Initial Translations Research Articles

Āl-e Ahmad's Faustian Bargain? Antonio Gramsci, the “Progressive Clergy,” and the Search for Hegemony in Late-Pahlavi Iran

This article explores the first translations of the Italian Marxist Antonio Gramsci into Persian and a more speculative reconstruction of Gramsci's reception during the second half of the 1960s by two prominent Iranian intellectuals and dissidents close to the League of Iranian Socialists. After examining the initial translations by the influential translator and political activist, Manūchehr Hezārkhānī (d. 2022), the author moves to unpack, Jalāl Āl-e Ahmad's (d. 1969) interpretations, reconstruction, and deployment of these fragmentary translations from an already disjointed and curated edition of the Prison Notebooks. Gramsci's analyses of culture, religion and religious institutions, intellectual production, and political mobilization were drawn upon for a variety of purposes. Thus, while some intellectuals, most famously Āl-e Ahmad, hypothesized that the politically engaged clergy's moral and political leadership was essential to the successful mobilization of the masses against imperialism and the overthrow of the US-backed Pahlavi dictatorship, others, including Hezārkhānī, ultimately came to advocate in favor of a popular front and coalition of secular and religious forces in defense of “democratic freedoms” against the threat of clerical domination in the 1979 revolution's aftermath.

Alpha and gamma mangostins inhibit wild-type B SARS-CoV-2 more effectively than the SARS-CoV-2 variants and the major target is unlikely the 3C-like protease

BackgroundAnti-SARS-CoV-2 and immunomodulatory drugs are important for treating clinically severe patients with respiratory distress symptoms. Alpha- and gamma-mangostins (AM and GM) were previously reported as potential 3C-like protease (3CLpro) and Angiotensin-converting enzyme receptor 2 (ACE2)-binding inhibitors in silico. ObjectiveWe aimed to evaluate two active compounds, AM and GM, from Garcinia mangostana for their antivirals against SARS-CoV-2 in live virus culture systems and their cytotoxicities using standard methods. Also, we aimed to prove whether 3CLpro and ACE2 neutralization were major targets and explored whether any additional targets existed. MethodsWe tested the translation and replication efficiencies of SARS-CoV-2 in the presence of AM and GM. Initial and subgenomic translations were evaluated by immunofluorescence of SARS-CoV-2 3CLpro and N expressions at 16 h after infection. The viral genome was quantified and compared with the untreated group. We also evaluated the efficacies and cytotoxicities of AM and GM against four strains of SARS-CoV-2 (wild-type B, B.1.167.2, B.1.36.16, and B.1.1.529) in Vero E6 cells. The potential targets were evaluated using cell-based anti-attachment, time-of-drug addition, in vitro 3CLpro activities, and ACE2-binding using a surrogated viral neutralization test (sVNT). Moreover, additional targets were explored using combinatorial network-based interactions and Chemical Similarity Ensemble Approach (SEA). ResultsAM and GM reduced SARS-CoV-2 3CLpro and N expressions, suggesting that initial and subgenomic translations were globally inhibited. AM and GM inhibited all strains of SARS-CoV-2 at EC50 of 0.70–3.05 μM, in which wild-type B was the most susceptible strain (EC50 0.70–0.79 μM). AM was slightly more efficient in the variants (EC50 0.88–2.41 μM), resulting in higher selectivity indices (SI 3.65–10.05), compared to the GM (EC50 0.94–3.05 μM, SI 1.66–5.40). GM appeared to be more toxic than AM in both Vero E6 and Calu-3 cells. Cell-based anti-attachment and time-of-addition suggested that the potential molecular target could be at the post-infection. 3CLpro activity and ACE2 binding were interfered with in a dose-dependent manner but were insufficient to be a major target. Combinatorial network-based interaction and chemical similarity ensemble approach (SEA) suggested that fatty acid synthase (FASN), which was critical for SARS-CoV-2 replication, could be a target of AM and GM. ConclusionAM and GM inhibited SARS-CoV-2 with the highest potency at the wild-type B and the lowest at the B.1.1.529. Multiple targets were expected to integratively inhibit viral replication in cell-based system.

