Stability Of Patterns Research Articles

Effort, Lever, and Fulcrum Failures in the Development of Trendelenburg Sign and Gait: A Physiotherapist’s Insight

This short review explores how failures related to the fulcrum, lever, and effort of the hip joint contribute to the development of a positive Trendelenburg sign and gait. It highlights the anatomy and biomechanics of the hip joint, emphasising its function as a first-class lever essential for lower limb activities such as walking. The review discusses how various pathologies affecting the hip joint’s lever arm, fulcrum, and effort can lead to instability and compensatory gait patterns. By understanding the biomechanical principles and anatomical structures involved, healthcare professionals can devise effective interventions aimed at restoring normal hip function and improving patient outcomes.

Pathogenic Single Nucleotide Polymorphisms in RhoA Gene: Insights into Structural and Functional Impacts on RhoA-PLD1 Interaction through Molecular Dynamics Simulation

Molecular switches serve as key regulators of biological systems by acting as one of the crucial driving forces in the initiation of signal transduction pathway cascades. The Ras homolog gene family member A (RhoA) is one of the molecular switches that binds with GTP in order to cycle between an active GTP-bound state and an inactive GDP-bound state. Any aberrance in control over this circuit, particularly due to any perturbation in switching, leads to the development of different pathogenicity. Consequently, the single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) within the RhoA gene, especially deleterious genetic variations, are crucial to study to forecast structural alteration and their functional impacts in light of disease onset. In this comprehensive study, we employed a range of computational tools to screen the deleterious SNPs of RhoA from 207 nonsynonymous SNPs (nsSNPs). By utilizing 7 distinct tools for further analysis, 8 common deleterious SNPs were sorted, among them 5 nsSNPs (V9G, G17E, E40K, A61T, F171L) were found to be in the highly conserved regions, with E40K and A61T at G2 and G3 motif of the GTP-binding domain respectively, indicating potential perturbation in GTP/GDP binding ability of the protein. RhoA-GDP complex interacts with the enzyme phospholipase, specifically PLD1, to regulate different cellular activities. PLD1 is also a crucial regulator of thrombosis and cancer. In that line of focus, our initial structural analysis of Y66H, A61T, G17E, I86N, and I151T mutations of RhoA revealed remarkable decreased hydrophobicity from which we further filtered out G17E and I86N which may have potential impact on the RhoA-GDP-PLD1 complex. Intriguingly, the comparative 250 nanoseconds (ns) molecular dynamics (MD) simulation of these two mutated complexes revealed overall structural instability and altered interaction patterns. Therefore, further investigation into these deleterious mutations with in vitro and in vivo studies could lead to the identification of potential biomarkers in terms of different pathogenesis and could also be utilized in personalized therapeutic targets in the long run.

Instability analysis of Li-ion battery electrode particles induced by chemomechanical growth using incremental deformation theory

Volumetric swelling due to lithiation into active battery materials is a well-known phenomenon. A chemo-mechanical framework can suitably explain the deformations of the electrode and the generation of diffusion-induced stresses (DIS). Various experimental works have shown that the effects of DIS further cause the active material to lose its structural stability. However, relatively few frameworks exist that can investigate such phenomena in a comprehensive manner. These are mainly based on the Euler–Bernoulli beam theory and the von-Karman plate theory. In the present work we present a generalized three-dimensional instability framework incorporating the theory of incremental deformation. We use this theory on a widely used chemo-mechanical framework. Notably, similar existing instability investigations on negative electrode materials are based only on incompressible material behaviour. As opposed to it, in this work we have considered a compressible material. Also, we account for the spatial and temporal nature of growth, which is a significant departure from the existing instability frameworks. Therefore, this current work brings the investigation of structural instability of electrode material closer to physical reality. In our study, we use the compound matrix method to find the critical lithiation parameter. Then we consider three sets of problems, each with a particular combination of boundary conditions applied on the inner and outer cylindrical surfaces of hollow cylindrical anode particles. These are free-free, fixed-free, and free-fixed, where each combination represents a particular type of interaction between an electrode particle and its surroundings. Most importantly, we find that the free-free and fixed-free conditions show only a pure axial and mixed mode of instability, and do not show the pure circumferential mode. The free-fixed conditions, however, shows all three modes of instability. Additionally, the presence of mode crossover makes the instability pattern of such electrode particles significant.

