Ink Particles Research Articles

Defense reactions of Dermatobia hominis (Diptera: Cuterebridae) larval hemocytes

The defense reactions against biological (Histoplasma capsulatum and Escherichia coli) and non-biological materials (China ink and nylon thread) were tested in vivo in third instar larvae of Dermatobia hominis. The cellular defense performed by larval hemocytes was observed under electron microscopy. China ink particles were phagocytosed by granular cells 5 h after injection. E. coli cells were internalized by granular cells as early as 5 min after injection and totally cleared 180 min post-injection, when many hemocytes appeared disintegrated and others in process of recovering. H. capsulatum yeasts provoked, 24 h after being injected, the beginning of nodule formation. Nylon thread was encapsulated 24 h after the introduction into the hemocoel. Our results suggest that granular cells were the phagocytic cells and also the responsible for the triggering of nodule and capsule formation. In the presence of yeasts cells and nylon thread, they released their granules that chemotactically attracted the plasmatocytes that on their turn, flattened to surround and isolate the foreign material.

Modification of cellulase with polyalkylene oxide allyl ester–maleic acid anhydride copolymer and its application to the pulp and paper industry

Functional copolymer-modified cellulase was applied to newspaper reprocessing. The new copolymers, composed of polyalkylene oxide (PAO) and maleic acid anhydride (MA), were synthesized to modify the cellulase. MA was attached to PAO allyl ester, formed by the reaction between PAO allyl alcohol and lauric acid. The modification is produced by the ability of MA to react with the amino acid group of the cellulase for modification. At the maximum degree of modification of 52%, modified cellulase showed more than 65% activity over the unmodified native cellulase. When modified cellulase was applied to the waste paper reprocessing, it was found that the cellulase enhanced the detachment of ink particles from paper. PAO was found to also cause the removal of the detached ink particles by floatation. This process creates a more moderate environment than conventional methods, improves the physical properties of the paper such as freeness and whiteness in comparison to conventional NaOH methods, while maintaining the same ink particle removal ability. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 84: 894–899, 2002; DOI 10.1002/app.10088

Modification of cellulase with polyalkylene oxide allyl ester–maleic acid anhydride copolymer and its application to the pulp and paper industry

AbstractFunctional copolymer‐modified cellulase was applied to newspaper reprocessing. The new copolymers, composed of polyalkylene oxide (PAO) and maleic acid anhydride (MA), were synthesized to modify the cellulase. MA was attached to PAO allyl ester, formed by the reaction between PAO allyl alcohol and lauric acid. The modification is produced by the ability of MA to react with the amino acid group of the cellulase for modification. At the maximum degree of modification of 52%, modified cellulase showed more than 65% activity over the unmodified native cellulase. When modified cellulase was applied to the waste paper reprocessing, it was found that the cellulase enhanced the detachment of ink particles from paper. PAO was found to also cause the removal of the detached ink particles by floatation. This process creates a more moderate environment than conventional methods, improves the physical properties of the paper such as freeness and whiteness in comparison to conventional NaOH methods, while maintaining the same ink particle removal ability. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 84: 894–899, 2002; DOI 10.1002/app.10088

古紙パルプ脱墨技術の基礎

Pulp and paper industry is aiming to raise the percentage of waste paper recycling to 60% by 2005 and makes efforts to reach this target. Under these circumstances, developed deinking technology is severely required. The deinking is indeed one of the process industries and is mainly consisted of ink releasing and ink rejecting. To control the ink particle size in each process is very important in order to obtain the good deinked pulp. For example, in the ink rejecting process, more than 95% of larger ink particles than 4 um is easily rejected by the flotation cells. This means smaller ink particles than 4 um are hardly rejected. Residual small inks make the deinked pulp grayer and result in poor printability. Coagulation of the small ink particles decides the deinkability in flotation. On the other hand. ink releasing relates to the penetration of the chemistry into the waste papers. Therefore, the phenomena in each deinking process can be understood by surface science and the deinking agent controls these phenomena.To achieve the above-mentioned target, lower grade waste papers, such as old magazines, which have not been used as a furnish will be deinked and for these waste paper deinking, developed deinking agents which have better ink releasing and sticky removing abilities will be needed. Based on surface science, we have developed the new deinking agent whose ink releasing ability is improved 20%. The special surfactant has been also developed to reduce the sticky. By using this surfactant, the sticky is removed 1.2 times as much as the conventional deinking agent.A deinking agent has been thought as a ink removing agent. From now on, concerning the pulp quality as a furnish, we are going to continue to develop the deinking agent as a pulp recycling agent to produce the better deinked pulp.

