Soluble Fiber Research Articles

Effect of soluble dietary fiber from corn bran on pasting, retrogradation, and digestion characteristics of corn starch

Effect of soluble dietary fiber from corn bran on pasting, retrogradation, and digestion characteristics of corn starch

Effects of combining ultrasound and dual enzymolysis with hydroxypropylation, acrylate grafting, or phosphate grafting on the physicochemical and functional properties of oil palm mesocarp expeller dietary fiber

Oil palm mesocarp expeller is an abundant and low-cost dietary fiber resource, but its poor hydration and adsorption properties limit its utilization in foods. Therefore, ultrasound and enzymolysis combined with hydroxypropylation, acrylate grafting, or phosphate grafting were used to improve the adsorption properties of oil palm mesocarp expeller fiber (OPMEDF) for the first time. The results revealed that these composite modifications made the microstructure of OPMEDF more porous, and significantly increased its soluble fiber content, surface area, hydration properties, and sorption abilities of glucose, nitrite, copper, and lead ions but decreased its brightness. OPMEDF modified by ultrasound, enzymolysis, and acrylate grafting had the highest content of extractable polyphenol and sorption abilities on oil and nitrite ion. OPMEDF subjected to ultrasound, enzymolysis, and phosphate grafting showed the highest water-swelling volume (3.84 mL∙g‒1) and sorption abilities of copper (II) and lead (II) ions. Notably, OPMEDF modified by ultrasound, enzymolysis, and hydroxypropylation exhibited the highest soluble fiber content (14.72 g∙100 g‒1), water-retention ability (5.22 g∙g‒1), viscosity (13.90 cp), and glucose adsorption capacity (38.18 g∙100 g‒1). These results indicated that these composite modifications are good options to improve the adsorption capacities of OPMEDF and can expand its potential hypoglycemic and hypolipidemic effects.

Effects of water-insoluble wheat bran-fraction powder on disease activity and caecal microbiota in dextran sodium sulphate-induced inflammatory bowel disease mouse model.

Water-soluble arabinoxylan exerts anti-colitic effect and exhibits ameliorative activity in an inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) mouse model. Water soluble fibre from wheat bran (WB) also exhibits anti-colitic effect. However, arabinoxylan is a primary compound of insoluble polysaccharide (hemicellulose) in WB. This study aimed to clarify the anti-IBD effects of the WB water-soluble (WBS) and water-insoluble (WBI) fractions. WB suspension was autoclaved and fractionated to WBS and WBI. C57BL/6 mice were divided into control (CT), dextran sodium sulphate (DSS), WBI, and WBS groups. They were fed as follows from day 1: CT, standard diet and distilled water; DSS and WBI, 3% (w/v) DSS in drinking water; WBI, 8% (w/w) WBI diet; and WBS, 50% (v/v) WBS and 3% (w/v) DSS in water. DSS group mice showed diarrhoea, body weight reduction, and blood in faeces by day 5 and colon tissue damage by day 6. These inflammatory indices were significantly inhibited by treatment with WBI. Amplicon sequencing of the 16S rDNA (V4) gene of the caecal contents of the CT, DSS, and WBI groups showed that the abundances of Escherichia, Allobaculum, and Bacteroidaceae increased and that of Faecalibaculum decreased in the DSS group. KEGG pathway prediction showed that amino acid metabolism and lipopolysaccharide biosynthesis decreased and increased, respectively, in the DSS group. However, WBI treatment tended to suppress these effects. WBI, rather than WBS, reduces inflammation and maintains the gut microbiota. However, further studies are warranted to elucidate the properties of the WBI active components and efficacy of WBI metabolites on gut microbiota, particularly on Faecalibaculum.

High barley intake in non-obese individuals is associated with high natto consumption and abundance of butyrate-producing bacteria in the gut: a cross-sectional study.

