Insecticides For Management Research Articles

Phenotyping of okra germplasm for resistance to okra enation leaf curl disease and field evaluation of insecticides for its management

Okra enation leaf curl virus (OELCuV) adversely affects the potential and productivity of okra crop and in present scenario it is an emerging disease and development of OELCuV-resistant varieties is an economical and environmentally friendly approach to managing the disease. Looking in to this a field screening experiment was conducted. Among the fifty-seven okra varieties and germplasm screened against OELCuV under field conditions during Kharif, 2022, the final disease reaction revealed that 9 varieties/germplasm namely, Prabhani Kranti, GAO 5, GJO 3, Pusasawani, GP-OK-243, GP-OK-262, GPOK-296, GP-OK-373 and GP-OK-391 exhibited highly resistant reaction to OELCuV while, 15 okra germplasm/ varieties exhibited resistant reaction, 13 varieties/germplasm expressed moderately resistant reactions, 11 germplasm/varieties showed moderately susceptible reaction, 5 germplasm/ varieties showed susceptible reaction and 4 varieties/germplasm found to be highly susceptible to OELCuV. The AUDPC and infection rate (r) found to be lower for resistant germplasm/ varieties reaction and higher for susceptible reaction. The field evaluation of insecticides against OELCuV and its vector revealed that two foliar sprays of Tolfenpyrad 15 EC, 0.03 per cent and Diafenthiuron 47 + Bifenthrin 9.4 SC, 0.0705 per cent, at 15 days interval commencing from the appearance of whitefly vector was most effective and economical in managing okra enation leaf curl disease and its vector. The resistant germplasm/varieties selected might be used as OELCuV resistant parent(s) in breeding programs.. KEYWORDS :Field screening, insecticidal management, Okra enation leaf curl virus

Landscape and insecticide use affecting the Leucoptera coffeella infestation and the natural parasitism spatiotemporal distribution in brazilian coffee agroecosystems

Monitoring the coffee leaf miner and natural parasitism is an important part of integrated pest management, and knowing the spatial distribution patterns of this pest can help improve sampling plans. This study aimed to determine spatial and temporal distributions of the coffee leaf miner infestation and natural parasitism in coffee plantations of different insecticide use and landscape configurations in the Planalto region, Bahia, Brazil. We monitored five coffee farms with different insecticide management practices in insecticide use and landscape features during two seasons, from December 2020 to November 2021. In each coffee farm, four regular grid plots of 30 points were established, for a total of 120 sample points per farm, that were georeferenced. Each point was a group of five coffee plants within 5 m of each other, 30 m in distance. Monthly collections of mined leaves were carried out at each sampling point to determine the L. coffeella infestation and natural parasitism rates. Geostatistical analysis was used to determine the spatial distribution of infestations and natural parasitism using semivariograms. Landscape metrics of each coffee plantation were surveyed in buffers ranging from 500 to 3000 m to assess their effects on population aggregation. Infestations of L. coffeella and natural parasitism of the pest occurred throughout the year and at varying intensities among farms. Leucoptera coffeella infestation and natural parasitism exhibited moderate aggregation patterns in most sampling months. The aggregation of L. coffeella infestations and natural parasitism were influenced by landscape and insecticide use. Forest cover, land cover use diversity, and insecticide use increased aggregation of L. coffeella infestations and natural parasitism, whereas edge density decreased aggregation of both. The study suggests that it may be beneficial to review the current sampling plans for the coffee leaf miner and the natural parasitism in coffee farms. This information can improve the integrated management of the pest in coffee farms and assist in decision-making regarding L. coffeella control strategies.