Dual-mode draw resonance instability regulated by concentration fluctuation in the polymer solutions casting

Based on the two-fluid model, we successfully simulated the film casting process of the polymer solution system and observed the unique response wave of the film thickness and the concentration via applying perturbation. We identify that this instability pattern is essentially the product under the coupling effect of viscoelastic stress and osmotic pressure from fluctuations on different scales, which causes it to exhibit biperiodic characteristics. We call this new instability mode known as dual-mode draw resonance instability. Among them, the concentration oscillation predominates, thereby limiting the critical draw ratio Drc of the system. Through sorting out the molecular image of the polymer concentration response to perturbation, the relevant parameters are extracted, and the law of their influence on the Drc further verifies our conclusion and provides guidance for actual production.

Traumatic Cervical Facet Fractures and Dislocations.

Cervical facet injuries, though less common than other spinal injuries, represent a subset of subaxial cervical spine injuries and can present significant challenges in terms of diagnosis, management, and outcomes. A major concern with cervical facet fracture is identifying instability patterns that may necessitate surgical stabilization. Particularly in cases of cervical facet fracture dislocations, there remains controversy regarding requirements for closed reduction, timing, surgical approach, need for preoperative MRI, and method of fixation. This review article aims to provide a thorough understanding of the etiology, clinical presentation, diagnostic techniques, treatment options, and prognostic factors associated with cervical facet fractures.

Excitation and manipulation of super cavity solitons in multi-stable passive Kerr resonators

We report on the theoretical analysis as well as the numerical simulations about the nonlinear dynamics of cavity solitons in a passive Kerr resonator operating in the multistable regime under the condition of a sufficiently strong pump. In this regime, the adjacent tilted cavity resonances might overlap, thus leading to the co-existence of combinatory states of temporal cavity solitons and the extended modulation instability patterns. The cavity in the regime of multistablity may sustain distinct families of cavity solitons, vividly termed as super cavity solitons with much higher intensity and broader spectra if compared with those in the conventional bi-stable regime. The description of such complex cavity dynamics in the multstable regime requires either the infinite-dimensional Ikeda map, or the derived mean-field coupled Lugiato-Lefever equations by involving multiple contributing cavity resonances. With the latter model, we revealed the existence of different orders of super cavity solitons, whose stationary solutions were obtained by using the Newton-Raphson algorithm. Along this line, with the continuation calculation, we have plotted the Hopf / saddle-node bifurcation curves, thus identifying the existing map of the stable and breathing (super) cavity solitons. With this defined parameter space, we have proposed an efficient method to excite and switch the super cavity solitons by adding an appropriate intensity (or phase) perturbation on the pump. Such deterministic cavity soliton manipulation technique is demonstrated to underpin the multi-level coding, which may enable the large capacity all-optical buffering based on the passive fiber ring cavities.

Spatiotemporal dynamics of toxin producing phytoplankton–zooplankton interactions with Holling Type II functional responses

In this paper, we have studied the spatiotemporal dynamics of phytoplankton-zooplankton interactions using toxin-producing phytoplankton (TPP) with Holling type II functional responses. Toxin-producing phytoplankton (TPP) diffuses and reduces the grazing pressure on zooplankton. The grazing pressure of zooplankton is lessened by toxin-producing phytoplankton (TPP). The temporal system identifies all equilibrium points. Boundedness and local stability are established under specific parametric conditions. The conditions for the existence of a Hopf-bifurcation at the positive equilibrium by taking the half-saturation constant (b1), are also discussed. In a spatial system, we explored Turing instability conditions and patterns with an emphasis on the effect of diffusion variation. Furthermore, we obtained the time evaluation pattern formation of the spatial system. Moreover, the communities of toxin-producing phytoplankton (TPP) are essential to the marine ecosystem because they lessen the mortality of zooplankton caused by grazing pressure. Finally, the basic outcomes are mentioned along with numerical results to provide some support to the analytical findings.

The effect of diffusion on multistability and stochastic sensitivity in spatially extended systems

A spatially-extended reaction-diffusion model is considered. The work is focused on self-organization mechanisms of diffusion instability and Turing pattern formation. Pattern generation and multistability of the system is demonstrated for varying diffusion intensity. In the stochastic variant of the model, the sensitivity of coexisting patterns to noise is studied. The stochastic sensitivity function technique is used for the analysis of noise-induced transitions between patterns. Application of stochastic sensitivity functions is discussed on examples.