Barley, abundant in β-glucan, a soluble dietary fiber, holds promise in obesity prevention. Given the microbial metabolism of dietary fiber in the gastrointestinal tract, we investigated the role of gut microbiota in non-obese individuals consuming high levels of barley. Our study enrolled 185 participants from "The cohort study on barley and the intestinal environment (UMIN000033479)." Comprehensive physical examinations, including blood tests, were conducted, along with separate assessments of gut microbiome profiling and dietary intake. Participants were categorized into high and low barley consumption groups based on the median intake, with non-obese individuals in the high intake group identified as barley responders while participants with obesity were designated as non-responders. We compared the relative abundance of intestinal bacteria between these groups and used multivariate analysis to assess the association between intestinal bacteria and barley responders while controlling for confounding factors. Among the fermented food choices, responders exhibited notably higher consumption of natto (fermented soybeans) than non-responders. Moreover, after adjusting for confounders, Butyricicoccus and Subdoligranulum were found to be significantly more prevalent in the intestines of responders. Given natto's inclusion of Bacillus subtilis, a glycolytic bacterium, and the butyrate-producing capabilities of Butyricicoccus and Subdoligranulum, it is hypothesized that fiber degradation and butyrate production are likely to be enhanced within the digestive tract of barley responders.

On review on herbal drug and drug interactions

Herbal drugs are defined as any form of a plant or plant product that contains a single herb or combinations of herbs that are believed to have complementary effects. Although they are considered to be safe, because they are natural, they may have various adverse effects, and may interact with other herbal products or conventional drugs. These interactions are especially important for drugs with narrow therapeutic indices. Concurrent use of herbs may mimic, magnify, or oppose the effect of drugs. Plausible cases of herb-drug interactions include: bleeding when warfarin is combined with ginkgo (Ginkgo biloba), garlic (Allium sativum), dong quai (Angelica sinensis), or danshen (Salvia miltiorrhiza); mild serotonin syndrome in patients who mix St John’s wort (Hypericum perforatum) with serotonin-reuptake inhibitors; decreased bioavailability of digoxin, theophylline, cyclosporin, and phenprocoumon when these drugs are combined with St John’s wort; induction of maniain depressed patients who mix antidepressants and Panax ginseng; exacerbation of extrapyramidal effects with neuroleptic drugs and betel nut (Areca catechu); increased risk of hypertension when tricyclic antidepressants are combined with yohimbine (Pausinystalia yohimbe); potentiation of oral and topical corticosteroids by liquorice (Glycyrrhiza glabra); decreased blood concentrations of prednisolone when taken with the Chinese herbal product xaio chai hu tang (sho-saiko-to); and decreased concentrations of phenytoin when combined with the Ayurvedic syrup shankhapushpi. Anthranoid-containing plants (including senna [Cassia senna] and cascara [Rhamnus purshiana]) and soluble fibres (including guar gum and psyllium) can decrease the absorption of drugs.

Phytochemicals and Functional Properties of Pitaya Juice Powders.

Crassulacean acid metabolism plants, such as Stenocereus spp., are climate warming-resilient crops used as food and for by-products elaboration in arid and semi-arid agroecosystems. A few studies on secondary metabolites have been conducted in pitayo fruit (PF), but there are no reports of these compounds in juice powders (JP) with (JPS) or without seeds (JPWS). This study was devoted to characterizing the juice powders (JPS and JPWS) of five pitayas with different flesh colors with regard to some phytochemical and functional attributes. The study was conducted with a completely random design with factorial arrangement in treatments (PF × JP). Differences among pitayas were related to peel and flesh color attributes. Except for soluble dietary fiber, the remainder of the non-digestible carbohydrates were greater in JPS than in JPWS of all pitayas. Phenols and flavonoids were found to be the highest in the JPWS of all pitayas, whereas total saponins were the highest in JPS of the 'Pink' pitaya. The JPWS of the 'Yellow' and 'Reddish-Purple' pitayas had the highest content of betaxanthins and indicaxanthins, respectively. Antioxidant capacity was the highest in JPS of 'Reddish-Purple' and 'Pink' pitayas. Except for some phenolic compounds, the study suggests that pitayas' JPS would benefit human health when freshly consumed or as elaborated by-products.