ASSESSMENT OF KNOWLEDGE OF AGRO-INPUT DEALERS GAINED THROUGH CERTIFICATE COURSE ON INSECTICIDE MANAGEMENT

Agriculture is the backbone of Indian economy and has a crucial role to play in the country's economic development. Agro-input dealers are an important mediator for transfer of technology among the farmer in rural area. Agro input dealers trained about insecticide management that significantly increased their knowledge. The study was conducted to assess the knowledge of Agro-input dealers gained through certificate course on insecticides management and to ascertain relationship between attributes of respondents and their knowledge gained through certificate course on insecticides management. The study was conducted in South Saurashtra Agro-climatic Zone in which total 405 agro-input dealers was selected for the study who were participated in the certificate course in the year 2021-22 at different centres of certificate course like Junagadh, Amreli, Khapat, Targhadiya, Dhari and Kodinar. The study revealed that after the completion of the certificate course, majority of agro-input dealers were from medium to high level knowledge group and course can be significantly increase the knowledge of agro-input dealers about insecticide management. The positive and significant relationship like education, numbers of university visit, numbers of training received and use of university technological product, revealed that these all variables had pivotal contribution in increase in knowledge of agro-input dealers. In addition to this, those agro-input dealers had contacted university by any means they get knowledge about insect pest management and insecticide management. The young farmers had more enthusiastic to acquire the knowledge about insecticide management. The regular and effective technology transfer of nearby recommended technological know-how, regular training should be imparted to young, educated and university contact farmers. May they were as change agents in the future.

Comparative Efficacy and Economics of Selected Chemicals with Neem Oil against Mustard Aphid, Lipaphis erysimi (Kaltenbench)

The research was carried out at Sam Higginbottom University of Agriculture, Technology and Sciences, Prayagraj, Uttar Pradesh, Central Research Field, during Rabi season from november 2023- march 2024. The insecticide management experiment was conducted under Randomized Block Design (RBD) with the eight treatments and three replications by undertaking two spraying with fifteen-day intervals. The insecticides tested significantly reduced the pest population compared to control. Among the eight treatments evaluated for their efficacy in field condition against mustard aphids was recorded in treatment Neem oil 5% + Imidacloprid 17.8 SL (6.95) which was the minimum aphid population, followed by Imidacloprid 17.8 SL (8.46), Neem oil 5% + Acetamiprid 20% SP (9.78), Acetamiprid 20% SP (10.45), Neem oil 5% + Cypermethrin 10% EC (11.27), Cypermethrin 10% EC (11.55) and Neem oil 5% (12.01). The maximum aphid population was recorded in control plot (23.33 per 5 plant). Based on the results obtained in the investigation it is concluded that Imidacloprid 17.8SL with Neem oil and chemicals combined with neem oil could be utilized as a component in Integrated Pest Management of Lipaphis erysimi (Kalt.) on mustard. Similarly, the result revealed that the maximum C:B was recorded by treatment Neem oil 5%+ Imidacloprid 17.8% SL (1:2.77) followed by Imidacloprid 17.8% SL (1:2.67) and the minimum Cost Benefit Ratio was recorded in the control plot (1:1.27). The combination of Neem oil 5% and Imidacloprid 17.8 SL has offered cost-effective solutions that they effectively control aphid populations at lower costs. Thus, integrated pest management (IPM) approaches combining chemical treatments with cultural, biological, and mechanical controls may provide sustainable and cost-effective solutions in the long term.

Monitoring the susceptibility of Bemisia tabaci Middle East-Asia Minor 1 (Hemiptera: Aleyrodidae) to afidopyropen, cyantraniliprole, dinotefuran, and flupyradifurone in south Florida vegetable fields.

