Injection Location Research Articles

The effect of gas injection location on a lithium vapor box divertor in NSTX-U

The lithium vapor box divertor is a proposed divertor design that will minimize contamination of the upstream plasma in a fusion device, while also ensuring protection of the target. In this design lithium is evaporated near the target by high temperature lithium surfaces, dissipating the plasma heat flux. The lithium vapor box has been predicted via the fluid-kinetic code scrape off layer plasma simulator (SOLPS-ITER) to achieve low (/0.05) upstream concentrations of lithium and low target heat fluxes. Here we compare two choices of deuterium gas puff location using SOLPS-ITER, the private flux region (PFR) and the common flux region (CFR), and find significant differences in the contamination level required to reach an acceptable target heat flux (defined here as q10 MW m−2). Deuterium gas puffing from the PFR is seen to better reduce upstream lithium contamination. The difference in puffing location is seen to cause changes in the upstream flow of lithium ions. The PFR puff, having better access to the separatrix, can better reduce the upstream-directed flow of lithium near the separatrix which is the primary source of contamination due to a large thermal force in this region. Puffing from the CFR, partially due to inefficacy at reducing separatrix lithium flow, has higher lithium concentration within the plasma. Solutions that reduce the heat flux to below 10 MW m−2 have a range of lithium concentrations between /0.01–0.12 depending on puff intensity, location, evaporator temperature and recycling at the various plasma facing components. The efficacy of the puffs is tested for sensitivity to deuterium recycling coefficient at the target, evaporators, and main chamber walls. A CFR located puff is found to be more dependent on the recycling coefficients used than a PFR located puff. regardless of the set of recycling coefficients chosen, PFR puffing achieves lower lithium contamination than CFR puffing for a given heat flux.

Effects of MWCNT nanoparticles injection points on incompressible laminar hydrogen flow through discrete phase modeling by CFD approach

Discrete phase model used in the aerospace industry to stimulate the behavior of particles inside the aircraft engines. The application of the discrete phase modeling (DPM) is extensive in solving the real-time engineering problems in optimization of numerous systems. In the current study, the DPM model has been simulated to examine the effect of injection point on the hydrogen flow field. A domain has been proposed and the injection point has been positioned in the four different places at the regular intervals. The location of the injection points was 0.2 m, 0.3 m, 0.4 m and 0.6 m. Dense discrete Eulerian lagrangian numerical simulation has been employed to analyze the effect of the multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNT) nanoparticles. The hydrogen has been supplied at the injection velocity of 2 m/s. ANSYS implicit simulation setup has been tested across various injection points. The research found that the location of injection points plays a significant role in DPM concentration, with the highest concentration at 0.2 m and the lowest at 0.6 m, but has no significant impact on dynamic pressure. MWCNT nanoparticles had a negligible effect on skin friction coefficient, but shifting the injection point could reduce skin friction rates. The inclusion of MWCNT nanoparticles increased hydrogen flow velocity through downstream effects, vortices, and the nano-enhancement effect. The study suggests that MWCNT can significantly enhance hydrogen flow velocity in various applications, and DPM concentration data can provide valuable insights for optimizing injection locations to prevent unwanted nanoparticle effects.

Exploring the Effects of DEE Pilot Injection on a Biogas-Fueled HCCI Engine at Different Injection Locations

One of the popular ways to minimise the impact of emissions produced by engines is by enabling alternative fuels. Out of the many trending options for alternative fuels, biogas provides some unique advantages, such as being considered to be environmentally friendly, obeying the laws of renewable energy and generating the smallest carbon footprints. The two major drawbacks of traditional diesel engines are their high rate of NOx and significant amount of soot. The best candidates for overcoming these issues are HCCI engines; HCCI engines can provide better control over NOx generation and overall thermal efficiency can be improved to a greater level. These types of engines are compatible with both SI and CI. Now, to understand and analyse the behaviour of HCCI, the present work was focused on a modified single-cylinder CI engine. It was made to operate in HCCI mode by enabling the combination of biogas, along with diethyl ether (DEE), as a fuel mixture. To achieve better combustion, biogas was combined with air, while DEE acted as an ignition source, which can be introduced at three different locations. In total, the experiment was performed sixty times so as to achieve the best injection position. To obtain this information, other parameters, such as biogas flow rate, torque, methane fraction and DEE injection position, were also incorporated. The main results were consolidated by warping the output parameters such as brake thermal efficiency, equivalence ratio, air–fuel ratio, and brake-specific fuel consumption. Emission such as CO, HC, NOx, and smoke were taken into account. The results indicate that port injection provides higher thermal efficiency than manifold injections, while lower emissions were observed in manifold injections.