The dietary fiber and micronutrient composition of traditional foods from Lebanon and their contribution to dietary adequacy: A call for action

Traditional Lebanese cuisine is based on traditional dishes, where Arabic sweets play an important role in daily consumption. This study focuses on the evaluation of total fibers and trace elements, especially vitamins A, D, E, and C of traditional foods and Arabic sweets commonly consumed in Lebanon by chemical analysis. A total of thirty types of Arabic sweets were chosen from reputable confectionery establishments, while thirty varieties of traditional Lebanese dishes were collected from central kitchens in the main Lebanese governorates. It was discovered that 23% percent of Arabic sweets and 30% of traditional dishes were rich in total dietary fiber. Moreover, Arabic sweets had trace amounts of vitamin A, vitamin E, and vitamin C. In specific sweets, vitamin A content showed variability, with values ranging from 8ug to 15 ug per 100 g of edible portions. Most of the traditional dishes contained traces of vitamin C. However, Tabboula stood out as the only dish that contributed to over 23% of the recommended daily value for vitamin C. Trace amounts of vitamins A, D, E, and C were present in almost all traditional Lebanese foods and Arabic sweets. This study revealed that these foods lack essential micronutrients and total dietary fibers.

Path coefficient analysis unraveled nutrient factors directly impacted the textural characteristics of cooked whole-grain purple rice.

Whole-grain pigmented rice (WCP) provides many nutritional benefits compared to non-pigmented varieties. The textural quality of cooked whole-grain rice, particularly its hardness, is crucial for consumers' preferences. We investigated the impact of multiple-grain nutrient components on textural attributes through Pearson Correlation and Path Coefficient Analyses (PCA). From correlation analysis, we found that the dietary fibre index (DFI), soluble and insoluble fibre (SDF and IDF), and amylose/amylopectin contents (AC/AP) influenced hardness (HRD) significantly. Nonetheless, the binary correlation failed to detect the impact of protein on hardness; instead, it strongly affected adhesiveness (ADH). The PCA revealed protein, AC/AP, and DFI significantly impacted HRD and ADH. Furthermore, DFI antagonised protein and AC/AP to define HRD, while AC/AP and DFI opposed the direct effects of protein on ADH. DFI's effects on HRD were more appealing among low AC than high or waxy rice groups. Instead, the effect of protein was more appealing among waxy rice varieties. Based on PCA, rice breeders can now rely on three nutrient factors, protein, DFI, and AC/AP, to redesign whole-grain pigmented rice to achieve consumer acceptance and well-being.

Ultrasonic‐assisted enhancement of malt characteristics in amaranth: A study on physicochemical, amino acid, sugar profile, rheological properties, and muffin making

AbstractBackground and ObjectiveThis study aimed to assess the potential of incorporating ultrasonication treatment into the soaking process before germination as a method to enhance the nutritional profile of amaranth. While ultrasound has been used to expedite germination in various grains, its impact on germinated grains from a food science perspective remains underexplored. The research focused on the effects of ultrasonication on the composition, functional, and rheological properties of amaranth grains post‐germination.FindingsThe study revealed that germination alone significantly increased γ‐aminobutyric acid (GABA), protein content, phenolic acids, amino acids, and total dietary fiber while reducing phytic acid and rheological parameters. Incorporating ultrasonication during soaking further elevated amino acids, GABA, protein, and phenolic acid levels. Notably, ultrasonication increased protein content by 25%, antioxidants by 35%, and dietary fiber by 20%, and attributed to cell wall breakdown and enhanced enzymatic activity during germination. Phytic acid levels decreased by up to 95% with prolonged ultrasonication, enhancing nutritional quality. Additionally, GABA levels revealed a significant rise, with an 82% and 87% increase in the Annapurna and Durga varieties, respectively. The study also found that ultrasonication led to reduced starch content, decreased pasting properties, and increased sugar content in the grains. Muffins made with ultrasonicated amaranth showed lower water activity levels, indicating better shelf stability, though specific volume decreased due to starch breakdown and increased amylase activity.ConclusionThe study demonstrates that ultrasonication combined with germination is an effective method for enhancing the nutritional and functional properties of amaranth grains. This method significantly boosts health‐promoting components like GABA, proteins, and antioxidants while also affecting key baking quality parameters.Significance and NoveltyThis research introduces a novel application of ultrasonication to improve the physiochemical, antioxidant, functional, and rheological properties of amaranth grains. The findings suggested a promising strategy for developing nutrient‐rich, functional food ingredients, addressing the growing demand for healthier food products.