The BRIDGE project: a feasibility randomised controlled trial of brief, intensive assessment and integrated formulation for young people (age 14-24) with features of borderline personality disorder (Protocol).

Borderline personality disorder (BPD) is a severe mental disorder that is characterised by a pervasive pattern of instability of interpersonal relationships, self-image, and mood as well as marked impulsivity. BPD has its peak incidence and prevalence from puberty through to emerging adulthood. BPD is a controversial diagnosis in young people. Commonly, young people with BPD are under-diagnosed, untreated, are not in employment or training and are estranged from their families. Yet, they have complex needs and are at high suicide risk. To assess the feasibility of conducting a randomised controlled trial (f-RCT) of a BRIDGE, a brief intervention programme for young people (age 14-24) with BPD symptoms (sub-threshold or threshold) in a community sample from Scotland, UK. Forty young people (age 14-24) meeting criteria for BPD symptoms, will be randomised in a 1:1 ratio to receive either a) the BRIDGE intervention plus service-as-usual or b) service-as-usual alone. Follow up will be 12 weeks and 24 weeks post-intervention. The study is carried out between 2021 to 2024. The two primary outcomes of the MQ funded, BRIDGE project (f-RCT) are i. recruitment rates and ii. retention rates. The study will present the acceptability and appropriateness of our putative outcome measures for a future definitive randomised controlled trial (d-RCT). Young people with BPD benefit from good clinical care and targeted intervention, however are regularly missed or mislabelled. The community based feasibility trial would provide initial evidence of variable needs of young people with complex needs, who maybe missed or excluded from services as they don't "fit" a model/diagnosis. Workable multi-agency service model proposed in the trial would be a major advance in understanding care pathways regardless of trial outcome. ClinicalTrial.gov, identifier NCT05023447.

Housing instability patterns among low-income, urban Black young adults in California and associations with mental health outcomes: baseline data from a randomized waitlist-controlled trial

BackgroundDeep-rooted racial residential segregation and housing discrimination have given rise to housing disparities among low-income Black young adults in the US. Most studies have focused on single dimensions of housing instability, and thus provide a partial view of how Black young adults experience multiple, and perhaps overlapping, experiences of housing instability including homelessness, frequent moves, unaffordability, or evictions. We aimed to illuminate the multiple forms of housing instability that Black young adults contend with and examine relationships between housing instability and mental health outcomes.MethodsUsing baseline data from the Black Economic Equity Movement (BEEM) guaranteed income trial with 300 urban low-income Black young adults (aged 18–24), we conducted a three-stage latent class analysis using nine housing instability indicators. We identified distinct patterns by using fit indices and theory to determine the optimal number of latent classes. We then used multinomial logistic regression to identify subpopulations disproportionately represented within unstable housing patterns. Finally, we estimated associations between housing experience patterns and mental health outcomes: depression, anxiety, and hope.ResultsWe found high prevalence of housing instability with 27.3% of participants reporting experiences of homelessness in the prior year and 39.0% of participants reporting multiple measures of housing instability. We found the 4-class solution to be the best fitting model for the data based on fit indices and theory. Latent classes were characterized as four housing experience patterns: 1) more stably housed, 2) unaffordable and overcrowded housing, 3) mainly unhoused, and 4) multiple dimensions of housing instability. Those experiencing unaffordable and overcrowded housing and being mainly unhoused were more than four times as likely to have symptoms of depression (Unaffordable: aOR = 4.57, 95% CI: 1.64, 12.72; Unhoused: aOR = 4.67, 95% CI:1.18, 18.48) and more than twice as likely to report anxiety (Unaffordable: aOR = 2.28, 95% CI: 1.03, 5.04; Unhoused: aOR = 3.36, 95% CI: 1.12, 10.05) compared to the more stably housed pattern. We found that hope scores were similarly high across patterns.ConclusionsHigh prevalence of housing instability and mental health challenges among low-income Black young adults demands tailored interventions to reduce instability, given widening racial disparities and implications for future well-being into adulthood.