A Break Of Barrier To Classical Differential Fault Attack On The Nonce-Based Authenticated Encryption Algorithm

Abstract It had always been believed that there was an inherent barrier to Differential Fault Attack (DFA) on the nonce-based authenticated encryption algorithm. At CHES 2016, Saha et al. proposed an Internal Differential Fault Attack on a parallelizable counter-mode algorithm. They induce the attack to classical DFA at the expense of one more fault injection in every encryption process. In this paper, we propose the DFA on HYENA, which is a nonce-based authenticated encryption mode for GIFT-128. Our work is the first pure classical DFA on a nonce-based authenticated encryption algorithm with only one fault injected in every decryption process. Firstly, we give the DFA on GIFT-128 with a fault injected into the 39th-round input. Based on this work, we inject a fault in the underlying GIFT-128 of a HYENA decryption process and make this decryption process still generate the correct tag and output plaintext. This makes the necessary conditions of DFA satisfied. Experiments show that at most 56 key bits of HYENA can be recovered with only a few faulty ciphertexts. In addition, our fault injection is easier to achieve than most other work about fault attack, because the injection location is relatively random and the fault type can be arbitrary. It should be noted that the left 72 key bits cannot be recovered in this way.

Investigation on the flow and heat transfer characteristics in a flame deflector with different water injection schemes

The thermal–hydraulic performance of flame deflector in a reduced-scale rocket engine testing platform with different water spray schemes is analyzed. The standard k-ε turbulent model and Eddy-Dissipation Concept (EDC) model are applied to solve the characteristic of the flow and combustion and the discrete ordinates (DO) model is adopted to simulate the thermal radiation. Model validation shows that the predicted results are in good agreement with the experimental data. In addition, the flow and temperature field of the exhaust gas impinging on the flame deflector under different water injection location, mass flow rate, hydrogen ratio and vertical panel height are numerically investigated. The results reveal that the scheme of centre water spray performs better than other schemes in terms of maximum and area-averaged temperatures. In terms of the flow performance, the case of annulus water spray performs best, followed by centre water spray and bottom water spray worst. With the increase of hydrogen ratio, the reburning of hydrogen results in the amplification of the high-temperature region in the flame deflector. The temperature on the bottom surface decreases gradually but the temperature on the vertical panel increases with the increase of the vertical panel height.

Impact of Uncertainty Quantification on Small Signal Stability of Power System

The statistical uncertainty quantification of the injected uncertainties into a power system has been done to study the response of the power system to such injected randomness. The dominant electromechanical modes have been analysed and the frequency spectrum of the trajectories obtained for various state variables has been used to measure the impact of injected randomness on the system. The idea of Statistical Distance between the point of input perturbations and output measurement data has been explored. The simulation results indicate that there is a direct relationship between the input uncertainty and output measurement variable and is greatly affected by the magnitude and location of random injection. The above framework has been validated using Kundur's two area system and IEEE 14 Bus system.

Efficient Attack Scheme against SKINNY-64 Based on Algebraic Fault Analysis.

Lightweight block ciphers are normally used in low-power resource-constrained environments, while providing reliable and sufficient security. Therefore, it is important to study the security and reliability of lightweight block ciphers. SKINNY is a new lightweight tweakable block cipher. In this paper, we present an efficient attack scheme for SKINNY-64 based on algebraic fault analysis. The optimal fault injection location is given by analyzing the diffusion of a single-bit fault at different locations during the encryption process. At the same time, by combining the algebraic fault analysis method based on S-box decomposition, the master key can be recovered in an average time of 9 s using one fault. To the best of our knowledge, our proposed attack scheme requires fewer faults, is faster to solve, and has a higher success rate than other existing attack methods.