Bemisia tabaci Middle East-Asia Minor 1 (MEAM1) is a significant pest that damages a wide range of high-value vegetable crops in south Florida. This pest has demonstrated the ability to develop resistance to various insecticide groups worldwide. Monitoring the resistance levels of MEAM1 populations and maintaining baseline susceptibility data are crucial for the long-term effectiveness of insecticide management strategies. We conducted serial dilution bioassays on 15 field populations of MEAM1 collected in south Florida to assess their resistance to 4 key insecticides: afidopyropen, cyantraniliprole, dinotefuran, and flupyradifurone. To quantify resistance levels, resistance ratios (RR) were generated by comparing the LC50 values of field populations to those of a known susceptible MEAM1 colony reared in the laboratory. Our findings reveal that all field-collected populations were susceptible to dinotefuran (RR 1-8) and flupyradifurone (RR 2-8). While over 80% of the populations tested were susceptible to afidopyropen (RR 1-9), 2 populations exhibited low (RR 38) and moderate resistance (RR 51), respectively. In contrast, most of the populations (57%) showed low to moderate resistance to cyantraniliprole (RR 21-78), and the remaining populations were susceptible (RR 3-10). The 2 populations with resistance to afidopyropen also exhibited moderate resistance to cyantraniliprole. Further research in this direction can aid in refining insecticide resistance management programs in Florida and other regions where B. tabaci MEAM1 is a major pest. Exploring the implications of these findings will be essential for insecticide use and integrated pest management strategies in south Florida.

Iterative method for the numerical solution of optimal control model for mosquito and insecticide

A linear multistep method is transformed into an iterative method based on Patade and Bhalekar's technique for the numerical solution of the optimal control problem modeled for mosquito and insecticide management using forward-backward sweep methods via Pontryagin's principle. Stability and convergence analysis of the iterative method are carried out, and it is found to be stable, convergent, and of order four. Results obtained by the method clearly show that the population of mosquitoes can be minimized to a large extent using the new iterative method while reducing the harmful effects of the insecticide, subsequently reducing the spread of malaria.

Psyllids in Natural Habitats as Alternative Resources for Key Natural Enemies of the Pear Psyllids (Hemiptera: Psylloidea).

The pear psyllids (Cacopsylla spp.; Psylloidea) comprise ~24 species of sap-feeding insects distributed in Europe, temperate Asia, and (as introductions) in the Americas. These pear-specialized insects are among the most damaging and difficult to control pests in orchards. Biological control increasingly is being used to replace or partially replace insecticidal management of pear psyllids. Many key natural enemies of pear psyllids regularly occur in non-orchard habitats on native plants. The presence of beneficial species both in orchard and non-orchard habitats (here referred to as "spillover") has prompted suggestions that native plants and their associated psyllids should be conserved as alternative resources for natural enemies of pear psyllids. The expectation is that the natural enemies will move from those habitats into psyllid-infested orchards. This review shows that psyllids in native habitats are important resources for several key predators and parasitoids of pear psyllids. These resources are critical enough that some beneficials exhibit an almost nomadic existence as they move between plant species, tracking the seasonal appearance and disappearance of psyllid species. In contrast, other natural enemies show minimal or no spillover between orchard and non-orchard habitats, which likely is evidence that they exhibit limited movement at best between orchard and non-orchard habitats. To show conclusively that spillover also indicates that a beneficial species disperses between native habitats and orchards requires difficult research on insect movement. This review concludes with a brief discussion of these difficulties and possible solutions.

Studies on Seasonal Abundance and Insecticidal Management of Whitefly (Bemisia tabaci Gennadius) in Brinjal

Studies on Seasonal Abundance and Insecticidal Management of Whitefly (Bemisia tabaci Gennadius) in Brinjal

RATIONAL MANAGEMENT OF INSECTICIDES IN MONOCULTURE AREAS

In Mexico, some monocultures occupy large areas, and organo-synthetic insecticides are the dominant method of pest control. The conventional chemical strategy is heavily reliant on new insecticides being developed in other countries. This paper discusses the characteristics of traditional/conventional and rational insecticide management. In traditional management, companies compete to position their products in the market once authorized. When pests develop resistance, the farmer must increase the dose and frequency of applications. These actions seriously threaten the environment, human health, and crop profitability. The hope is that another insecticide will enter the market to repeat the cycle of abuse and its consequences. The alternative is a rational strategy based on scientific evidence for chemical pest control. Farmers must adhere to an insecticide resistance management program that keeps resistance gene expression and intensity at acceptable levels. We propose the creation of public and private laboratories to systematically estimate the dynamics of insecticide resistance through bioassays. This will enable decisions to be made based on scientific rather than commercial information. Changing the current paradigm for the use of these agrochemicals will result in significant improvements in the time it takes to maintain acceptable biological efficacy, economic benefits to the producer, and significant reductions in adverse effects on human health and the environment.