Development of the Japanese version of the Ego-Dissolution Inventory (EDI).

Psychedelics have recently gained attention as potential therapeutic agents for various psychiatric disorders. Previous research has highlighted that a diminished sense of self, commonly termed "ego-dissolution" is a pivotal feature of the psychedelic-induced state. While the Ego-Dissolution Inventory (EDI) is a widely acknowledged instrument for measuring this phenomenon, no Japanese version has been available. This study aimed to develop a Japanese version of the EDI. We adhered to the "Guidelines for Best Practices in the Translation and Cultural Modification Process for Patient-Reported Outcomes Instruments: Document from the ISPOR Committee on Translation and Cultural Modification" during our translation approach. Two Japanese psychiatrists independently conducted initial translations, and a consolidated version was achieved via mutual agreement. This version was then back-translated to English and assessed by the original authors for consistency. The repetitive modification process was conducted in continuous dialogues with the original authors until they accepted the concluding back-translated version. The finalized, approved back-translated version of the EDI is presented in the accompanying figure. In addition, the authorized Japanese version of the EDI is included in the Appendix. In this study, we successfully developed the Japanese version of the EDI. This instrument will assist in assessing ego-dissolution experiences associated with psychedelic-assisted therapy among Japanese speakers. Additional studies are necessary to evaluate the reliability and validity of this newly translated instrument.

Michigan appropriateness guide for intravenous catheters in pediatrics - miniMAGIC-Brasil: translation into Brazilian portuguese.

To perform the translation and adaptation of the Michigan Appropriateness Guide for Intravenous Catheters in Pediatrics (miniMAGIC) into Brazilian Portuguese. Methodological study performed in five recommended stages: initial translations; synthesis of the translations; back translations; assessment of the back translations; expert committee assessment. The expert committee was composed of three registered nurses and two doctors who had a Master's and/or PhD degree, and an expertise in intravenous therapy and pediatric and neonatal care. To assess the semantic, idiomatic, experiential and conceptual adequacy, a Likert scale was applied, in which 1, "not equivalent"; 2, "inequivalent"; 3, "cannot assess"; 4, "quite equivalent"; 5, "totally equivalent". The terms mostly analyzed as negative in equivalence and with a lower than 20 score were reviewed and submitted to a new assessment, with the Delphi Technique until consensus was obtained. The results were stored in electronic spreadsheets and treated with concordance index, with a minimum acceptable result of 0.80. The content of all recommendations, named as miniMAGIC-Brasil, was validated by the expert committee after two stages of evaluation. All recommendations had an overall agreement index of 0.91. The miniMAGIC-Brazil guide was validated in respect to the adequacy of the translation after two steps.

THE OFFICIAL TRANSLATION OF THE DASH SCORING SYSTEM TO ISIZULU FOR USE IN SOUTH AFRICA

The Disability of Arm Shoulder and Hand (DASH) score questionnaire is a common self-administered tool to assess symptom severity and function in patients with injuries or pathology of the upper limb. However, having such a pertinent tool only in English is limiting in multi-cultural and multilingual populations where English is not always the first language, such as our South African context. IsiZulu is the most widely spoken language in South Africa (approximately 25% of the population). There are certain instances in research, particularly in international studies, where non-English speaking individuals need to be excluded based on translator reliability. This puts our institutions at a disadvantage by not being able to contribute to research.As per the international Institute of Work and Health (IWH), we followed the 5 stage guidelines to achieve the most appropriate linguistic and cultural adapted translation for our setting. (1) Two independent translations from English to isiZulu. (2) A synthesis of the 2 initial translations. (3) Two independent back-translations from the synthesized isiZulu version into English. (4) Expert panel (consisting of university lecturers and official translators) to review all versions and re-create an optimized synthesized version. (5) Pre-testing of the final optimized synthesized version in a pilot study. This rigorous process allowed for a concise and more culturally relevant translation for use in our population. The fourth stage in the process was integral in synthesizing the tool while considering the colloquial and semantic differences and resolving them with appropriate equivalents.The IWH guidelines aids in the cross-cultural adaptation of the DASH score while remaining valid and comparable to the original English version. This is beneficial in multi-national research projects and allows for the standardization of health outcome measures.