Numerical Investigation on the Influence of Injection Location and Injection Strategy on a High-Pressure Direct Injection Diesel/Methanol Dual-Fuel Engine

High-pressure direct injection diesel/methanol dual-fuel engines exhibit excellent emission reduction potential, but they are still in the initial stage of research and development. The influences of different methanol injection locations, injection duration, and injection pressures on combustion characteristics, mixture homogeneity, and exhaust emissions are investigated to explore appropriate injection strategies and further optimize the engine performance base using CONVERGE software. The results show that the impact of the methanol injection position on the engine is relatively small, especially on combustion characteristics. A larger axial nozzle distance contributes to the formation of the homogeneous mixture, improving the engine economy. However, the engine performance is remarkably affected by methanol injection duration and methanol injection pressure. A shorter combustion duration is achieved with a decrease in the methanol injection duration and an increase in the methanol injection pressure, as a result of which the fuel economy is improved, with the combustion process more concentrated near the top dead center. Simultaneously, the mixture homogeneity is enhanced, which is conducive to a reduction in soot and CO emissions, yet not to a NOX and HC reduction. The lowest overall emissions of NOX, soot, CO, and HC are achieved when the radial nozzle distance and axial nozzle distance are 2.5 mm and 0.5 mm, respectively. Besides, the combustion characteristics and emissions of the engine are affected significantly under different methanol injection locations and injection pressures. The increased injection interval leads to deteriorating combustion characteristics and economy, i.e., a delayed combustion phase (CA50), an extended ignition delay and combustion duration (CA10–CA90), thereby increasing CO and soot emissions, but decreasing NOX emission. Additionally, the optimal economy and exhaust emissions are obtained when adopting an injection duration of 6 °CA and an injection pressure of 44.4 MPa. The ITE is increased in this case compared to the other injection strategies, thereby improving the engine performance significantly. The results provide parametric feedback and theoretical support for the design of high-pressure direct injection diesel/methanol dual-fuel engines from a time and space perspective, which has certain theoretical significance.

Fundamental investigation of reactive-convective transport: Implications for long-term carbon dioxide (CO2) sequestration

The density-driven convection coupled with chemical reaction is the preferred mechanism for permanently storing CO2 in saline aquifers. This study uses a 2D visual Hele-Shaw cell to evaluate and visualize the density-driven convection formed due to gravitational instabilities. The primary goal of the experiments is to understand the various mechanisms for the mass transfer of gaseous CO2 into brine with different initial ionic concentrations and flow permeability. Moreover, the impact of CO2 injection locations, reservoir dipping angle, and permeability heterogeneity is also investigated. We observed that the presence of salts resulted in earlier onset of convection and a larger convective finger wavelength than the case with no dissolved salts. Additionally, a higher lateral mixing between CO2 fingers is observed when dipping is involved. The CO2 dissolution, indicated by the area of the pH-depressed region, depends on the type and concentration of the ions present in the brine and is observed to be 0.38–0.77 times compared to when no salt is present. Although convective flow is slowed in the presence of salts, the diffusive flux is enhanced, as observed from both qualitative and quantitative results. Moreover, the reduced formation permeability, introduced by using a flow barrier, resulted in numerous regions not being swept by the dissolved CO2, indicating an inefficient dissolution. We also investigated the effect of discrete high-conductivity fractures within the flow barriers, which showed an uneven vertical sweep and enhanced flow channeling. Lastly, the parameters regarding CO2 leakage risk during storage are identified and discussed.

Numerical investigation of the effect of dielectric barrier discharge plasma actuator-induced momentum jet parameters on flow control of an oscillating wind turbine airfoil

Wind turbine blades that undergo pitch-oscillating motion exhibit dynamic stall behavior, deteriorating their aerodynamic performance. In this regard, dielectric barrier discharge (DBD) plasma actuators are promising tools for controlling flow by inducing momentum jet flow. Four key parameters typically determine the momentum jet: length, power, angle, and injection location. This paper presents a numerical study that investigates the effect of these parameters on flow control around an SG6042 wind turbine airfoil at a Reynolds number of Rec=1.35×105. For this sake, the study considers various numbers of actuators, force directions, and installation locations. This study utilizes two-dimensional, unsteady Reynolds-averaged Navier–Stokes equations with the γ–Reθ transition model. The results demonstrate the significant effects of momentum jet parameters on flow control. As the location of single-DBD moves closer to the leading edge, its effectiveness on the low-pressure vortex growth increases, resulting in a smaller vortex and a lower drag coefficient. Furthermore, an increase in the power and length of the jet leads to effective flow control. Vortices on the airfoil's suction surface are recognized as influential factors in the aerodynamic performance. As a result, the co-flow actuator significantly improves the performance of the airfoil by inducing the momentum jet in this region. Flow control is augmented when the actuator is installed at a location with a near-surface jet angle. The leading edge case with a co-flow single-DBD achieves the best control performance. In this instance, the dynamic stall occurs approximately 5% later than in the case of the clean configuration.