Microbiological resources- an alternate approach for sustainable management of fall armyworm (Spodoptera frugiperda)

Fall Army Worm (Spodoptera frugiperda), with the traits of devastating, voracious, polyphagous nature had recently imposed a global threat. Possessing these traits, this pest constituted a threat to global food security by ambushing more than several host plant species. To tackle this pest, insecticide management approaches was used initially. Later, with a better comprehension of the dynamic biology of the pest, such as their long migration capability, their ability to develop resistance against insecticide and the adverse effects of pesticides on human and the environment, an alternative strategy which is environmentally safe i.e., biological control approaches that is effective and low-risk is laid emphasis. A rich diversity of microbial populations which have the ability to infect the pest to a certain degree in nature remains untapped, and if so, identification of high virulence and productive strains within the population is lacking hitherto. This review focused on the information regarding the scenario of the occurring pest and its damaging nature to the host plants and microbial agents with their surplus potentialities along with the mode of interactions with the insect pest and self-perpetuating nature and their boon of disarming nature. The details of each microbe viz., fungi, bacteria and viruses that possess the traits of controlling the pest naturally are briefed with an insight into molecular information, present findings, constraint and future prospects.

Exploring lethal and sublethal effects of conventional insecticides and insect growth regulators on a picture-winged fly (Diptera: Ulidiidae) pest of sweet corn

Picture-winged flies (Diptera: Ulidiidae) known as corn silk flies are intensively managed with pyrethroids in fresh market sweet corn, Zea mays L., grown in Florida. The identification of alternatives to pyrethroids is needed to increase the efficacy of insecticidal management and to allow the rotation of modes of action for insecticide resistance management (IRM). This laboratory study determined the lethal and sublethal effects of six pyrethroids, five neonicotinoids, four insect growth regulators, two diamides, one spinosyn, one avermectin, and one oxadiazine on adults of the corn silk fly, Euxesta eluta Loew, following topical or ingestion exposure. For topical exposure, pyrethroids caused the highest mortality (≥89%), followed by spinetoram (50%), whereas the remaining insecticides caused <15% mortality. For ingestion exposure, spinetoram caused 95% mortality, followed by dinotefuran, clothianidin, and thiamethoxam, which caused ≥74% mortality. The further evaluation of insecticides causing <15% mortality showed that topical exposure to abamectin reduced by 61.5% the fertility of E. eluta females expressed as the number of larvae per cumulative female-day. None of the insecticides causing <15% mortality following ingestion exposure affected E. eluta fertility. This study confirms that pyrethroids represent the main commercial insecticide option for effective foliar applications targeting adult corn silk flies. Potential alternatives to pyrethroids were highly effective only through ingestion exposure, suggesting the need for the development of management tactics promoting ingestion of insecticides. This study complements pyrethroid susceptibility monitoring for the development of an IRM program in Florida sweet corn.

Spatio-temporal distribution of organochlorine pesticides in agricultural soils of southeast China during 2014-2019

Organochlorine pesticides (OCPs) are organic pollutants that are persistent and undegradable in the environment. To investigate their residual concentrations, spatial and temporal distributions, and the relationship with the crops planted, 12 individual OCPs in 687 soil samples from Jiangsu, Zhejiang and Jiangxi provinces of southeast China were examined. The detection frequencies of OCPs in the studied areas were 1.89%–64.9%. The concentrations of dichloro-diphenyl-trichloroethanes (DDTs), hexachlorocyclohexanes (HCHs), and endosulfans ranged from 0.01 to 5659 μg/kg, 0.03–3.58 μg/kg, and 0.05–3235 μg/kg, respectively. Jiangsu was mainly contaminated by p,p'-DDT, p,p'-DDD and endosulfan sulfate, Zhejiang was more polluted by OCPs except δ-HCH, and Jiangxi was more vulnerable to the contamination of OCPs except o,p'-DDE. The partial least-squares discrimination analysis (PLS-DA) model with RX2 36.3–36.8% revealed that compounds with similar chemical properties tended to appear in the same year and month. All crop lands were polluted by DDTs and Endosulfans. The highest concentrations of DDTs and Endosulfans were found in citrus and vegetable fields, respectively. This study offers new insight into the layout and partitioning of OCPs in agricultural land and into insecticide management on public health and ecological safety.