Geometrical incompatibility regulated pattern selection and morphological evolution in growing spherical soft tissues

Surface morphological patterns are widely observed in natural systems, which are closely correlated to vital biological functions and inspire surface morphology designs in soft matter systems. Geometrical incompatibility widely exists in biological tissues across different length scales and plays an important role in growth-induced pattern selection and morphological evolution of soft tissues. However, the underlying physical mechanism of growth-induced pattern formation and post-buckling evolution in geometrically incompatible spherical soft tissues remain elusive. Here, the effect of geometrical incompatibility on the growth-induced pattern selection and post-buckling evolution are investigated through swelling experiment, theoretical analysis and numerical simulation. The results show that not only the instability pattern but also the instability threshold can be regulated by manipulating geometric incompatibility. Notably, when the geometrical incompatibility parameter exceeds a critical value, spontaneous instability is observed before growth. With continuous growth, the core–shell soft sphere buckles into a periodic buckyball pattern and evolves toward a bean-shaped pattern, and then undergoes a wrinkle-to-fold transition into a labyrinth topography. Our results demonstrate, both experimentally and theoretically, that geometrical incompatibility can guide the growth-induced pattern formation and morphological evolution effectively. This study not only enhances our understanding of the growth-induced pattern selection and morphological evolution in spherical soft tissues, but also provides an inspiring insight for the fabrication of morphological patterns on curved surfaces.

A comprehensive investigation on flame flickering characteristics of premixed conical flame at different inclination angles

To thoroughly investigate how the inclination angle affects the flickering of premixed conical flames, a series of experiments and simulations were carried out. Propane-air conical flames were established on a Bunsen burner, and various inclination angles were tested, resulting in a wide range of flame flickering frequency data. The findings revealed that the further the inclination angle deviates from 0°, the lower the flickering frequency. Consequently, an empirical correlation that factors in the inclination angle was developed. To gain a more comprehensive understanding of the flame flickering behavior under different gas inclination angles, researchers utilized Particle Image Velocimetry (PIV) and numerical simulation to visualize the velocity fields of a typical flame. The results demonstrated that deviated inclination angles not only alter the shear strength between the burnt gas and surrounding gas but also significantly change the flame flickering mode. These factors lead to various Kelvin-Helmholtz instability patterns and vortex shedding modes, ultimately impacting flickering frequency.

Exploiting interfacial instability during peeling a flexible plate from elastic films

Adhesive interactions between soft materials are prevalent in both biological systems and various engineering applications, including soft robots, flexible electronics, and antifouling coatings. Many studies have demonstrated that cavitation and fingering instabilities emerge at the adhesive interface between rigid objects and soft films, owing to the geometric attributes of the contact region. However, in the context of peeling configurations, defining the geometric features is challenging, resulting in relatively scant exploration of interfacial instabilities. Hence, the modulation of instability patterns during the peeling process of a flexible plate from a thin elastic film, alongside the consequential effects on mechanical responses, remains poorly understood. To elucidate the mechanisms underlying interfacial instability during peeling process and its impacts on peel-off force, we use finite element methods to simulate the evolution of interface separation. Consistent with previous experimental observations, we find that the interfacial instability will occur when the bending stiffness of the flexible plate is bigger than a critical value. We show that the interfacial instability is mainly induced by the competition between the adhesion energy and the strain energy of the film, and the incompressibility of the thin film is critical for the appearance of the interfacial instability. Combining theory and finite element simulation, we propose the scaling laws for the critical peel-off force for stable and unstable peelings, respectively, and show that the critical peel-off force will decrease when the interfacial instability occurs. Finally, we demonstrate that weakening the tangential adhesion strength and loosening the constraints between the film and the rigid substrate effectively suppress fingering instability. Collectively, our findings elucidate the pivotal factors influencing interfacial instability, offering invaluable insights for the design of structures or systems involving soft materials.