Tailoring crystal structure and morphology of MnOx nanoparticles via electrospray-assisted flame spray pyrolysis

In this work, MnOx nanoparticles were produced by a continuous electrospray-assisted flame spray pyrolysis (EAFSP) method. In this regard, the precursor solutions containing manganese (II) nitrate hydrate (MnN) dissolved in 1-propanol precursor solutions are initially atomized into charged droplets by an electrospray in the microdripping mode. Then, the electrically charged precursor droplets enter the flame in a controlled manner without requiring a dispersion gas. The synthesis was carried out with a variation in horizontal injection locations from different heights above the burner (HAB) to control the high-temperature residence times of the charged droplets without changing the flame conditions for producing MnOx nanoparticles with tunable particle properties. Various diagnostics such as TEM, SMPS, BET, and XRD were applied for analyzing the formation of primary and agglomerated MnOx nanoparticles as well as their crystal phases with varying temperature histories. Furthermore, phase-Doppler anemometry (PDA) experiments have been conducted to track the evolution of droplet size and droplet axial velocity in the electrospray flame, allowing for the study of combustion of electrosprayed MnN droplets and the presence of µ-explosions in the flame.

Novel Ultrasound-guided Injection Method for Thoracic Outlet Syndrome Based on Anatomical Features: A Cadaveric Study

BACKGROUND: Despite the positive effect of botulinum neurotoxin (BoNT) injections in thoracic outlet syndrome (TOS) treatment, there is insufficient anatomical evidence of its use in the anterior scalene (AS) and middle scalene (MS) muscles. OBJECTIVES: This study aimed to provide safer and more effective guidelines for the injection of botulinum neurotoxin into scalene muscles for the treatment of thoracic outlet syndrome. STUDY DESIGN: The study was based on an anatomical study and ultrasound studies. SETTING: This study was conducted at the Division in Anatomy and Developmental Biology, Department of Oral Biology, Human Identification Research Institute, BK21 FOUR Project, Yonsei University College of Dentistry (Seoul, Republic of Korea) METHODS: Ten living volunteers underwent ultrasonography, and the depths of the anterior scalene (AS) and middle scalene (MS) muscles were calculated from the skin surface. In cadaveric specimens, fifteen AS and 13 MS muscles were stained using the Sihler staining procedure; the neural arborization pattern was identified, and localized dense portions were investigated. RESULTS: The mean depth of the AS was 9.19 ± 1.56 mm, and that of the MS was 11.64 ± 2.73 mm at 1.5 cm above the clavicle. At 3 cm above the clavicle, the AS and MS were clearly located 8.12 ± 1.90 mm and 10.99 ± 2.52 mm deep, respectively. The nerve ending points were highest in the lower three-quarters of the AS (11/15 cases) and MS muscles (8/13 cases), followed by the lower quarter (AS muscle, 4/15 cases; MS muscle, 3/13 cases). LIMITATIONS: There are many difficulties for clinics to directly perform ultrasound-guided injections in clinical practice. However, results of this study can be used as basic data. CONCLUSION: According to anatomical features, the appropriate location for botulinum neurotoxin injection in the AS and MS muscles for the treatment of TOS is the lower portion of the scalene muscles. Therefore, it is recommended to inject at a depth of approximately 8 mm for AS and 11 mm for MS at a point 3 cm above the clavicle. KEY WORDS: Thoracic outlet syndrome, ultrasound-guided injection, nerve arborization pattern, botulinum neurotoxin, noninvasive treatment, scalene muscles, anterior scalene, middle scalene

Study of Injector Geometry and Parcel Injection Location on Spray Simulation of the Engine Combustion Network Spray G Injector

Abstract Parcel-based simulations are the most common method to simulate fuel sprays, especially for reacting conditions, due to their lower computational cost compared to more highly resolved simulations. It is important, however, to understand how spray boundary conditions are used to initialize the parcels that represent the atomizing fluid affect downstream conditions and overall simulation performance. Traditionally, when parcel simulations are used, the injector tip geometry is either significantly simplified or removed altogether due to resolution limits. Recent advances in computational power and numerical methods, however, have made it possible to resolve flow through these features. Previous work has shown some potential effects of even simple injector tip geometries, and this study investigates the effect of very detailed nozzle geometries on parcel-based simulations that have typically ignored these details. Four different parameters were investigated: whether a simulation includes a detailed injector tip geometry or a flat surface; whether parcels are initialized at the counterbore exit, which is more common, or at the nozzle exit; the use of an experimentally derived rate of injection or one-way coupling with a separate internal nozzle volume of fluid (VOF) simulation; the use of nominal or measured injector geometry. Simulations were compared using both global penetrations as well as local data near the injector. Spray penetration and other global measures showed limited sensitivity to boundary conditions/initialization procedure, but local data such as the local liquid volume fraction showed greater variation between the conditions, which may have an impact on mixing and combustion predictions in engine applications.