Historical and Contemporary Control Options Against Bed Bugs, Cimex spp.

Bed bugs (Hemiptera: Cimicidae) are an important group of obligate hematophagous urban insect pests. The global resurgence of bed bugs, involving the common bed bug, Cimex lectularius L., and the tropical bed bug, Cimex hemipterus (F.), over the past two decades is believed to be primarily due to the development of insecticide resistance, along with global travel and poor pest management, which have contributed to their spread. This review examines and synthesizes the literature on bed bug origins and their global spread and the literature on historical and contemporary control options. This includes bed bug prevention, detection and monitoring, nonchemical and chemical control methodologies (and their limitations), and potential future control options. Future research needs are highlighted, especially the factors behind the modern resurgence, the necessity of identifying differences between the two bed bug species relevant to control, and the need to improve insecticide test protocols and management strategies.

Bio-efficacy of botanical, microbial and newer insecticides in management of tomato fruit borer, Helicoverpa armigera (Hubner) in Varanasi region

Bio-efficacy of botanical, microbial and newer insecticides in management of tomato fruit borer, Helicoverpa armigera (Hubner) in Varanasi region

Combined Efficacy of Aliphatic Hydrocarbons with Neonicotenoids against Phenacoccus solenopsis (Hemiptera: Pseudococcidae) under Controlled Conditions

Phenacoccus solenopsis appeared as a major pest in recent years and caused huge losses to cotton. Control of cotton mealybug is difficult because of the waxy covering on the body which prevents penetration of insecticides in nymph and adult stages. Present study was carried out under laboratory conditions to evaluate the synergistic effects of minerals oil (Diver®) on the toxicity of diafenthiuron, nitenpyram and thiacloprid against different instars of cotton mealybug. Diafenthiuron, nitenpyram and thiacloprid alone demonstrated mortality in the range of 10.3-46.0%, 13.3-50% and 10.30-46.70% in 1st instar, 8.00-42%, 10.30-44% and 6.60-42.3% in 2nd instar while 7-38%, 7.30-38% and 3.3-32% in adult female of P. solenopsis, respectively. Admixing of 500 ml of Diver® with diafenthiuron administered 65.2-332.7% and 114.6-602.8%; 78.0-428.8% and 128.6-750.0%; and 94.6-457.1% and 147.3-852.9% increase in mortality of 1st instar, 2nd instar and adult female stages of P. solenopsis, respectively. Similarly, fraternization of 1000 ml of Diver® with diafenthiuron administered 42.0-202.6% and 100.0-490.2%; 60.6-261.4% and 127.3-600.2% and 79.8-336.6% and 154.4-854.9% increase in mortality of 1st instar, 2nd instar and adult female stages of P. solenopsis respectively. However, thiacloprid, when admixed with 500 ml and 1000 ml of Diver®, explained 16.7-114.3% and 114.3-633.3%; 24.9-103.6% and 132.3-900.9%; and 0.0-303.9% and 191.7-1990.9% increase in mortality of 1st instar, 2nd instar and adult female stages of P. solenopsis, respectively. In conclusion, Diver® can be exploited as synergist for resistance management of insecticides against P. solenopsis.

