The role of retrotransposons at the interface of DNA damage and the innate immune response.

PP4 modulates macrophage-neutrophil crosstalk to restrict CCL5 -driven NETosis in sepsis.

Seneca Valley virus 2B and 3 C proteins attenuate the cGAS-STING signaling pathway by targeting STING for degradation.

CRISPR-based functional analysis of chicken IRF9 reveals distinct modulation of dsRNA stimulated innate immune pathways.

In recent years, the use of Saccharomyces cerevisiae (SC) as a probiotic, its cell-wall derived mannan-oligosaccharides (MOS) as a prebiotic, and their combined application as a synbiotic has gained recognition as an effective nutritional strategy to replace the non- therapeutic use of antibiotics in animal feed. The present study investigated the effects of dietary supplementation with SC, MOS, and their combination (SC+MOS) on growth performance, intestinal morphology, hematological indices, immune responses, and economic efficiency in Ross-308 broiler chickens. A total of 200 day-old chicks were randomly assigned to four dietary treatments in a completely randomized design, with five replicates of ten birds each. The dietary treatments included a basal diet (T₁, control), SC at 1 g/kg feed (T₂), MOS at 1 g/kg feed (T₃), and a synbiotic combination of SC and MOS at 0.5 g/kg each (T₄). Birds receiving the synbiotic diet exhibited significantly greater cumulative feed intake and body weight gain, along with the most efficient feed conversion ratio, compared to the control and other supplemented groups (P < 0.001). Intestinal morphology was markedly improved in synbiotic-fed birds (P < 0.001), as evidenced by increased villus height, reduced crypt depth, and a higher villus height-to-crypt depth ratio. Hematological parameters, including red blood cell count, hemoglobin concentration, and packed cell volume, were significantly elevated in the probiotic group (P < 0.001), whereas white blood cell counts were highest in the prebiotic group. Both humoral and innate immune responses were enhanced, as indicated by higher Newcastle disease antibody titers in the synbiotic and probiotic groups (P < 0.01) and increased phagocytic activity in synbiotic-fed birds (P < 0.001). Economically, synbiotic supplementation resulted in the greatest profitability, followed by prebiotic, probiotic, and control diets. Taken together, these findings demonstrate that synbiotic supplementation confers superior improvements in growth performance, intestinal health, immune competence, and economic returns, supporting its use as a sustainable and effective feed additive in modern broiler production systems.

Rab10 GTPase from the mud crab Scylla paramamosain is involved in the host immune response against V. parahaemolyticus infection.

IL-7 enhances the protective efficacy of inactivated grass carp reovirus vaccine as adjuvant in grass carp (Ctenopharyngodon idella).

The purpose of this study was to evaluate how the immune response to recombinant antigens is impacted by formulation with a panel of Montanide adjuvants Montanide IMS 1313 VG NST (M1313), Montanide ISA 660 VG (M660) and Montanide Gel 02 (MGel02) administered intradermally (ID) to pigs in combination with four antigens - FliC, ClpP, GroEL and YopN (Ag), which were previously found to be immunogenic when administered to pigs via the intramuscular route. M660, MGel02 and M1313 plus Ag formulations induced significantly elevated serum anti-ClpP IgG, anti-GroEL or anti-FliC IgG titres relative to pigs administered their respective adjuvants alone. Further, M660, MGel02, and M1313 plus Ag formulations contributed to significantly elevated anti-ClpP IgG, and anti-FliC IgG titres in serum, over time. No significant mucosal IgA titers were detected. Pigs administered the ID subunit vaccine formulated with M660 showed significantly elevated antigen-specific IFNγ secretion, a marker of a strong cell-mediated immune response, but these animals also developed lesions at the site of injection accompanied by evidence of significant suppurative inflammation. In a second study, histological analysis after 7 days or 24 h showed significantly increased granuloma formation, cellular recruitment, suppurative inflammation and necrosis, with reduced evidence of these pathologies in response to M660 alone. The tissue site reactions showed significantly elevated IL-1β, but not IL-6 or IFNγ, protein expression. Further, results showed significantly elevated CXCL2 gene expression between 24 h and 7 days, but not differential expression of NLRP3 or MSR1 genes, despite these genes being known to contribute to elevated IL-1β secretion and the associated pathology. The elevated expression of CXCL2 expression observed in the M660 + Ag group shows agreement with the neutrophil infiltration observed in the histopathology, which is consistent with neutrophil recruitment and involvement. These studies indicate that M660 + Ag contribute to humoral and cell-mediated immunity, but reduced doses should be assessed to ensure immunity without site reactions.