N2 Inhibition Characteristics of Coal Spontaneous Combustion in Goaf: Experimental Study and Numerical Analysis

ABSTRACT To investigate the inhibition characteristics of coal spontaneous combustion in goaf under different nitrogen injection conditions, the oxidation and the heat release characteristics of coal bodies with easy spontaneous combustion were characterized by using adiabatic oxidation experiment. A comparative study on the evolution of the coal spontaneous combustion risk zone (CSCZ) in goaf was carried out by using numerical simulation. The results indicate that the oxygen consumption rate of coal bodies with the rise of temperature in a power function. The exothermic characteristics of coal decrease with the increase of N2 addition. The location and rate of N2 injection restrict the expansion process of CSCZ, which makes the maximum width of CSCZ shrink, the oxygen attenuation rate, N2 diffusion intensity and inerting area increase. When the N2 injection position is 40 m away from the working face and the N2 injection rate is 450 m3/min, the critical ideal value of inhibition coal spontaneous combustion can be achieved.

Experimental and Numerical Study of the Effect of Double Row Slot Injection Locations on Film Cooling Performance of a Corrugated Surface

ABSTRACT Based on experimental and numerical studies the present work proposes an effective injection configuration for film cooling applications on sinusoidal corrugated surfaces. The experimental study is performed for different double-row injection locations (per wavelength) viz. (L0-L25), (L0-L50), (L0-L75), (L25-L50), (L25-L75) and (L50-L75) on the sinusoidal corrugated surface at blowing ratio (1), fixed injection angle (45°), and density ratio (1.095). The numerical study is conducted for a wide range of operating parameters such as blowing ratios on (0.5–2), and density ratios (1.095, 1.5, and 2.5). To access the effect of corrugation geometry three different amplitude to wavelength viz. 0.05, 0.075, and 1 are considered in the present numerical study. The outcome of the present double-row slot injection investigations on the sinusoidal corrugated surface indicates that the flow pattern and film cooling strongly depend on secondary injection locations. The (L50-L75) injection case shows the best performance among all selected cases. It shows a 15–19% improvement in film cooling effectiveness (average over one wavelength). The increase of amplitude to wavelength ratio is reported to be a detrimental effect and decreases the film cooling effectiveness. The increase of corrugation amplitude to wavelength ratio increases the depth of the corrugation valley, further restricts the coolant spread, and promotes coolant mixing with hot mainstream. The coolant injection in mainstream flow was also found to be a distinct impact on flow and the nondimensional velocity profile. Apart from that a significant impact of the blowing ratio and density ratio is reported.

Investigation of gas purging configuration in an industrial ladle by computational fluid dynamics

A three-dimensional model was developed to investigate the effects of gas nozzle configuration in an industrial gas-stirred ladle on flow pattern, mixing time, heat transfer, inclusion removal, and shear stress on the wall. Population balance model coupled with computational fluid dynamics was chosen to evaluate the inclusion removal. The properties of phases and the size distribution of inclusion were in agreement with literature data. Gas nozzle locations were investigated in terms of radius and angle. It was found that an increase in angle and decrease in radius of gas nozzle location decreased shear stress on the wall. Also, as gas nozzle locations got closer to each other, bubble plumes overlapped, and turbulent kinetics was affected. This in turn affected temperature, mixing time, and inclusion removal. Therefore, by changing angle and radius, these parameters did not have similar trends. From the performed investigations, it was found that the best gas injection location was angle of 140° and radius of 0.65R. Shear stress, mixing time and inclusion removal at ladle with the plug radius of 0.65R were improved by 38.7%, 1.3%, and 0.87%, respectively. In addition, at ladle with the plug angle of 140°, shear stress, mixing time, and inclusion removal were increased by 6%, −6.57%, and 8%, respectively. By choosing this gas injection location, ladle performance was optimum in all parameters.