The Effects of Corncob and Xylanase Supplementation on Performance, Ileal Digestibility, Intestinal Morphology, Gastrointestinal pH and Serum Biochemical Traits in the Broiler Chickens

This study evaluated the effects of corncob as a source of insoluble fibre and xylanase enzyme on broiler chicken performance, ileal digestibility, intestinal morphology, gastrointestinal pH, and serum biochemical traits. 256-one-day-old (Ross 308) broiler chicks were randomly given six diets for 24 days: a control diet with 0%, 2.5%, or 5% corncob, with or without xylanase, in a 3 × 2 factorial arrangement. Then, chicks were given the control diet with or without xylanase until they reached 42 days. Adding corncob to diets reduced performance during the grower phase (P≤0.05), but when removed, the performance did not differ from the control (P≥0.05). Corncob reduced ash digestibility and cholesterol levels (P≤0.05) while increasing the relative weight of the heart, gizzard, and duodenum and improving the ileal villus high-to-crypt depth ratio (P≤0.05). The feed conversion ratio increased due to corncob inclusion in diets at the starter and grower phases (P≤0.05) but did not differ from the control at the finisher phase. Xylanase supplementation improved performance, nutrient digestibility, intestinal histomorphology, and reduced cecum weight with digestive tract pH (P≤0.05). Therefore, adding corncob with xylanase enzyme to broiler chickens' diet does not negatively impact their performance. On the contrary, it improves the broilers' health and reduces production costs.

Effects of soybean insoluble dietary fiber and CaCl2 on the structure and properties of low-moisture extruded products.

Texturized vegetable protein is currently a leading alternative to animal meat. This study examined the effects of soybean insoluble dietary fiber (SIDF) (0% to 20%) and CaCl2 (0% to 1%) on the structure and properties of extruded products made from a soybean protein isolate-wheat gluten (SPI-WG) composite. The study showed that SIDF (4% to 8%) increased the viscosity of extruded products, enhanced their specific mechanical energy, and improved their rehydration rate and tensile strength compared with a control group. The rehydration rate of the extruded products reached a maximum value of 331.67% in the 8% SIDF, 0.5% CaCl2 groups. The addition of excess SIDF prevented the cross-linking of protein molecules to form a loose network structure. Analysis of the infrared spectrum and intermolecular forces showed that physical interactions between fibers and proteins were the dominant forces, with hydrophobic interactions and hydrogen bonds primarily maintaining the structure of the extruded products. The addition of CaCl2 (0.5%) led to protein aggregation and further improved the rehydration and tensile strength of extruded products. Soybean insoluble dietary fiber can improve the rehydration rate and quality of extruded products. The addition of CaCl2 mitigated the weakening of the protein structure caused by excess SIDF. These results provide a basis for the improvement of the quality of low-moisture-extruded texturized vegetable protein products with a high dietary fiber concentration and a high rehydration rate. © 2024 Society of Chemical Industry.

Extraction of Soluble Dietary Fiber from Sunflower Receptacles (Helianthus annuus L.) and Its Alleviating Effect on Constipation in Mice.