Tattoo darkening and nonresponse after laser treatment: a possible role for titanium dioxide.

To examine relationships between chemical composition, biopsy findings, and clinical outcome in laser-treated tattoos. Observational nonblinded retrospective study. University-based dermatology clinic and private practice. Twenty patients who underwent biopsy of laser-treated tattoos. Biopsy specimens were analyzed after laser treatment, and the depths of changed particles were recorded. Ultrastructure of the changed particles was examined by electron microscopy. Presence of inorganic chemicals was determined by x-ray diffraction. Correlation between x-ray diffraction, microscopy, and clinical response was attempted. Of the 20 tattoos, 7 lightened, 9 failed to change, and 4 darkened after laser treatment. There was a significant association between presence of titanium dioxide and poor response to laser therapy. Microscopic studies showed variable changes in the ink particles, but there was a trend toward residual deep green pigment in the resistant tattoos. Also, round dark stippling was observed superficially in the darkened specimens. Titanium is overrepresented in tattoos that respond poorly to laser treatment. Further studies are necessary to show whether this metal is the primary cause of this poor response.

Agglomeration of ink particles using a mixture of a fatty acid sodium salt and a non-ionic surfactant

Studies on a model ink suspension have shown that the effect of non-ionic dispersion agents on ink agglomeration using fatty acid chemistry as collector was highly temperature-dependent. The non-io ...

Aspects of the functional morphology of the ductus epididymidis in domestic anseriform and galliform birds.

The structure of the ductus epididymidis, and its capacity to take up luminal particulate material (India ink) were studied, using scanning and transmission electron microscopy, in the domestic fowl, turkey and Japanese quail (Order Galliformes) and drake (Order Anseriformes). The epithelium appeared contractile and stable structurally, especially in the drake in which, among other cytoskeletal features, abundant perinuclear intermediate filaments radiated peripherally in the principal, nonciliated (Type III) cell. The Golgi complex was well developed, except in the turkey in which it was extremely inconspicuous. Sparsely granulated profiles were the main component of the elaborate endoplasmic reticulum, which was best developed in the drake and least in the turkey. The cell in the turkey was uniquely laden with large aggregates of lipid droplets. Generally, characteristics of a cell active in the synthesis and merocrine secretion of proteinaceous material were evident. There was no evidence of apocrine-like secretion in well-fixed tissues. The cell lacked the capacity to take up luminal India ink particles, and displayed very poorly developed endocytic structural features, which are also probably only selectively and minimally absorptive. Ultrastructural features varied between and within the orders studied, necessitating further studies.

Flotation de-inking studies using model hydrophobic particles and non-ionic dispersants