Insecticidal Management of Rangeland Grasshoppers Using a Remotely Piloted Aerial Application System

Grasshoppers are integral parts of rangeland ecosystems but also have the potential to reach population densities high enough (outbreaks) to cause serious economic damage from forage loss and affect adjacent crops. The objective of this study was to investigate the efficacy of treating grasshopper population hotspots with a liquid insecticide using a remotely piloted aerial application system (RPAAS), as opposed to fixed-wing aircraft, which is the most common method currently in use. A liquid insecticide, Sevin XLR PLUS (containing carbaryl), was applied on replicated 4.05-hectare (10-acre) plots with an RPAAS on a ranch in New Mexico. Our results demonstrated that Sevin XLR PLUS significantly suppressed grasshopper populations over a 14-day period (normalized population reduction was 79.11 ± 8.35% SEM) and quite rapidly (mostly by day 3) compared to untreated controls. These results are comparable to those achieved with fixed-wing aircraft. The RPAAS covered the whole test area in a single flight in approximately 5 min, making these population hotspot treatment applications relatively rapid, potentially more cost-effective, and more targeted in comparison to fixed-wing aircraft. Before adoption as an application method option, further research is recommended on using an RPAAS to cover larger areas in combination with using diflubenzuron-based insecticides, which are often preferred.

How To Be a Successful Monopartite Begomovirus in a Bipartite-Dominated World: Emergence and Spread of Tomato Mottle Leaf Curl Virus in Brazil.

Begomoviruses are members of the family Geminiviridae, a large and diverse group of plant viruses characterized by a small circular single-stranded DNA genome encapsidated in twinned quasi-icosahedral virions. Cultivated tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L.) is particularly susceptible and is infected by >100 bipartite and monopartite begomoviruses worldwide. In Brazil, 25 tomato-infecting begomoviruses have been described, most of which are bipartite. Tomato mottle leaf curl virus (ToMoLCV) is one of the most important of these and was first described in the late 1990s but has not been fully characterized. Here, we show that ToMoLCV is a monopartite begomovirus with a genomic DNA similar in size and genome organization to those of DNA-A components of New World (NW) begomoviruses. Tomato plants agroinoculated with the cloned ToMoLCV genomic DNA developed typical tomato mottle leaf curl disease symptoms, thereby fulfilling Koch's postulates and confirming the monopartite nature of the ToMoLCV genome. We further show that ToMoLCV is transmitted by whiteflies, but not mechanically. Phylogenetic analyses placed ToMoLCV in a distinct and strongly supported clade with other begomoviruses from northeastern Brazil, designated the ToMoLCV lineage. Genetic analyses of the complete sequences of 87 ToMoLCV isolates revealed substantial genetic diversity, including five strain groups and seven subpopulations, consistent with a long evolutionary history. Phylogeographic models generated with partial or complete sequences predicted that the ToMoLCV emerged in northeastern Brazil >700 years ago, diversifying locally and then spreading widely in the country. Thus, ToMoLCV emerged well before the introduction of MEAM1 whiteflies, suggesting that the evolution of NW monopartite begomoviruses was facilitated by local whitefly populations and the highly susceptible tomato host. IMPORTANCE Worldwide, diseases of tomato caused by whitefly-transmitted geminiviruses (begomoviruses) cause substantial economic losses and a reliance on insecticides for management. Here, we describe the molecular and biological properties of tomato mottle leaf curl virus (ToMoLCV) from Brazil and establish that it is a NW monopartite begomovirus indigenous to northeastern Brazil. This answered a long-standing question regarding the genome of this virus, and it is part of an emerging group of these viruses in Latin America. This appears to be driven by widespread planting of the highly susceptible tomato and by local and exotic whiteflies. Our extensive phylogenetic studies placed ToMoLCV in a distinct strongly supported clade with other begomoviruses from northeastern Brazil and revealed new insights into the origin of Brazilian begomoviruses. The novel phylogeographic analysis indicated that ToMoLCV has had a long evolutionary history, emerging in northeastern Brazil >700 years ago. Finally, the tools used here (agroinoculation system and ToMoLCV-specific PCR test) and information on the biology of the virus (host range and whitefly transmission) will be useful in developing and implementing integrated pest management (IPM) programs targeting ToMoLCV.