Sunflower receptacles are the main by-product of the processing of Helianthus annuus L. In this study, several extraction methods of soluble dietary fiber (SDF) from sunflower receptacles were evaluated, and then, the physicochemical structure and functional properties of these SDFs were examined. Finally, a mouse constipation model was established to explore its therapeutic potential for constipation. The results showed that the SDF yield of citric acid extraction and enzyme extraction was better than that of hot-water extraction. Structural characterization showed that the three SDF functional groups were similar and amorphous, while the surface distribution of the SDF obtained by the citric acid extraction method (ASDF) had more fine pores. Physicochemical analysis showed that ASDF had the best water-holding capacity, oil-holding capacity, and expansion force. Animal experiments showed that the first black stool defecation time of the model group changed significantly (p < 0.001), indicating that the model was successful. Compared with the model group, the middle- and high-dose groups reduced the first black stool defecation time (p < 0.05 or p < 0.01) and increased the fecal water content (p < 0.05). The high-dose group significantly promoted the intestinal peristalsis of mice (p < 0.05). From hematoxylin-eosin (H&E) staining, it can be seen that the three dose groups of ASDF can improve the damage of mouse colon tissue induced by loperamide hydrochloride to a certain extent. Our results show that ASDF has good physical and chemical properties and laxative properties and has broad development space in the field of health food.

Productivity and economic performance of Nellore young bulls fed diets with increasing fiber content.

Adequate neutral detergent insoluble fiber (NDF) content in the total diet can improve intake efficiency, prevent rumen disorders, and enhance the health and performance of feedlot-finished beef cattle. We hypothesized that an increase in dietary fiber levels would decrease the productive performance but increase the economic performance of young bulls in confinement. Thus, it was aimed to evaluate the effect of increasing fiber levels on feed intake, wastage, and productive and economic performance of Nellore young bulls finished in confinement. We used 20 Nellore cattle, non-castrated males, 30 months old, and average body weight (BW) of 416.35 ± 2.2kg distributed in a completely randomized design, kept in individual stalls. Animals were divided into four treatments consisting of four levels of neutral detergent insoluble fiber (NDF) (25%, 30%, 35%, and 40% NDF) in total DM. Nutrient intake, feed conversion, feed waste, body weight (BW) at slaughter, total weight gain (TWG), average daily gain (ADG), hot carcass weight (HCW), and carcass yield (CR) were evaluated. In addition, economic parameters (revenue, food expenses, and gross margin) were calculated and compared. The dry matter (DMI), organic matter (OMI), crude protein (CPI), and ether extract (EEI) intakes showed quadratic behavior. The DMI maximum estimated was 28.5% NDF in the diet. The NDF and ADF intakes showed a positive linear effect and the starch intake had a negative linear effect. There was a significant positive linear effect (P < 0.05) for the variables total mixed ration (TMR) offered and daily and total RTM intake. Minimum RTM wastage was estimated with a diet containing 30% NDF. The maximum points for BW at slaughter, HCW, and ADG were 29.9%; 29.6%, and 25% NDF, respectively. The costs of concentrate and silage showed a positive linear behavior, as did the ADG costs and the carcass equivalent cost (P < 0.05). The maximum point of the revenue estimate (US$/animal) was 29.9% of NDF, 26.1% of NDF for the total expenditure on food (US$/animal), and 32.5% of NDF for the gross margin (U$/animal). In conclusion, the animals fed a 30% NDF diet showed the best performance and economics, in addition to less food waste. We recommend 25 to 32.5% of NDF in the diet to obtain maximum productive and economic performance when finishing Nellore young bulls in confinement.

Influences of superfine-grinding and mix enzymolysis alone or combined with hydroxypropylation or acetylation on the hypolipidemic and hypoglycemic properties of coconut endosperm residue fiber.