Risk Factors for Failure of Nonsurgical Management of Ulnar Shaft Fractures

Isolated ulnar shaft fractures are frequently managed nonsurgically. However, rates of nonsurgical treatment failure remain substantial, and risk factors for the failure of nonsurgical management are not well described. This study investigated radiographic and patient-specific risk factors for the failure of nonsurgical management of isolated ulnar shaft fractures. A retrospective review of patients with ulnar shaft fractures initially treated nonsurgically was performed at two tertiary referral centers over a 19-year period from 2001 to 2020. Patient- and injury-related variables, surgical interventions, and plain radiographic measurements were recorded. The outcome of interest was failure of nonsurgical management, defined as failure to achieve fracture union nonsurgically within 3 months of injury. One hundred fifty four patients initially treated nonsurgically for isolated ulnar shaft fractures were included. Twenty six patients (17%) experienced failure of nonsurgical management; these included five nonunions, 16 delayed unions, and 10 conversions to surgical management. Patients who experienced failure of nonsurgical management had a higher prevalence of diabetes mellitus, a higher employment rate, and fractures with higher initial median posteroanterior and lateral translations, fracture gap, and angulation; 83% of the patients with an initial fracture gap of ≥4 mm and 41% of the patients with an initial fracture angulation of >10° failed nonsurgical management. Although most ulnar shaft fractures heal successfully with nonsurgical management, a substantial percentage of these fractures do not. Patients who are currently working, have diabetes mellitus, or have fractures with an initial fracture gap of ≥4 mm or an initial fracture angulation of > 10° may be more likely to fail nonsurgical treatment, although additional studies with larger sample sizes are needed to confirm these associations. Prognostic IV.

Translation and Validation of Childhood Healthcare Assessment Questionnaire in Urdu Language for Juvenile Idiopathic Arthritis

Aim: To translate and validate Childhood Healthcare Assessment Questionnaire (CHAQ) in Urdu language and assess its psychometric properties for cross cultural adaptation. Methods: The Childhood Healthcare Assessment Questionnaire (CHAQ) was translated into the target language of Urdu by two independent translators, one of whom was familiar with the questionnaire's concept while the other was not, and the two translations were then compared as part of a cross-cultural linguistic validation study. These two initial translations of the questionnaire were blindly reversed, and the results were compared1. The pre-final version of the translated version underwent thorough psychometric testing in a sample of 38 members of the target population (parents of children with juvenile idiopathic arthritis at Ghurki Trust and Teaching Hospital, Lahore) who satisfied the inclusion requirements. The final version was reviewed by an expert panel. Parents' prior approval was obtained before testing. Results: The Cronbach’s alpha for the Urdu version of CHAQ was calculated as 0.993 after testing on the population showing excellent internal consistency. For test-retest reliability, Pearson correlation ranged from (0.378–0.956).The inter-item correlation of the Urdu version of CHAQ after applying to the targeted population has a mean value of 1.177, a minimum value of 0.056, a maximum value of 4.00, a variance value of 0.723, and a range of 3.944. The scale statistics have a mean value of 103.55, a variance of 1462.37, a standard deviation of 38.241, and a total number of items of 88.The intraclass correlation coefficient ranges from 0.606-0.993. Conclusion: The Childhood Healthcare Assessment Questionnaire in Urdu is a screening tool for parents of children with juvenile idiopathic arthritis since it has adequate inter-item correlation values and great internal consistency. Keywords: Childhood Healthcare Assessment Questionnaire (CHAQ), Juvenile Idiopathic Arthritis (JIA), Reliability, Validity, Cross-cultural adaptation

