Insemination In Patients Research Articles

Should Intra Cytoplasmic Sperm Injection (ICSI) be the primary insemination method in women undergoing IVF cycles with donor sperm?

To compare efficacy of Intra Cytoplasmic Sperm Injection (ICSI) with conventional in vitro fertilization (IVF) on treatment outcome in women undergoing in vitro fertilization with donor sperm. We examined retrospectively the outcome data from 203 patients undergoing fresh cycles of conventional IVF (cIVF) or ICSI and an additional 77 frozen-thawed embryo transfer (FET) cycles during 2003-2014, all using donor sperm. Fertilization, cleavage, pregnancy and live birth rates and number of high-quality embryos were compared between cIVF and ICSI. Altogether 185 women underwent 479 transfer cycles of fresh embryos (237 cIVF vs. 224 ICSI and 18 "rescue ICSI" cycles). In addition, 77 FET cycles were compared (24 cIVF vs. 53 ICSI cycles). No differences were found between cIVF and ICSI in fertilization, cleavage, pregnancy and live birth rates (92.6% vs 92.2%, 73.4% vs 72.4%, 25.3% vs 27.2% and 13.1% vs 14.7%, respectively). Pregnancy and life birth rates remained similar even when FET cycles were included (25.8% vs 26.2% and 13.1% vs 13.7%, respectively). The use of ICSI was associated with lower rates of high-quality embryos (52.7% vs. 63.3%, P < 0.0001). A multivariate logistic regression analysis found that patients' age, number of transferred embryos and smoking were independently associated with the chance to conceive. Patient age correlated inversely with fertilization rate (r =-0.13, P < 0.006).Non-smokers were more likely to become pregnant (OR = 2.23, P < 0.012). Our results show that ICSI does not bypass the age-related decrease in oocyte quality in patients using donor sperm for IVF. Use of ICSI was associated with lower rates of high-quality embryos. The findings imply that ICSI should not be the primary method of insemination in patients undergoing IVF with donor sperm.

Comparative analysis of the pregnancy rate via in vitro fertilization vs. previous artificial insemination in patients with unexplained infertility

ObjectiveTo compare the clinical pregnancy rate among patients undergoing direct in vitro fertilization vs. in vitro fertilization after two cycles of intrauterine insemination in couples with unexplained infertility.MethodsComparative cross-sectional, retrospective study from 2016 to 2019, from the Centro Mexicano de Fertilidad Doctor Alberto Kably. The patients with unexplained infertility were divided into two groups, direct in vitro fertilization and a group of in vitro fertilization after intrauterine insemination, and we compared the rate of pregnancy and live births in both cases.Results89 couples with unexplained infertility were included, the in vitro fertilization after intrauterine insemination group (n=46) and direct in vitro fertilization group (n=43). The direct in vitro fertilization group resulted in a higher clinical pregnancy rate throughout the study compared to the other group (55.8% vs. 34.8%, OR 2.37; 95% CI 1.008 - 5.57, p=0.046). However, there was no difference in the rate of live newborns (p=0.12). When analyzing the data by cycle, we noticed a statistical difference in both, the clinical pregnancy rate in the direct in vitro fertilization group (38.7% vs. 16.7%, OR 3.2; 95% CI 1.50-6.62), as well as the rate of live newborns (32.3 % vs. 14.6%, OR 2.79; 95% CI 1.28-6.07, p=0.008).ConclusionsIn the in vitro fertilization group, as first-line treatment for unexplained infertility, the patients had a higher pregnancy rate.

Results of in vitro fertilization versus intrauterine insemination in patients with low anti-Müllerian hormone levels. A single-center retrospective study of 639 + 119 cycles