Coconut endosperm residue is an abundant and low-cost resource of dietary fiber, but the low soluble fiber content limits its functional properties and applications in the food industry. To improve the hypolipidemic and hypoglycemic properties, coconut endosperm residue fiber (CERF) was modified by superfine-grinding and mix enzymatic hydrolysis alone, or combined with acetylation or hydroxypropylation. The effects of these modifications on the structure and functional properties were studied using scanning electron microscopy, Fourier-transformed infrared spectroscopy, and in vitro tests. After these modifications, the microstructure of CERF became more porous, and its soluble fiber content, surface area, water adsorption, and expansion capacities were all improved (p < 0.05). Moreover, superfine-grinding and mix enzymolysis combined with acetylation treated CERF showed the highest surface hydrophobicity (48.96) and cholesterol and cholate adsorption abilities (33.72 and 42.04mg∙g‒1). Superfine-grinding-, mix enzymolysis-, and hydroxypropylation-treated CERF exhibited the highest viscosity (17.84 cP), glucose adsorption capacity (29.61µmol∙g‒1), and glucose diffusion inhibition activity (73.96%), and water-expansion ability (8.60mL∙g‒1). Additionally, superfine-grinding and mix enzymatic hydrolyzed CERF had the highest α-amylase inhibiting activity (42.76%). Therefore, superfine-grinding and mix enzymolysis alone or combined with hydroxypropylation were better choices to improve hypoglycemic properties of CERF; meanwhile, superfine-grinding and mix enzymolysis combined with acetylation can effectively improve its hypolipidemic properties. PRACTICAL APPLICATION: This study offered three composite modification methods to improve the soluble fiber content and in vitro hypolipidemic and hypoglycemic properties of coconut endosperm residue fiber. These modification methods were practicable and low-cost. Moreover, it provides good choices to improve the functional properties and applications of other dietary fibers in the food industry.

Purified diets containing high levels of soluble fiber and grain-based diets promote similar gastrointestinal morphometry yet distinct microbial communities.

Dietary fibers are essential for maintaining gut health. Insoluble fibers aid in fecal bulking and water retention while soluble fiber is a fermentative substrate for intestinal microbial communities. Grain-based diets (GBDs) are commonly used in preclinical research but the variability in ingredients across batches impedes reproducibility. Purified diets (PDs), which are composed of highly refined ingredients, pose a potential solution but the most widely used low-fat control PDs contain no soluble fiber. This study intended to identify a PD with a combination of fibers that promotes murine gut health and microbial diversity. A PD with optimal fiber composition would aid in the standardization and reproducibility of studies investigating intestinal physiology and the gut microbiota.

Dietary β-mannanase reduced post-weaning diarrhea of pigs by positively modulating gut microbiota and attenuating systemic immune responses

BackgroundAfter weaning, nursery pigs have difficulty digesting non-starch polysaccharides in their diets, which can result in growth and health problems. Among non-starch polysaccharides, β-mannan is easily found in various cereal grains that form the basis of livestock diets and interferes the digestion and utilization of nutrients. Supplementation of dietary β-mannanase in nursery diet can alleviate the negative effects on nutrient utilization efficiency caused by β-mannan and improve growth and health of pigs. This study was conducted to evaluate effects of dietary β-mannanase supplementation on growth performance, nutrient digestibility, intestinal morphology, fecal microbiota, and systemic immune responses of weaned pigs.ResultsDietary β-mannanase (MAN) improved average daily gain (P = 0.053), average daily feed intake (P < 0.05), and gain to feed ratio (P = 0.077) of pigs for 3 weeks after weaning and apparent total tract digestibility of crude protein (P = 0.060) and reduced post-weaning diarrhea (P < 0.05). The MAN did not affect the ileal morphology. Pigs fed with MAN had more diverse fecal microbiota based on the results of alpha diversity [the number of operational taxonomic units (OTUs; P = 0.061), Shannon (P = 0.071), and Simpson indices (P = 0.078)] and relative abundance of phylum Bacteroidetes (P = 0.064) and genus Prevotella (P < 0.05) than pigs fed control diet (CON). As a result of beta diversity, fecal microbiota was clustered (P < 0.05) into two distinct groups between dietary treatments. The MAN decreased (P < 0.05) packed cell volume (PCV), the number of white blood cells (WBC), C-reactive protein (CRP), tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), transforming growth factor-β1 (TGF-β1), and cortisol of the pigs for 2 weeks after weaning compared with CON.ConclusionDietary β-mannanase reduced post-weaning diarrhea of pigs by positively modulating gut microbiota and attenuating systemic immune responses.