A series of non-ionic alcohol ethoxylated surfactants (with HLB within the range of 11.1–12.5) were used as dispersants during flotation of mondisperse hydrophobised silica particles (representing ink particles) in de-inking formulations. Laboratory scale flotation experiments, contact angle, dynamic surface tension and thin film drainage experiments were carried out. The reduction in dynamic surface tension at the air/solution interface (which is dependent on the adsorption kinetics) followed the order C 10E 6>C 12E 8≈C 12E 6>C 14E 6 and these values were lower than sodium oleate, which is commonly used in de-inking systems. In addition the non-ionics adsorbed on the hydrophobised silica particles reducing the contact angle. These results indicated that the non-ionic surfactant with the highest CMC (C 10E 6) gave (a) the highest rate of adsorption at the air/solution interface (b) the froth with the greatest water content and higher froth volume (c) the lowest reduction in contact angle and (d) the highest flotation efficiency at concentrations above the CMC. It was also observed that flotation occurred, in spite of the fact that thin-film measurements indicated that the adsorption of non-ionic at the air/solution and silica/solution interfaces reduced the hydrophobicity of the particles, as indicated by an increase in stability of the aqueous thin film between the particle and air-bubble. This result suggests that the bubble-ink particle captures mechanism (occurring through rupture of the thin aqueous film separating the interfaces) is not the only mechanism controlling the flotation efficiency and that other parameters (such as the kinetics of surfactant adsorption, foaming characteristics, and bubble size) need to be taken into account. The kinetics is important with respect to the rate of adsorption of surfactant to both interfaces. Under equilibrium conditions, this may give rise to repulsive steric forces between the air-bubble and the particles (stable aqueous thin-films). However, a lower amount of surfactant adsorbed at a freshly formed air bubble or inkparticle (caused by slow adsorption rates) will produce a lower steric repulsive force allowing effective collection of particles by the bubble. Also, it was suggested that the influence of alcohol ethoxylates on bubble-size could effect the particle capture rate and mechanical entrainment of particles in an excessively buoyant froth, which will also play an important role in the flotation recovery.

ELIMINATION OF SEQUESTERED MATERIAL FROM THE GILLS OF DECAPOD CRUSTACEANS

Ink particles injected into the hemolymph of the American lobster (Homarus americanus), spiny lobster (Panulirus interruptus), crayfish (Procambarus clarkii), and ridgeback prawn (Sicyonia ingentis) were rapidly removed from circulation, and most were sequestered within nodules in the gills. The morphology of the gills and the nodules were examined from the time of injection until the following molt. The process by which ink was cleared from the gills was the same in all four species. Nodules formed within 10 min after injection and were composed of hemocytes loosely attached to one another and binding small quantities of ink. Within one week, nodules became spherical and more compact with accumulations of ink surrounded by layers of flattened hemocytes. By one month, hemocytes in the nodules had degenerated leaving melanized masses which lay between the gill epithelium and the exoskeleton. Following molting, the gills of both trichobranchiate and dendrobranchiate species were clean or had very reduced numbers of nodules, and melanized masses were seen attached to the inner surface of the shed exoskeletons. A similar mechanism for cleaning the gills has been reported in crustaceans infected with parasites and in necrotic gill tissue caused by exposure to toxic heavy metals. We, therefore, suggest that the ability of the gill epithelium to wall off foreign material so that it is lost during the following molt is a general mechanism to prevent occlusion of the gill and maintain its role in ion regulation and respiration.

Deinking of recycled pulps using column flotation: energy and environmental benefits

Abstract Deinking of recycled pulps is an important operation intended to provide pulps appropriate for making paper and paperboard products from recycled wastepaper. Conventionally, deinking of recycled pulp is conducted in a flotation cell equipped with an agitator. We have investigated the applicability of a new flotation cell based on a column without an agitator present to accomplish the deinking of typical wastepaper feedstocks and also a feedstock consisting of rejects from a conventional deinking cell. Experimental results on the deinking operation indicate that it is possible to achieve deinking of a mixture of photocopier and laserprinted paper in the column flotation cell. The performance of the column, as measured by the resultant pulp’s brightness and ink particle size distributions, is comparable to that of a conventional laboratory cell which incorporates severe agitation regimens. Thus, it is found that the agitator can be eliminated by using the column flotation design which could yield significant electrical energy savings in addition to savings in capital costs and other operational and maintenance costs. A series of deinking experiments were also performed on a feedstock consisting of rejected waste obtained from a conventional cell in a pilot plant. We found that deinking of the rejected waste could yield significant usable fiber. This indicates the potential of the column flotation technique in enhancing the reuse of a waste component thus reducing the volume of deinking waste rejected into the environment.