ObjectivesThe aim of this study was to evaluate the results of in vitro fertilization (IVF) and intrauterine insemination (IUI) in a population of infertile women with low AMH levels, in whom both techniques were possible. MethodsThis was a retrospective analysis of 462 patients treated over 24 months in a single center comparing the live birth rates after 176 IUI and 639 IVF attempts in infertile couples. The women had AMH levels ≤ 1.2 ng/mL and at least one patent tube and their partner’s sperm was of sufficient quality for IUI. ResultsThe live birth rate after IVF was not sufficiently higher than after IUI, or than after IVF attempts converted to IUI for low response (odds ratios in multivariate analysis with respect to IVF: 0.61, p = 0.15 for IUI and 0.73, p = 0.6 for conversions). The pregnancy rates after IVF (13.0 %) and IUI (13.3 %) were similar (p = 0.4), and were non-significantly higher than the pregnancy rate in the IUI conversion group (8.8 %, p = 0.9). Nearly half (43.8 %) of all IVF cycles did not lead to embryo transfer. ConclusionIn this group of women with AMH levels ≤ 1.2 ng/mL, IVF did not lead to a higher live birth rate than IUI, and more than 40 % of all IVF attempts did not lead to embryo transfer, suggesting that diminished ovarian reserve is not an indication for IVF over IUI.

When to do intracytoplasmic sperm injection: a prospective comparison.

The purpose of the study was to assess the fertilization rate and embryo development in sibling human oocytes after split insemination in patients with and without isolated teratozoospermia. A prospective cohort study at a university affiliated reproduction center was performed. Hundred and three patients during the time periods 01-2013 to 12-2015 had split insemination ordered for their first IVF cycle. The primary outcome measured was fertilization rate. Secondary outcomes were the number and quality of embryos. Mature oocytes at the time of collection were assigned as follows: 558 to IVF and 556 to ICSI. An additional 48 immature oocytes matured while awaiting spontaneous fertilization with IVF for a total of 606 in that group. The study group of normal strict sperm morphology ≤ 4 included 61 patients, and the control group included 42 patients with normal strict sperm morphology > 4. ICSI was statistically favored over IVF only in cases with normal strict sperm morphology ≤ 4%. There was a higher fertilization rate in ICSI compared to IVF (74.4% vs. 38%, p < 0.0001), a higher number of day 2 (4 ± 3.4 vs. 2.4 ± 2.7, p < 0.0001), day 3 (4 ± 3.4 vs. 2.2 ± 2.7, p < 0.0001) and day 5 embryos (2.2 ± 2.6 vs. 1.2 ± 2, p = 0.001), and they were of better quality; however, it did not reach significance (p = 0.062). A similar advantage for ICSI was seen in a subgroup of unexplained infertility with normal strict sperm morphology > 4%. In conclusion, in couples with normal strict sperm morphology ≤ 4%, there is an advantage of ICSI over IVF in terms of fertilization rate, quantity and quality of cleavage stage embryos and blastocysts. Based on the results, ICSI seems reasonable as a first-line treatment in patients with normal strict sperm morphology ≤ 4%, as well as in patients with unexplained infertility.

The effect of swim-up and gradient sperm preparation techniques on deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) fragmentation in subfertile patients.

To compare the effect of two different sperm preparation techniques, including swim-up and gradient methods on sperm deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) fragmentation status of semen samples from unexplained and mild male factor subfertile patients undergoing intrauterine insemination (IUI). A prospective randomized study was conducted in 65 subfertile patients, including 34 unexplained and 31 male factor infertility to compare basal and post-procedure DNA fragmentation rates in swim-up and gradient techniques. Sperm DNA fragmentation rates were evaluated by a sperm chromatin dispersion (SCD) test in two portions of each sample of semen that was prepared with either swim-up or gradient techniques. Sperm motility and morphology were also assessed based on WHO 2010 criteria. Swim-up but not gradient method yielded a statistically significant reduction in the DNA fragmented sperm rate after preparation as compared to basal rates, in the semen samples of both unexplained (41.85 ± 22.04 vs. 28.58 ± 21.93, p < 0.001 for swim-up; and 41.85 ± 22.04 vs. 38.79 ± 22.30, p = 0.160 for gradient) and mild male factor (46.61 ± 19.38 vs. 30.32 ± 18.20, p < 0.001 for swim-up and 46.61 ± 19.38 vs. 44.03 ± 20.87, p = 0.470 for gradient) subgroups. Swim-up method significantly reduces sperm DNA fragmentation rates and may have some prognostic value on intrauterine insemination in patients with decreased sperm DNA integrity.