Caracterização de carboidratos para a produção de ruminantes

The partitioning of the carbohydrates present in the diets, has as objective nutricional, to show the differences in the scope of the digestion and fermentation process, beyond the effect in the animal performance. Methodological changes of analyses are the key to assign to the importance of the fractions of the carbohydrates, classifying the same ones from its nutritional characteristics, and selecting the best analytical methods that can describe the desired fractions. In result of the little information regarding the characteristics of the digestion of some carbohydrates and its interactions with other fractions present in the diets, it means that the methods not yet perfectly are stabilized. Based in the importance of carbohydrates in the diets and the effect in the animal performance, the important types must be measured (sugars, starch, fructans, soluble and insoluble fiber). It is essential to select methods that allow the adequate characterization of the carbohydrates, so that the same ones are enclosed with exactness in the diets and that they can attend the energy requirements of the animal ruminants.

Effect of dietary supplementation of xylanase alone or combination of xylanase and β-glucanase on growth performance, meat quality, intestinal measurements, and nutrient utilization in broiler chickens.

The current study aimed to investigate the effect of dietary supplementation of xylanase alone or combination of xylanase and β-glucanase in high non-starch polysaccharides (NSP) diets with low energy on growth performance, meat quality, intestinal measurements, stress responses, and energy and nutrient utilization in broiler chickens. A total of four hundred 8-d-old Ross 308 broiler chickens were randomly allotted to 1 of 4 treatment groups with 10 replicates. A positive control (PC) diet was formulated with adequate energy and nutrients, whereas a negative control (NC) diet had 100 kcal/kg less AMEn than the PC diet with increasing inclusion of high NSP ingredients. Two additional diets were produced by supplementing 0.1% xylanase alone or 0.1% xylanase and β-glucanase mixture in the NC diet. Experiments lasted for 27 d. Birds fed PC diets had less (p<0.05) FCR than those fed NC diets. Birds fed NC diets supplemented with xylanase alone or combination of xylanase and β-glucanase had less (p<0.05) FCR than those fed NC diets. Dietary supplementation of xylanase alone in NC diets exhibited the highest (p<0.05) breast meat pH among dietary treatments. Birds fed PC diets or NC diets supplemented with xylanase and β-glucanase combination exhibited greater (p<0.05) VH:CD ratio than those fed NC diets. Dietary supplementation of xylanase alone and combination of xylanase and β-glucanase in NC diets decreased (p<0.05) ileal digesta viscosity and increased (p<0.05) xylo-oligosaccharide concentrations in the gastrointestinal tract (GIT) compared with NC diets without affecting energy and nutrient utilization in NC diets. Dietary supplementation of xylanase in high NSP diets with low energy concentrations improves growth performance by decreasing digesta viscosity and increasing concentrations of xylo-oligosaccharides in the GIT of broiler chickens. However, little additional benefits of β-glucanase supplementation in combination with xylanase are identified for broiler chickens.

Aroma compounds and physicochemical and functional properties of traditional Tokat bread

AbstractThis study aimed to determine the physical (height, weight, volume, color, etc.), chemical (protein, fat, ash, moisture, etc.), functional (total phenolic, flavonoid, and antioxidant capacity), nutritional (total, soluble, insoluble dietary fiber, and important starch fractions), and texture properties and volatile organic compounds of traditional Tokat bread. In addition, yeast and bacterial species were isolated and identified from the sourdoughs used in its production. Having a 6‐day shelf life, traditional Tokat bread has an average total dietary fiber content of 14.64%. The predictable glycemic index was 83.09, and the slowly digestible starch content was 6.15%. In traditional Tokat bread, 45 different volatile aroma components were identified, and S. cerevisiae, D. hansenii, K. lactis, L. plantarum, and L. mesentorides species were mostly isolated in sourdough. The characteristics of traditional Tokat breads produced by traditional methods in different regions were determined. It is predicted that the taste and aroma of traditional Tokat bread originate from the hornbeam and pelite woods used in the baking stage and the sourdough used. The yeast composition of the breads collected from different regions also varies.

Fabrication and characterization of dry rice noodles with low glycemic index by formulating with different soluble dietary fibers

Fabrication and characterization of dry rice noodles with low glycemic index by formulating with different soluble dietary fibers