Mpox virus immunology: exploring links to autoimmune diseases.

Potential immunomodulatory and antitumor properties of hydatid cysts components.

Pharmacological activation of cGAS-STING pathway to reverse cancer drug resistance.

Porcine USP18 inhibits Japanese encephalitis virus replication by regulating the type I interferon signaling pathway.

Discovery of novel ENPP1 inhibitors with benzotriazole core for cancer immunotherapy.

DUSP1 interacts with BIP to regulate Staphylococcus aureus-induced apoptosis through the MAPK signaling pathway.

ADP-ribosylation factor 6 mediates bacterial phagocytosis and confers antimicrobial defense in the Chinese mitten crab, Eriocheirsinensis.

Activating FcγRI inhibits RIG-I-mediated host antiviral innate immunity by FGR during PRRSV-ADE infection.

SARS-CoV-2 infection-induced syncytia formation accelerates cell-to-cell transmission of the virus and enhances viral evasion by neutralizing antibodies. Host innate immune response plays a key role in controlling viral infection. Our present work identifies tumor necrosis factor (TNF) as a key cytokine quickly released from activated innate immune cells that suppresses SARS-CoV-2 spike-mediated cell-cell fusion. Mechanistically, TNF signals through the TNFR1-TRADD/TRAF2/RIPK1-MAPK-SDC4 axis. SDC4 further activates the RhoA/ROCK signaling pathway, which promotes cytoskeletal reorganization, leading to the formation of actin bundles at the interface between infected cell and adjacent cell. Such remodeling of actin effectively blocks further propagation of syncytia and viral spreading. These findings provide critical insights into the dynamic interplay between host antiviral factors and syncytia formation, deepening our understanding of the innate immune control of SARS-CoV-2 infection.

Integrated immune responses in Manila clam: Antimicrobial activity, immune-related enzymes activity and gene expression profiles following Vibrio anguillarum challenge.

Targeting the fatty acid metabolism pathway represents a promising antiviral strategy against diverse viral infections.

Gout and type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) are prevalent metabolic disorders with a significant bidirectional association. The review article focuses on the interplay between serum uric acid and glucose/lipid metabolism, innate immunity, inflammation, and gut microbiota, proposing simultaneous treatment strategies. Gout, caused by monosodium urate crystal deposition due to hyperuricaemia, and T2DM, induced by high-fat, high-sugar diets disrupting metabolic balance, share common pathological mechanisms. Elevated uric acid levels contribute to lipid and glucose metabolic disorders, activate inflammatory pathways like the nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain-like receptor 3 inflammasome, and trigger innate immune responses. The gut microbiota also plays a significant role in both metabolic diseases, with dysbiosis affecting uric acid excretion and insulin resistance. This review article highlights promising therapeutic approaches, including the use of sodium-glucose cotransporter-2 inhibitors which reduce serum uric acid and lowers gout risk alongside glycaemic control. Additionally, targeting inflammatory pathways such as interleukin-1β offers potential benefits for both conditions. Combined pharmacological therapies, dietary adjustments, and gut microbiota interventions present new directions for simultaneous management. This review article provides a comprehensive analysis of the links between gout and T2DM, offering novel insights for clinical practice and future research.