EVALUATION OF ADHERENCE AND INSULIN INJECTION PRACTICES IN PEOPLE WITH TYPE II DIABETES MELLITUS

The practice of insulin injection in people with Diabetes Mellitus must be carried out appropriately and obediently by the patient for optimal regulation of glycemic control, preventing complications, and improving quality of life. This study was conducted to identify the description of insulin injection adherence and insulin injection practice in individuals with type 2 diabetes mellitus. This study was a quantitative research design with a cross-sectional approach using a questionnaire distributed to 32 respondents. The research was held at Club Prolanis Manado. Descriptive data analysis was conducted to describe the research variables. The findings showed that 100% of the respondents adhered well to insulin injections (Auto compliance > 80%), most respondents do not prime to check insulin flow and expel air before injecting insulin (78.1%), most respondents rotate the injection locations (75%), most respondents do not experience lipodystrophy (87.5%), more than half of the respondents experienced pain (53.1%), most of the respondents did not experience insulin leakage (81.2%), more than half of the respondents pinched during injection (56.2%), most of the respondents waited 10 seconds before removing the needle (75%). Skills and adherence in injecting insulin must be improved through continuous education and evaluation to achieve optimal glycemic control.

Secondary air induced flow structures and mixing in a fixed bed combustor

Air staging features widely in biomass combustion from small space heaters to industrial-scale moving grate systems. Whilst studies have been conducted into the impact of air staging on emissions and combustion performance, there is little or no insight into the exact flow dynamic and physical mechanisms that are induced by secondary air under such conditions. This paper uses experimental data to validate numerical predictions before investigating the flow field structures and mixing characteristics in a fixed bed air staged combustor. The study utilizes Constant Temperature Anemometry (CTA) experiments to establish boundary conditions for a lab-scale fixed bed combustor. Results from numerical simulations obtained using [Formula: see text] l- 𝜔 model were in good agreement with experimental data. Conditions tested cover five different secondary to total air ratios (Qs/Qt) and two different locations of secondary air injection. Results show that at Qs/Qt = 0.50, 0.25 and 0.18 one strong recirculation zone is induced upstream of the secondary air injection and one downstream. Varying the point of injection of secondary air from h/D = 0.64 to h/D = 0.40 also had an effect on the size of the upstream recirculation zone. Qs/Qt = 0.50 had the highest values of mixing index among all spatially located planes at the upstream of secondary air injection. The overall findings shed light on the possible flow interactions between secondary air and the top layers of fuel bed. They also highlight the significance of secondary air on inducing both upstream and downstream flow structures.

Assessing the viability of CO[formula omitted] storage in offshore formations of the Gulf of Mexico at a scale relevant for climate-change mitigation

We investigate the feasibility of industrial-scale geological carbon sequestration as an effective climate change mitigation technology. We do so by performing numerical simulations of coupled multiphase flow and geomechanics on a representative field-scale geological model in the Gulf of Mexico that could become a typical CO2 storage site. We use our representative model to investigate two potential hazards associated with large-scale CO2 storage: (1) The potential that CO2 might migrate to shallower formations and (2) The potential that CO2 injection might induce seismicity due to destabilization of pre-existing faults. At our study location, we find that extensive distribution of clay minerals in fault zones in combination with large fault throws result in widespread occurrence of low-permeability faults that prevent migration of CO2 outside of the injection interval. Low-permeability faults act as flow barriers and can result in reservoir compartmentalization and pore pressure build-up. For our field-scale geological model, we find that the risk of induced seismicity is controlled by the choice of the injection location with respect to pre-existing low-permeability faults. Our model results indicate that industrial-scale CO2 storage in the Gulf of Mexico is feasible, but that a priori reservoir characterization and the choice of injection location are crucial to mitigate the potential occurrence of induced seismicity and CO2 migration to shallower formations.

Intravital Imaging of Fluorescent Protein Expression in Mice with a Closed-Skull Traumatic Brain Injury and Cranial Window Using a Two-Photon Microscope.

The goal of this protocol is to demonstrate how to longitudinally visualize the expression and localization of a protein of interest within specific cell types of an animal's brain, upon exposure to exogenous stimuli. Here, the administration of a closed-skull traumatic brain injury (TBI) and simultaneous implantation of a cranial window for subsequent longitudinal intravital imaging in mice is shown. Mice are intracranially injected with an adeno-associated virus (AAV) expressing enhanced green fluorescent protein (EGFP) under a neuronal specific promoter. After 2 to 4 weeks, the mice are subjected to a repetitive TBI using a weight drop device over the AAV injection location. Within the same surgical session, the mice are implanted with a metal headpost and then a glass cranial window over the TBI impacting site. The expression and cellular localization of EGFP is examined using a two-photon microscope in the same brain region exposed to trauma over the course of months.