Elimination of Sequestered Material from the Gills of Decapod Crustaceans

Ink particles injected into the hemolymph of the American lobster (Homarus americanus), spiny lobster (Panulirus interruptus), crayfish (Procambarus clarkii), and ridgeback prawn (Sicyonia ingentis) were rapidly removed from circulation, and most were sequestered within nodules in the gills. The morphology of the gills and the nodules were examined from the time of injection until the following molt. The process by which ink was cleared from the gills was the same in all four species. Nodules formed within 10 min after injection and were composed of hemocytes loosely attached to one another and binding small quantities of ink. Within one week, nodules became spherical and more compact with accumulations of ink surrounded by layers of flattened hemocytes. By one month, hemocytes in the nodules had degenerated leaving melanized masses which lay between the gill epithelium and the exoskeleton. Following molting, the gills of both trichobranchiate and dendrobranchiate species were clean or had very reduced numbers of nodules, and melanized masses were seen attached to the inner surface of the shed exoskeletons. A similar mechanism for cleaning the gills has been reported in crustaceans infected with parasites and in necrotic gill tissue caused by exposure to toxic heavy metals. We, therefore, suggest that the ability of the gill epithelium to wall off foreign material so that it is lost during the following molt is a general mechanism to prevent occlusion of the gill and maintain its role in ion regulation and respiration.

Hydrodynamics of deinking flotation

The technological parameters relating to the aeration, mixing and separation steps of the flotation cells currently used in the field of waste paper recycling are reviewed in this paper. A laboratory flotation cell was designed to study the effects of the hydrodynamic flotation parameters, and tested on different deinking furnish. The physico-chemical aspects of flotation deinking were not investigated and the flotation efficiencies were measured for the ink particles detached from the fiber surface. Experimental evidence concerning the first-order kinetics of ink removal, with respect to flotation time and consumed air, was obtained for different particle and bubble sizes. Small bubbles were shown to be more effective, but led to higher fiber losses than large bubbles for a given ratio of consumed air. The design of the experimental cell was then improved in such a way as to produce calibrated air bubbles of different sizes between 0.5 and 2 mm diameter, and to investigate separately the effect of turbulence generated in the flotation cell. The results showed that the relation between the flotation rate constant and bubble size depends on particle size and shape. The optimum ink particle size showed to be in the range of 10–100 μm. The flotation efficiencies decreased strongly with particle size in the case of flat shaped ink particles, while no significant efficiency drop was observed for the large particles in the case of calibrated laser inks. A turbulence increase improved significantly the removal efficiency except for the largest laser ink particles. The experimental results were compared with the theory developed in the field of mineral flotation and showed quite good agreement with the theoretical relations as far as the effects of air ratio, bubble size and turbulence with respect to relatively small particle sizes are concerned.

Biological de-inking of waste paper using modified cellulase with polyoxyethylene

Modified cellulase with polyoxyethylene was applied to de-ink waste papers and the weight ratio of modified cellulase to paper was varied from 0.05 to 2% (w/w). During mechanical pulping, the cellulase enhanced the detachment of the ink particle from the paper by partial hydrolysis of the fiber. Polyoxyethylene caused foaming and removed the detached ink particles by floatation. The new biological de-inking process improved the physical properties while maintaining the same de-inking ability. Reprocessed paper freeness, whiteness, and tensile strength increased by 31%, 13%, and 24%, respectively.

リサイクル禁忌品の脱墨について カーボン・ペーパーの脱墨の可能性

Increase in the utility rate of waste paper is one of the most important subjects that is proposed as “Recycle target 56” by JPA (Japan Paper Association).Deinkability of prohibitive materials for recycling was examined with carbon paper. We evaluated the deinkabilities of old newspaper/carbon paper mixture, woodfree paper/carbon paper mixture and 100% carbon paper. In conclusion, we have found that following three technical conditions enable the deinkability of carbon paper to emerge.1. Control of ink particle size in pulper stage2. Increasing of foam volume with foaming agents or air blow3. Improvement in washing stage and water treatment stage

Simple cellular automaton-based simulation of ink behaviour and its application toSuibokuga-like 3D rendering of trees

Suibokuga is a style of monochrome painting characterized by the use of Chinese black ink (sumi), a complex interaction between brush, ink and paper, and such visual features as Noutan (shade), Kasure (scratchiness), and Nijimi (blur). In this paper we present a simple behavioural model of water and ink particles based on a 2D cellular automaton computational model, and its application to a Suibokuga-like rendering of 3D trees. Copyright © 1999 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