Myo-inositol administration positively effects ovulation induction and intrauterine insemination in patients with polycystic ovary syndrome: a prospective, controlled, randomized trial

Objectıve: The aim of the study is to investigate the effect of myo-inositol (MYO) on pregnancy rates of patients diagnosed with polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) who undergone controlled ovulation induction and intrauterine insemination (IUI).Methods: A total of 196 infertile patients diagnosed with PCOS and admitted to Dokuz Eylul University Faculty of Medicine were included in the study between March 2013 and May 2016. The patients in group 1 (n = 98) were given 4 g MYO and 400 μg folic acid before and during ovulation induction. The patients undergone controlled ovarian hyperstimulation (COH) with recombinant FSH and IUI. The patients in group 2 (n = 98), were given recombinant FSH directly and 400 μg folic acid. The primary outcome measure of this study was the clinical pregnancy rate.Results: In group 1, 9 patients conceived spontaneous pregnancy. During COH + IUI treatment three cycles were canceled in group 1 and 8 cycles in group 2. Total rFSH dose and cycle duration were significantly lower and clinical pregnancy rates were higher in group 1. The pregnancy rate for group 1 was %18.6 and for group 2 was %12.2.Conclusıons: This study shows that MYO should be considered in the treatment of infertile PCOS patients. MYO administration increases clinical pregnancy rates, lowers total rFSH dose and the duration of the ovulation induction.

Pregnancy Rate by Human Chorionic Gonadotropin Administration Versus Urinary Luteinizing Hormone Surge Method in Patients Undergoing Intrauterine Insemination

Background: Infertility is becoming a world-wide concern in developed and developing countries. Multiple causes are responsible for the situations and various therapies have been developed to overcome this problem in infertile couples, as in the case of intrauterine insemination (IUI), with considerable variations between pregnancy rates in relation to the method employed. Objectives: To compare pregnancy rate, by human chorionic gonadotropin (HCG) administration and urinary luteinizing hormone (LH) surge method, for insemination in patients undergoing IUI. Patients and Methods: The present study included 309 infertile women, candidate for IUI, randomly divided into LH surge and HCG groups (each participant was assigned a number from 1 to 309, of which odd numbers were for LH and even numbers for HCG groups, respectively). All patients were subjected to baseline ultrasound and received clomiphene citrate before undergoing serial transvaginal sonography. The LH was measured using LH kit, when 2 - 5 follicles (18 - 20 mm) appeared in LH surge group, and, if positive, IUI was performed after 24 hours. In HCG group, the patients received HCG 1000 units and underwent IUI after 36 hours. The pregnancy rate was then compared in LH and HCG groups. Results: We found no significant differences in pregnancy rates between the two groups. Also, we compared pregnancy rates between the two groups based on age, infertility cause, number of follicles, number of previous IUI and previous abortions. We found no significant differences between the subgroups, in terms of pregnancy rate. Conclusions: The urinary LH surge and HCG administration methods for IUI timing are similar and none had any considerable advantages over the other. However, the use of the urinary LH surge has no side effects or injection pain, in relation to HCG administration methods

The impact of progesterone supplementation on pregnancy rates after intrauterine insemination in patients developing a single follicle

The objective was to determine whether progesterone support affects pregnancy rates in patients who develop a single follicle. This was a non-randomized prospective controlled study performed on 591 intrauterine insemination (IUI) cycles that developed a single follicle; 337 women received 100 mg oral progesterone daily. The pregnancy rate was 24.3%, or 82 out of 337, in the group receiving progesterone support compared with 14.96%, or 254 out of 591, in the group with no progesterone support. IUI luteal phase supplementation with oral progesterone may improve clinical pregnancy rates when begun the day after insemination.

The outcomes of controlled ovarian hyperstimulation/intrauterine insemination in patients with unilateral tubal occlusion on hysterosalpingograph.

Objective:The aim of the present study was to evaluate the pregnancy rates of intrauterine insemination (IUI) and controlled ovarian hyperstimulation (COH) in patients with one-sided tubal occlusion on hysterosalpingography (HSG).Materials and Methods:Patients who underwent COH/IUI were enrolled into this retrospective cohort study. The patients with one-sided tubal occlusion diagnosed under HSG who met the inclusion criteria were accepted into the study group. The control group consisted of patients with unexplained infertility. The outcomes of COH/IUI were compared between the study and control groups.Results:Ninety-seven patients in the study group (n=44) and control group (n=53) who underwent COH/IUI treatment were included into study. The biochemical, clinical, and ongoing pregnancy rates were similar between patients with unilateral occlusion diagnosed under HSG and those with unexplained infertility. The spontaneous pregnancy rate within one year was higher in patients with normal HSG than in patients with unilateral tubal occlusion, but the difference did not show statistical significance.Conclusion:Infertile patients with one-sided tubal occlusion in HSG can be managed as with patients with unexplained infertility and normal HSG findings. In addition, COH/IUI may be considered as the first-line treatment option in the management of these patients.