Feasibility and Growth Dynamics of Mustard Farming in Uttar Pradesh and Bundelkhand Region of U.P. India

Bundelkhand is a region of central India lying in Uttar Pradesh and Madhya Pradesh. It is one of the least socio-economically developed regions of the country mainly due to regular incidence of drought and erratic rainfall. Mustard is one of the most important oilseed crop of rabi season for Bundelkhand region on the basis of area under the crop. With the limited resources, there has been a noticeable change in the area, production and productivity of mustard. Apart from edible oil, it also has industrial use in producing items like varnishes, soaps, paints, hydrogenated oil, perfumery, lubricants, etc. The study is an attempt to examine the pattern of growth, instability, cost and return of production of mustard crops at state (Uttar Pradesh) and regional (Bundelkhand region of Uttar Pradesh) level. Study is based on secondary data obtained from various published sources. Compound Annual Growth Rate, coefficient of variation, Commission for Agricultural Costs & Prices (CACP) cost concept and returns were used as analytical tools to assess the financial suitability and performance of the crop in both the Uttar Pradesh and Bundelkhand region. It was observed that the growth in area (2.94%) and production (4.36%) of mustard crop in Bundelkhand region was increasing at a higher rate as that of Uttar Pradesh. Higher net return was earned by the farmer growing mustard in Uttar Pradesh than the farmer of Bundelkhand region.

Detecting microsatellite instability by length comparison of microsatellites in the 3' untranslated region with RNA-seq.

Microsatellite instability (MSI), a phenomenon caused by deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) mismatch repair system deficiencies, is an important biomarker in cancer research and clinical diagnostics. MSI detection often involves next-generation sequencing data, with many studies focusing on DNA. Here, we introduce a novel approach by measuring microsatellite lengths directly from ribonucleic acid sequencing (RNA-seq) data and comparing its distribution to detect MSI. Our findings reveal distinct instability patterns between MSI-high (MSI-H) and microsatellite stable samples, indicating the efficacy of RNA-based MSI detection. Additionally, microsatellites in the 3'-untranslated regions showed the greatest predictive value for MSI detection. Notably, this efficacy extends to detecting MSI-H samples even in tumors not commonly associated with MSI. Our approach highlights the utility of RNA-seq data in MSI detection, facilitating more precise diagnostics through the integration of various biological data.

Human gut microbiota interactions shape the long-term growth dynamics and evolutionary adaptations of Clostridioides difficile.

Clostridioides difficile can transiently or persistently colonize the human gut, posing a risk factor for infections. This colonization is influenced by complex molecular and ecological interactions with human gut microbiota. By investigating C. difficile dynamics in human gut communities over hundreds of generations, we show patterns of stable coexistence, instability, or competitive exclusion. Lowering carbohydrate concentration shifted a community containing C. difficile and the prevalent human gut symbiont Phocaeicola vulgatus from competitive exclusion to coexistence, facilitated by increased cross-feeding. In this environment, C. difficile adapted via single-point mutations in key metabolic genes, altering its metabolic niche from proline to glucose utilization. These metabolic changes substantially impacted inter-species interactions and reduced disease severity in the mammalian gut. In sum, human gut microbiota interactions are crucial in shaping the long-term growth dynamics and evolutionary adaptations of C. difficile, offering key insights for developing anti-C. difficile strategies.

Sacral Fractures Treatment: Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis

Abstract Background The sacrum is a keystone structure that is important to the structural integrity of the base of the spinal column and posterior pelvic ring. Therefore, depending on the fracture pattern, fracture of the sacrum may have implications on posterior pelvic or spinopelvic stability. Sacral fracture classifications are based on fracture location, pattern of instability, and risk of neurologic deficits. Objective To review the literature about sacral fractures and to provide cumulative data about the outcome of different surgical modalities in management of sacral fractures. Patients and Methods This review was done using standard methodology outlined in the Cochrane Handbook and reported the findings in accordance with the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-analyses (PRISMA) statement guidelines. Results We found 176 record; of them 82 unique records identified (duplicate removed) by the database searches; 94 were excluded based on title and Abstractreview; 82 article are searched for eligibility by full text review; 33 article cannot be accessed; 8 studies were reviews and case reports; 17 were not describing functional outcome; the desired procedure not used in 10 studies leaving 14 studies that met all inclusion criteria. Data Sources Medline databases (PubMed, Medscape, ScienceDirect. EMF-Portal) and all materials available in the Internet till 2022. Conclusion Spinopelvic surgical stabilization represents the “gold standard” for sacral fractures treatment, this technique guarantees stability, neutralizes flexion deformation, allowing early mobilization of the patient, ensuring a reduction of comorbidities and a better recovery of neurologic lesions.

