. Therefore, it is necessary to investigate the recultivation scenarios further and optimise the land areas to optimise the recultivation scenario area and impact from them.

Development of Rooftop Solar Power Plant (PLTS) on Parking Areas for EV Charging Station at Sumsel-8 Mine Mouth Power Plant

The PLTU MT Sumsel-8, a coal-based power plant, has significant potential to implement renewable energy solutions to enhance energy efficiency and operational sustainability. One viable solution is the construction of a rooftop solar power plant (PLTS) in the parking area with an off-grid system. This system is designed with a capacity of 162 kWp to meet the electricity needs of supporting facilities at the power plant, such as lighting, cooling systems, and office operations. In addition to generating clean energy, the installation of solar panels on the parking lot roof also provides additional benefits, including vehicle protection from solar heat and the optimization of previously underutilized land. However, before implementing this system, a comprehensive feasibility study is required, encompassing technical, economic, and environmental evaluations. Simulation results using Helioscope software indicate that the proposed PLTS system with the stated capacity can generate 225.413,2 kWh of energy per year. Considering the energy storage capacity of electric vehicles, the simulation results suggest that the energy production can provide enough charging capacity for 7 to 8 vehicles per day for vehicles with battery capacity 77 to 82,5 kWh and up to 23 vehicles per day for smaller capacity battery which is 26,7 kWh. This study is expected to offer recommendations for the implementation of rooftop PLTS at PLTU and contribute to the strategy for sustainable energy options in Indonesia.

Installation method for visual identification and localization based on the structural characterization type of the solar frame type

Abstract With the rapid development of solar energy applications, efficient and accurate solar panel installation has become a key issue. A structural feature-based visual recognition and localization installation method is proposed in this paper based on solar frame type, aiming to improve the installation efficiency and accuracy. The method first utilizes deep learning algorithms for feature extraction and recognition of the solar frame structure to construct a high-precision frame structure model. Second, it combines visual recognition technology and sensor data to realize the accurate positioning and attitude adjustment of solar panels and frames. The experimental results show that the method can effectively recognize the frame structure in complex environments, and the positioning accuracy reaches the millimeter level, which significantly improves the installation efficiency and quality. This study provides a new technical path for the automated installation of solar panels, which has important engineering application value.

Comparative Study of Fresh Water and Sea Water for Cooling System Solar Panel Energy

Solar panels are one of the renewable energy sources that have the most significant potential in the world. However, one of the problems of solar panels is the effect of temperature on their performance so that it requires other alternatives to overcome this problem, one of which is the installation of a cooling system. In the active cooling system that is made, namely using water spray, the purpose of this study is to compare the effectiveness of the cooling fluid between fresh water (aquades) and sea water. The method used is experimental and data testing. From the results of the study, it was found that the comparison of current and voltage data between fresh water (aquades) and sea water has a characteristic curve shape that is almost the same with a difference in value that is not too significant. The average current value for fresh water and sea water coolers is 0.66 A and 0.63 A. While the average voltage value for fresh water and sea water coolers is 14.55 V and 14.44 V. The total power generated during 6 hours of operation by solar panels with fresh water cooling is 125.81 Watts, while the total power of solar panels with sea water cooling is 119.45. The efficiency obtained is 5.32%. The average value of the temperature of the freshwater and seawater coolers is 39.2ºC and 40ºC. Based on the results of the study, fresh water is highly recommended as a cooling fluid for solar panels with the water spray method. In addition, review the effects of seawater, which will also cause corrosion on solar panel materials. However, seawater can be an option when the installation of solar panels is carried out at sea because of the seawater sources available at the installation location.

Investigating and Overcoming the Barriers in adoption of Rooftop Solar PV Adoption with Information Systems

The installation of rooftop solar panels is a vital aspect of smart city development, promoting the shift to affordable and clean energy. However, achieving widespread public participation in this effort faces significant challenges. This research examines the hindrances in adopting rooftop solar PV systems by residents of Patna, the capital city of Bihar, India. Understanding these barriers is crucial to encouraging public involvement and accelerating the integration of renewable energy solutions. If Patna can overcome these obstacles, it will greatly enhance sustainable urban development, reduce fossil fuel consumption, and improve energy security. Furthermore, the adoption of rooftop solar will contribute to pollution reduction and support the natural ecosystem. This research focuses on resident-driven insights, which are key to the future success of smart cities. The methodology involves identifying barriers to public participation through a questionnaire survey conducted among 200 residents of Patna. Data adequacy was established using statistical tools, and factor analysis was utilized to evaluate the identified variables, supplemented by a correlation matrix for further examination. The study highlights the necessity of collaboration among government agencies, energy providers, and the public to foster a cooperative and supportive environment. The findings reveal three primary barriers relevant to Patna that could be addressed through public participation. This research aims to drive sustainable urban transformation by tackling the challenges to public engagement in rooftop solar PV adoption. By identifying and mitigating these obstacles through information systems, the study will offer valuable insights applicable not only in Patna but also in other cities, facilitating the accelerated integration of renewable energy solutions.