Cost-effectiveness analysis comparing continuation of assisted reproductive technology with conversion to intrauterine insemination in patients with low follicle numbers

To compare the cost effectiveness of proceeding with oocyte retrieval vs. converting to intrauterine insemination (IUI) in patients with ≤4 mature follicles during assisted reproductive technology (ART) cycles. Probabilistic decision analysis. The cost effectiveness of completing ART cycles in poor responders was compared to that for converting the cycles to IUI. Not applicable. Not applicable. Cost-effectiveness analysis. Cost effectiveness, which was defined as the average direct medical costs per ongoing pregnancy. In patients with 1-3 mature follicles, completing ART was more cost effective if the cost of a single ART cycle was between $10,000 and $25,000. For patients with 4 mature follicles, if an ART cycle cost<$18,025, it was more cost effective to continue with oocyte retrieval than to convert to IUI. In patients with ≤4 mature follicles following ovarian stimulation in ART cycles, it was on average more cost effective to proceed with oocyte retrieval rather than convert to IUI. However, important factors, such as age, prior ART failures, other fertility factors, and medications used in each individual case need to be considered before this analysis model can be adapted by individual practices.

Efficacy and safety of intrauterine insemination in patients with moderate-to-severe endometriosis

Performing intrauterine insemination (IUI) in moderate-to-severe endometriosis patients is not implemented in international guidelines, as only limited data exist on treatment efficacy and safety. This retrospective study examined the efficacy and safety of two IUI treatment strategies performed between January 2007 and July 2012 in moderate-to-severe endometriosis patients. Eight (40.0%) versus seven (15.6%) ongoing pregnancies were accomplished in patients undergoing IUI with ovarian stimulation (n=20, 61 cycles) versus IUI without ovarian stimulation in the first three cycles followed by IUI with ovarian stimulation (IUI with natural/ovarian stimulation; n=45, 184 cycles). Preceding long-term pituitary down-regulation tended to result in a higher ongoing pregnancy rate (adjusted HR 1.8) and a higher chance of endometriosis recurrence (adjusted HR 2.3). Eight (40.0%) versus 16 (35.6%) recurrences of endometriosis complaints were reported in patients receiving IUI with ovarian stimulation versus IUI with natural/ovarian stimulation. IUI might be a valuable treatment in moderate-to-severe endometriosis patients and IUI with ovarian stimulation should be offered over IUI with natural/ovarian stimulation. Preceding long-term pituitary down-regulation might positively influence the ongoing pregnancy rate and can be considered. Whether this treatment strategy can be structurally offered prior to IVF must be investigated in a randomized controlled trial.Performing intrauterine insemination (IUI) in moderate-to-severe endometriosis patients is not implemented in international guidelines, as only limited data exist on treatment efficacy and safety. This retrospective study examined the efficacy and safety of IUI performed between January 2007 and July 2012 in moderate-to-severe endometriosis patients (ASRM III–IV). Two treatment strategies were compared: IUI with ovarian stimulation (20 patients, 61 cycles and IUI without ovarian stimulation in the first three cycles followed by IUI with ovarian stimulation (45 patients, 184 cycles, IUI with natural/ovarian stimulation). Also, the additional effect of preceding long-term pituitary down-regulation was investigated. Eight (40.0%) and seven (15.6%) ongoing pregnancies were accomplished in patients undergoing IUI with ovarian stimulation and IUI with natural/ovarian stimulation (P=0.05). Preceding long-term pituitary down-regulation with a gonadotrophin-releasing hormone (GnRH) agonist tended to result in a higher ongoing pregnancy rate (adjusted HR 1.8). Eight (40.0%) and 16 (35.6%) recurrences of endometriosis complaints were reported in patients undergoing IUI with ovarian stimulation and IUI with natural/ovarian stimulation. Preceding long-term pituitary down-regulation with a GnRH agonist tended to result in a higher chance of endometriosis recurrence (adjusted HR 2.3). Although IUI is not implemented in the current guidelines, IUI with ovarian stimulation could be a valuable treatment in moderate-to-severe endometriosis patients. Long-term pituitary down-regulation with a GnRH agonist prior to the first IUI treatment cycle might positively influence the ongoing pregnancy rate and can be considered. Whether this treatment strategy can be structurally offered prior to IVF must be investigated in a randomized controlled trial.