Distribution of Types and Management of Insecticides Based on Technical Applications in Palu Local Shallots

Distribution of Types and Management of Insecticides Based on Technical Applications in Palu Local Shallots

Simplified Procedures for Managing Insecticidal Waste: A Case Report of KCMUCo-PAMVERC Vector Control Product Testing Facility in North-Eastern Tanzania

Insecticide testing facilities that evaluate a variety of vector control products may generate a large number of hazardous wastes from routine operations. These wastes originate from degraded technical grade materials, sprayed substrates with Indoor Residual Spraying (IRS), and redundant stock or working insecticidal solutions. The washing of Long-Lasting Insecticidal Nets (LLINs) during preparation for laboratory and experimental hut trials also contribute to wastewater with insecticide content. Human and environmental exposure to insecticidal waste can occur during transport, categorization, storage, and disposal, resulting in environmental pollution and potential health effects. Various national and international guidelines have been devised for safe disposal and should be strictly followed to avoid adverse effects on humans or environment. To facilitate proper insecticidal waste management, this paper outlines simple but safe practices derived from international and national guidelines that can be adopted by other similar facilities. National and international policies related to chemical management were reviewed and translated into Standard Operating Procedures (SOPs), training pathways, and manuals. National Environmental Management Council (NEMC) assessed the test facility and recommended disposal procedures. NEMC recommendations were followed to construct the soak pits for liquid waste disposal while chemical transporters and incinerators were contracted for solid waste disposal. An environmental expert was contracted for environmental audit and annual monitoring. Studies and activities at the facility were evaluated for their waste generation index. Safety manual and SOPs on risk assessment, waste management and disposal, handling hazardous materials, health and safety procedures, and chemical usage were written. At KCMUCo-PAMVERC, an annual average of 0.02 and 24.9 cubic meters of liquid waste, which mainly includes a mixture of water, insecticides, and solvents, were generated from laboratory experiments (phase I) and semi-field LLIN experiments (phase II), respectively, while the IRS semi-field experiments generated an annual average of 88 L of liquid waste and 6.3 tons of solid waste. An annual average of 0.18 cubic meters of liquid waste results from other sources, including expired laboratory reagents. Well-translated national and international policies/regulations may be adopted by insecticide test facilities for proper and effective waste disposal.

A SURVEY BASED ON THE USE OF IMIDACLOPRID ON GREEN LEAFY VEGETABLES IN REMOTELY LOCATED SAGAR, INDIA

The low literacy level of the vegetable growers in the selected region of India is responsible for the use of highly toxic organophosphate pesticides on green leafy vegetables. Although in the Indian market imidacloprid (less toxic) is available but due to its high price and less effectiveness compared to that of organophosphates is not preferred to control pests on green leafy vegetables. The present research is a survey-based study designed to know the insecticide management practice among insecticide dealers, vegetable growers and comparison of obtained information with chromatographic results. The combination of survey and instrumental method (micellar liquid chromatographic technique) was utilized to determine whether the information collected from vegetable growers and insecticide dealers were similar and signicantly correlated with analytical data or not. Among the selected 48 samples of green leafy vegetables, imidacloprid was detected only in 6 samples. The survey of the insecticide dealers and vegetable growers conrmed that the vegetable growers used toxic organophosphates pesticides instead of less toxic imidacloprid. Survey data collected from vegetable growers and pesticide dealers were also tested by chromatographic method and a signicant correlation was found between them, which clearly demonstrates the minimum use of safe insecticide (imidacloprid). Imidacloprid insecticide was detected on green leafy vegetables after a preliminary survey of vegetable growers and pesticide dealers. Survey results revealed the use of potentially harmful pesticides other than imidacloprid which are banned from using in vegetables. Analytical results showed signicantly less use of imidacloprid on green leafy vegetables.