대중(對中) 위협 인식의 전이와 에너지 전환: 미국 시민 대상 서베이 실험을 통한 검증

This study aims to examine the impact of protectionist trade policies and public perception on the energy transition. Since the early 2010s, the rapid increase in production capacity and exports of renewable energy equipment, such as solar panels from China, has emerged as a major source of trade disputes. This has created a dilemma for U.S. policymakers, as the import and deployment of cost-effective Chinese solar panels have a dual effect: while they positively contribute to accelerating the energy transition, they also negatively impact the domestic renewable energy manufacturing sector by causing its decline. Against this backdrop, this research analyzes policy documents from the U.S. administration and Congress related to renewable energy promotion, alongside conducting a survey experiment with a representative sample of 1,117 U.S. citizens, stratified by residence, age, and gender. The findings reveal that the experimental group, which included the installation of Chinese solar panels, exhibited lower support for local solar power construction projects compared to the control group. These results demonstrate that the interplay between environmental and trade issues is evident even at the level of public perception. The study concludes that the observed trend of green protectionism in both policy and public perception may act as a barrier to the global energy transition.

ASSESSMENT OF SOLAR ENERGY POTENTIAL IN ZANGILAN, KALBAJAR AND QUBADLI DISTRICTS OF AZERBAIJAN ON THE SPRING EQUINOX

This article considers the main problems contributing East Zangezur, a region of strategic and ecological significance in Azerbaijan, has emerged as a focus of large-scale restoration efforts following its liberation. Comprising Jabrayil, Kalbajar, Lachin, Gubadli, and Zangilan districts, the district boasts diverse natural resources, including forests, rivers, and fertile soils. Despite the damage inflicted during the occupation, substantial progress is being made to restore the ecological balance, including forest regeneration, water purification, and renewable energy initiatives. This study emphasizes the solar energy potential of Zangilan, Kalbajar, and Gubadli districts, highlighting their geographical advantages and year-round sunlight availability. Detailed calculations of solar radiation and zenith angles on March 20th 2024 demonstrate the viability of solar projects in these areas. The findings underscore East Zangezur’s renewable energy prospects and its role in Azerbaijan’s sustainable development strategy. Keywords: East Zangezur, sustainable development, renewable energy, solar energy potential, solar panel installations

EXPERIMENTAL STUDY TO GAUGE THE INFLUENCE OF TILT ANGLE ON PHOTOVOLTAIC PANEL PERFORMANCE

Solar energy is the most significant form of renewable energy, and its efficiency is affected by the angle between the photovoltaic module and the sun. Research has been conducted to enhance its sustainability, cost-effectiveness, and efficiency. The power density of a PV module is highest when it is perpendicular to the sun's beam. Still, because the sun's angle with a fixed panel constantly changes, the power density on a fixed PV module is lower than that of the incident sunlight. Additionally, the earth's orbit and the changing seasons impact irradiance and reduce the output of fixed tilt angle panels. This study aims to estimate the power losses due to fixed PV panels using an analytical model and experimental data and compare the calculated output with data from solar panel installations. The results of this research can help overcome the drawbacks of fixed tilt angles, improve efficiency, increase solar energy production, and reduce dependence on environmentally harmful non-renewable energy sources.

Study and Analysis for High Performance of Hybridization Floating Solar Panels Technique with Hydropower

Addressing water and energy shortages in Iraq is of critical importance. In recent years, the country has faced challenges in energy supply due to a decrease in hydroelectric station production caused by several factors, such as high temperatures, lack of rainfall, and water evaporation. Installing floating solar panels is a modern technique to mitigate low energy production and reduce water evaporation. This study examines the feasibility of implementing this technique at Haditha Dam Station in Iraq using practical data obtained from simulation environments. The results showed that it is possible to preserve the water reserve and increase the production efficiency of the station by installing floating panels. The paper discusses various aspects of floating solar panel installations, including orientation, inclination angles, supporting structures for different environments, materials used, and modeling techniques through software applications like Homer.