Comparison of the efficacy of letrozole and low-dose gonadotropin combination with clomiphene and low-dose gonadotropin combination as a controlled ovarian stimulation regime prior to intrauterine insemination in patients with unexplained infertility

Objective: To evaluate and compare the effects of letrozole and low-dose gonadotropin combination with clomiphene citrate (CC) and low-dose gonadotropin combination prior to intrauterine insemination (IUI) in patients with unexplained infertility. Design: Prospective, randomized, clinical study. Setting: Academic tertiary institute. Patient(s): A total of 94 patients in the age group of 21-37 years with unexplained infertility were randomized using computer-generated random number table to receive follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) injection and human menopausal gonadotropin (hMG) injection, along with either letrozole or CC. Intervention(s): All the patients received 150 IU of purified urinary FSH on day 2 of the cycle and from day 3 to day 7 of the cycle 5.0 mg/d of letrozole or 100 mg/d of CC were administered; this was followed by administration of 150 IU of hMG on day 9. Ovulation was triggered with human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG) injection (5,000 IU) when the dominant follicle(s) reached 18 mm in diameter. A single IUI was performed 36 h later. The luteal phase was supplemented with micronized progesterone vaginally. Main Outcome Measure(s): Pregnancy rates and the incidence of multiple pregnancies were our primary outcome. The secondary outcome included the number of dominant follicles, grade of perifollicular blood flow, endometrial thickness, endometrial blood flow pattern, side effects, and complications. Result(s): There were no differences in demographic characteristics between the two groups. Pregnancy occurred in four out of 47 patients (120 cycles) in the letrozole group (pregnancy rate: 8.5% per patient and 3.3% per cycle) and eight out of 47 patients (121 cycles) (pregnancy rate: 17% per patient and 6.6% per cycle) in the CC group; the differences were not statistically significant. None of the regimes resulted in a multiple gestation gestation. The number of follicles per cycle was significantly higher in the CC + gonadotropin group as compared to the letrozole + gonadotropin group (1.77 ± 0.99 vs. 1.39 ± 0.617, P < 0.001). There was no statistically significant difference in perifollicular blood flow, endometrial thickness, and endometrial blood flow pattern between the two groups. No side effects were observed in either group. There was one case of ectopic gestation in the CC group. Conclusion(s): The use of lower dose of gonadotropins and oral agents together resulted in decreased medication costs, lesser monitoring [ultrasound (USG) visits], and good primary and secondary outcomes. However, more randomized controlled trials are needed to prove the efficacy of one regime over the other.

Letrozole versus Clomiphene Citrate for Ovulation Induction before Intrauterine Insemination in Patients with Unexplained Infertility

Letrozole versus Clomiphene Citrate for Ovulation Induction before Intrauterine Insemination in Patients with Unexplained Infertility

The effect of progesterone supplementation on pregnancy rates in controlled ovarian stimulation and intrauterine insemination cycles: a randomized prospective trial

To evaluate the effect of vaginal progesterone as luteal phase support on pregnancy rates in controlled ovarian stimulation and intrauterine insemination cycles in couples with unexplained or mild male factor infertility. 290 Patients who met the inclusion criteria were included in a prospective randomized controlled trial. All patients underwent controlled ovarian stimulation and intrauterine insemination: 148 patients were randomized to start with a supported cycle and 142 patients with an unsupported cycle. In supported cycles, patients received vaginal progesterone once daily from the day after insemination until 12 weeks of pregnancy or, in non-pregnant women, for 14 days. No progesterone was given during unsupported cycles. The main outcome measures were clinical pregnancy rates per cycle. In total, 148 cycles with luteal phase support and 142 cycles without luteal phase support were performed. The clinical pregnancy rates per cycle were higher for cycles with luteal phase support than for the unsupported cycles (24.3% vs. 14.1% respectively, p=0.027). The use of vaginal suppositories as luteal phase support significantly improved clinical pregnancy rates in controlled ovarian stimulation and intrauterine insemination in patients with unexplained or mild male factor infertility.