Deinking of soy bean oil based ink printed paper with lipases and a neutral surfactant

A screening of different strains of bacteria for the production of lipases which degrade the soy bean oil based binder component of newsprint ink was performed. Three strains were found to be efficient lipase producers and were selected for further investigations. The pH optimum, temperature stability and the optimum enzyme concentrations for the deinking of recovered paper printed with soy bean oil based ink were determined and compared with a commercially available porcine pancreas lipase preparation. A lipase preparation from Pseudomonas aeruginosa with a pH optimum and temperature stability suitable for an application in a deinking process and with a high deinking efficiency in combination with a neutral surfactant could be identified. The deinking effect of the lipases was caused by a partial degradation of the binder of the soy bean oil based inks thereby releasing the ink particles from the paper.

Surface chemistry of flotation deinking: Effect of various chemical conditions on ink agglomerate character and floatability.

Interaction between ink particles and air bubbles has been determined by contact angle and flotation experiments. Different parameters have been tested concerning their effect on these interactions ...

The use of surfactants in de-inking paper for paper recycling

Many de-inking surfactants have been claimed in patents. Alcohol ethoxylates and alkylphenol ethoxylates are commonly used in wash de-inking whereas alcohol alkoxylates and fatty acid alkoxylates are commonly used in flotation de-inking and combined flotation/wash de-inking processes. Dispersed ink particle redeposition onto cellulose fibers is a significant problem. Recent developments have occurred in the improvement of de-inking chemicals and in the.understanding of surface chemistry.

A Theoretical Model of Flotation Deinking Efficiency

The associated probabilities of each microprocess occurring in flotation deinking are employed in the development of a kinetic or population balance-type model of the overall flotation process. The overall model contains two kinetic constants: The first,k1, governs the overall probability of a free ink particle successfully being intercepted by and adhering to an air bubble; the second,k2, is a measure of the probability that a particle/bubble aggregate pair will become unstable and split to yield a “new” free ink particle. The solution to the kinetic model is presented in terms ofk1andk2, which are themselves functions of system parameters such as bubble and particle physical properties (e.g., diameter, density) and fluid properties (e.g., viscosity, surface tension). From this solution, a definition of theoretical flotation efficiency is presented, as well as definitions of other system performance parameters, and selected predictions are displayed.

Calcium soaps in flotation deinking; fundamental studies using surface force and coagulation techniques

The surface force technique was shown to give useful information concerning the interaction of fatty acid flotation collectors and calcium activator with a negatively charged mica substrate at high pH. Since the surface of ink particles under deinking conditions are enriched mainly by negatively charged groups, these experiments enabled some details of the fundamental mechanisms involved in deinking flotation to be clarified. The preliminary results (carried out at relatively low calcium and fatty acid concentrations) may be summarized as follows: (a) At pH > 10, the negatively charged surface generated a long range DLVO double-layer repulsion and the potential at the mica/electrolyte interface could be estimated. However, at short distances (15 Å from mica contact), a repulsive non-DLVO hydration barrier was detected due to adsorbed Na +. (b) On addition of CaCl 2, the Na + was replaced by the specific adsorption of the less strongly hydrated Ca(OH) + solution species or more strongly hydrolyzable calcium species. This resulted in the elimination of the hydration forces and mica-mica contact. On addition of fatty acid, no change in the force profile was detected suggesting no calcium was removed from the surface and there was no evidence of calcium soap formation in the surface region. This result implies that under alkali conditions, the calcium does not induce a bridging mechanism in the presence of fatty acid (below the calcium soap precipitation level). In fact, the calcium could only operate as bridging agents if they can specifically bind to the surface, as well as to the carboxylated fatty acid. The “calcium dehydration/destabilization mechanism” was verified by coagulation studies with quartz suspensions. At higher fatty acid and calcium concentrations, calcium soap was precipitated in bulk solution. It was suggested that microencapsulation of the ink particles with hydrophobic species occures through heterocoagulation with the bulk precipitated calcium soap particles.