Paper 46: Modern Hip Arthroscopy for FAIS Delays the Natural History of Osteoarthritis in a Fourth of Patients: A 12-Year Follow-Up Analysis

Objectives: Little is known about the impact of modern hip arthroscopy on the natural history of femoroacetabular impingement syndrome (FAIS) with respect to joint preservation. The purpose of this investigation was to (1) characterize the natural history of FAIS and (2) understand the impact of modern hip arthroscopy by radiographically comparing the hips of patients who underwent only unilateral primary hip arthroscopy with a minimum follow-up of ten years. Methods: Between 2010-2012, 619 consecutive patients were reviewed from the practice of a single fellowship-trained hip arthroscopist. Inclusion criteria were FAIS, primary unilateral hip arthroscopy (labral repair, femoroplasty, capsular closure), and minimum ten-year follow-up. The preoperative and minimum ten-year postoperative radiographs of patients were evaluated at each timepoint. Both operative and nonoperative hips were graded using the Tönnis classification or the presence of hip arthroplasty by two independent reviewers. Subgroup analyses were performed. Results: A total of 200 hips from 100 patients were available with 74% follow-up at a mean of 12.0 years were evaluated. The nonoperative hip advanced to a worse Tönnis grade in 48% (48/100) of cases compared to 28% (28/100) among operative hips (Table 1). At follow-up, Tönnis grades between hips were equal in 70% (70/100) of the cases, the operative hip had a better grade 25% (25/100) of the time, and the nonoperative hip had a better grade 5% (5/100) of the time (Table 2). Modern hip arthroscopy conferred a relative risk reduction of 42% in osteoarthritis progression. Borderline dysplasia, age, preoperative Tönnis grade, and alpha angle > 65° were key risk factors in the radiographic progression of osteoarthritis. Conclusions: While the majority of patients (70%) undergoing hip arthroscopy for FAIS did not experience differences between operative and nonoperative hips in terms of the radiographic progression of osteoarthritis, the natural history was favorably altered in a quarter of patients after arthroscopic correction (Figure 1). Modern hip arthroscopy indications and techniques represent a valid joint preservation procedure conferring a relative risk reduction of 42% in the progression of osteoarthritis. Mixed patterns of impingement and instability that underwent arthroscopy were the fastest to degenerate.

Characterization of intraoperative hemodynamic instability in patients undergoing general anesthesia

BackgroundIntraoperative hypotension (IOH) has been associated with increased postoperative morbidity and mortality, emphasizing the importance of maintaining hemodynamic stability during general anesthesia. The Hypotension Prediction Index (HPI) is a recently developed tool obtained from the arterial pressure waveform for predicting the likelihood of hypotension and reflecting the level of hemodynamic instability (HI).MethodsIn this retrospective observational cohort study, we analyzed anonymized data that were prospectively collected in patients having major abdominal surgery in six Spanish centers during 2022. We analyzed data from patients who underwent general anesthesia and required intraoperative monitoring with the Hemosphere monitoring system and HPI software. We defined five patterns of HI using a decision-making algorithm based on cardiovascular pathophysiology: absolute and relative hypovolemia, vasoplegia, and myocardial depression with and without vasoplegia.ResultsAfter analyzing 2,038 hours of hemodynamic monitoring from 393 patients, 1,946 episodes of HI were identified. Vasoplegia was the most common type of HI, accounting for 50.1% HI episodes. Absolute and relative hypovolemia were the next most frequent types, contributing 30.7% and 15.5% of the HI episodes.ConclusionsWe identified five distinct patterns of hemodynamic instability based on the evaluation of hemodynamic parameters underlying arterial hypotension during general anesthesia for patients undergoing major abdominal surgery. Vasoplegia was found to be the most frequent type. These novel classifications can help guide targeted treatment strategies for managing hemodynamic instability and reducing the risk of intraoperative hypotension.

Afterlives of the Persian Gifts to Versailles

AbstractThe fate of diplomatic gifts after their presentation can reveal patterns of instability and shifting narratives on the items themselves and how they were perceived and received at the time. Often, these important pieces of material evidence disappear or are decontextualised from their exchange. This has been the case with the Persian embassy to Louis XIV's court at Versailles in 1715, where the gifts that were presented to the Sun King were thought to have been lost. This paper traces the afterlives of two of the gifted items: a string of pearls and two gold boxes of mumia. Each of these gifts were retained by the French administration and can be tracked through the eighteenth century. Their journeys reveal much about their evolving significances and the re‐evaluations that occurred once they entered the French collections.