The effect of progesterone supplementation on pregnancy rates in controlled ovarian stimulation and intrauterine insemination cycles: a randomized prospective trial

To evaluate the effect of vaginal progesterone as a luteal phase support on pregnancy rates in controlled ovarian stimulation and intrauterine insemination cycles in couples with unexplained or mild male factor infertility. Conclusion: Use of vaginal suppository as a luteal phase support significantly improved clinical pregnancy rates in controlled ovarian stimulation and intrauterine insemination in patients with unexplained or mild male factor infertility.

Does sperm morphology affect the outcome of intrauterine insemination in patients with normal sperm concentration and motility?

The aim of this study was to assess the correlation of sperm morphology with the intrauterine insemination (IUI) outcome in patients with normal sperm concentration and motility. About 412 couples who underwent 908 IUI cycles were involved in the present study. A total of 110 clinical pregnancies were achieved with a pregnancy rate of 12.11% per cycle. The pregnancy rates per cycle were 7.60%, 12.67%, 13.62% and 13.13% in patients with <5%, 5-9%, 10-14% and >14% normal forms, respectively. The lowest pregnancy rate (7.60%) was obtained in the group with normal forms below 5%. However, this rate was not significantly different from other subgroups. Moreover, no pregnancies occurred in women >35 years old with normal sperm forms below 5%, in comparison with that in other subgroups of the same age. For women younger than 35 years old, no significant difference in pregnancy rate was observed in terms of different level of morphologically normal sperm. Our results show that for patients with normal sperm concentration and motility, IUI is recommended for first-line treatment when the woman is younger than 35 years, or morphologically normal sperm is ≥ 5%. IVF/ICSI should be performed when the normal forms are <5% and female age is > 35 years.

Success rate of intrauterine insemination in patients with unknown infertility

Unknown cause of infertility exists in 10%-26% of couples with infertility problems. Treatment of these couples depends on the posibility of correcting the unidentified defect over time. Intrauterine insemination (IUI) and ovaluation stimulation are methods of choice in treatment of unexplained fertility, but if a woman is older than 37 years, in vitro fertilization (IVF) could be directly recommended. The aim of this research was to compare the success rate of pregnancies with IUI between the patients with unexplained infertility and the patients with mild form endometriosis. The study included on 50 patients diagnosed with mild form endometriosis (group A) and 50 patients with unknown cause infertility (group B). Using the same therapeutical protocol, human menopausal gonadothropin (hMG) stimulation and horionic gonadropin (hCG) induction were applied, as well as IUI. The percentage of achieved ovulation was higher in the group B (p < 0.05). During the 3 simulated sequential periods 102 IUI were performed in the group A and 97 IUI in the group B. In the group A there were 6 single and 1 twin pregnancies sucesfully conceived (14%), while in group B there were 9 (18%) single pregnancies. The use of a combination of controled ovarian hyperstimulation and IUI is an effective, cheap and safe method for treating infertility couples, especially couples with unknown cause infertility. Mild form endometriosis, as etiological infertility factor, has a negative impact on IUI success rate.

Day 2 versus day 3 embryo transfer in poor responders: a prospective randomized trial

Day 2 embryo transfer has been suggested as a method to improve pregnancy rates in poor responders compared with day 3 transfer. Our prospective randomized controlled trial does not show a difference in outcomes based on day of embryo transfer.

Oocyte retrieval versus conversion to intrauterine insemination in patients with poor response to gonadotropin therapy

We compared cycle characteristics and outcomes for planned in vitro fertilization cycles with five or fewer developing follicles that proceeded to retrieval (n = 170) with those that converted to intrauterine insemination (IUI) (n = 50). The risk of no embryo transfer was 24% in cycles that proceeded to retrieval. Live birth rate per cycle started was similar for IUI (6%) compared with retrieval (7%).

P-900: Pregnancy outcome after intrauterine insemination in patients with ovulatory disorder

Ovulatory disorder is a common problem that may affect about 15% of infertile patients. The aim of our study was to evaluate the effect of ovulatory dysfunction on the outcome of intrauterine insemination in patients receiving either clomiphine citrate (CC) or controlled ovarian hyperstimulation (COH).