Hybrid Solar Wind-Powered Luo DC-DC Converter with Adaptive Control for Enhanced Efficiency and Reliability

This paper aims at discussing the concept, design and setup of a renewable hybrid energy system incorporating Luo converters for photovoltaic (PV) charging system with solar & wind power sources. By engaging an Artificial Neural Network (ANN) for controlling and operating the system most effectively, the power flow control system smartly controls energy conversion and storage fortifying the effectiveness and dependability of renewable energy production. The Luo converter becomes the decisive part, and it could boost or buffer the frequencies of the DC voltage produced from the solar panels and wind turbines to fit the batteries and electronics. Also, the efficiency of the converter is high reducing energy losses, ensuring proper charging and powering operations under different input voltage ranges characteristic of renewable sources. System employs a charge controller which manages the charging currents, commonly used to control the rate of energy charge. Lastly, this hybrid renewable energy system improves both uses of solar and wind power and provides a stable power supply to the grid, making it contribute positively towards the integration of sustainable energy supply. This converter was designed to maximize efficiency with minimal ripples. These objectives would be achieved using an LCL filter. Here, the typical Luo converter circuit arrangement includes two inductors, two capacitors, and two switches. The input voltage is first selected by an inductor and the output current from the second inductor. The two capacitors along with the switches are in combination with the two inductors, thus forming an LCL filter. Now when the first switch is ON, it allows the input voltage feeding into the first inductor. As the result, the current flow increases. After the first switch is OFF and the second switch is ON, then the current passes through the LCL filter; thus, the output capacitor gets charged. Then the energy built up in the succeeding inductor gets transferred to the output capacitor. It raises the output voltage. In Luo converter, its functionality depends on the duty cycle of the switches. The duty cycle may be altered either in an increase or decrease, depending on which will be required for the output voltage in relation to the input voltage. Through the application of LCL filters, the Luo converter achieves higher efficiency and fewer ripple effects regardless of their working in high frequencies of switching. Luo converters are often implemented in applications in power electronics where efficiency needs to be kept high, like electric vehicles, renewable systems, and data centers. The first peak wave in solar structure installation took place during the 1980s and 1990s. Alongside growing environmental concern, government policies encouraged the use of solar power by offering some incentives for production. Many of the countries which led in that area were those like Japan or Germany, introducing feed-in tariffs and even subsiding the installation of solar panels, which proves to be quite cost-effective to individuals and firms. In this era, efficiencies for solar cells increased and installation prices dropped to a surprisingly small amount. The millennium turn was the decisive point of time for the industry of solar energy. After this point of time, the worldwide market was soaring at a rate which, up to the moment, was unknown at least in Europe and North America. Next to that technological progress followed step by step along with improvements of efficiency of thin-film solar cells and CSP amongst others. These technologies brought efficiency improvements besides bringing the total cost of solar energy systems to their lowest levels. The cost of solar panels had decreased by more than 80% in the 2010s, and the cost of solar energy had become one of the cheapest ways to produce electricity.

Trade and sustainable development: a case study of India-us solar trade dispute

It has been believed by economists that trade augurs well for income growth, which in turn, supports sustainable development. The United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) has prompted nations to create “mandatory renewable energy targets”, by taking into account the goal of sustainable development. One of the prominent sources of renewable energy is solar energy. In view of the push towards cleaner and greener alternatives of energy, renewable energy has emerged as a significant space of trade animosity. Objectives are to establish the link between trade and sustainable development and to examine the impact of solar trade dispute on the overall bilateral trade between India and United States of America (US). Methodology includes elucidating the timeline of India-US solar power dispute. Further, qualitative (case study) as well as quantitative analyses are done using secondary data. This is to find out if there has been any impact of this dispute on the total trade between the said countries, on a pre- and post-dispute basis (from 2008-2012 and 2013-2017, with the year 2013 as the mid-point, as it is co-terminus with the initiation of the dispute). The bone of contention was the accusation made by US that India was making use of locally-procured Photo-Voltaic (PV) cells under the Jawaharlal Nehru National Solar Mission (JNNSM) for the installation of solar panels. US stated that India’s Domestic Content Requirement (DCR) includes discrimination against solar equipment produced abroad. Furthermore, US contended that subsidies were being given to solar power producers who employed domestically produced equipment. Expected result is to glean trade balance and ties between India and USA.