Prose2Poem: The Blessing of Transformers in Translating Prose to Persian Poetry

Persian poetry has consistently expressed its philosophy, wisdom, speech, and rationale based on its couplets, making it an enigmatic language on its own to both native and non-native speakers. Nevertheless, the noticeable gap between Persian prose and poems has left the two pieces of literature mediumless. Having curated a parallel corpus of prose and their equivalent poems, we introduce a novel Neural Machine Translation approach for translating prose to ancient Persian poetry using transformer-based language models in an exceptionally low-resource setting. Translating input prose into ancient Persian poetry presents two primary challenges: In addition to being reasonable in conveying the same context as the input prose, the translation must also satisfy poetic standards. Hence, we designed our method consisting of three stages. First, we trained a transformer model from scratch to obtain an initial translations of the input prose. Next, we designed a set of heuristics to leverage contextually rich initial translations and produced a poetic masked template. In the last stage, we pretrained different variations of BERT on a poetry corpus to use the masked language modelling technique to obtain final translations. During the evaluation process, we considered both automatic and human assessment. The final results demonstrate the eligibility and creativity of our novel heuristically aided approach among Literature professionals and non-professionals in generating novel Persian poems.

A European and Brazilian cross-national investigation into the Portuguese translation of soundscape perceptual attributes within the SATP project

This paper presents a cross-national investigation into the soundscape perceptual attributes translation from English into European and Brazilian Portuguese. It is a study within the scope of a larger project – the Soundscape Attributes Translation Project (SATP) – that involves the translation of the same eight Perceived Affective Qualities (PAQs) into different languages through standard procedures. The structure of the paper reflects two separate moments of data collection and analysis. In the first part, the work done outlines the translation process and the resulting Portuguese-language expressions for the eight PAQs. The translation used a mixed-method approach that involved expert panels and online questionnaires. The second part of the paper outlines the impact of cultural and linguistic factors on soundscape perception and evaluation. This assessment analyzed how Portuguese speakers perceive the eight PAQs of the SATP project and compared it with the results of the English speakers. Additionally, investigations occurred on the differences between the perception of European Portuguese and Brazilian Portuguese speakers. The study found differences in how individuals from Portuguese-speaking countries describe sounds compared to the original English circumplex soundscape model. The Vibrant, Monotonous, Annoying, and Chaotic PAQs did not correlate as in the original English model, indicating the need for further investigation. However, the Pleasant and Calm PAQs had no issues in all analyses and shall remain with their initial translations. These findings have important implications for soundscape developments related to standardization tools, research methods, and test design in Portuguese-speaking contexts, as well as contributions to the growing body of knowledge on the role of culture and language in soundscape perception and evaluation.

Examining Language Variety as a Way to Determine the Validity of the Retranslation Hypothesis

Retranslation Hypothesis entails initial translations are domesticated and target oriented, while retranslations are foreignized and source oriented. This paper focuses on the micro translation strategies used in translating the language variety feature in the two Arabic translations of Lady Chatterley’s Lover. The analysis of the micro strategies leads to the general approach followed in each Arabic translation and it reveals that the retranslation hypothesis is not valid as both Arabic translations are domesticated to target culture.

My Exposure to Violence: translation and cultural adaptation to the BR Portuguese.

ABSTRACTOBJECTIVE To translate and adapt the My Exposure to Violence instrument for measuring exposure to community violence into Brazilian Portuguese.METHODS Psychometric study of translation and cross-cultural adaptation in seven stages: (I) initial translations, (II) synthesis of translations, (III) back-translations, (IV) cross-cultural pre-adaptation, (V) evaluation by committee of judges, (VI) pre-test, and (VII) submission to the original author. In step V eight judges evaluated the instrument’s equivalence of content, and the content validity index was calculated for each item (CVI-I) and for the average of the instrument (CVI-M), considering a CVI-I ≥ 0.78 as excellent and a CVI-M ≥ 0.80 as acceptable and ≥ 0.90 as excellent. The pre-test was conducted with 39 adolescents enrolled in an educational institution in Fortaleza, state of Ceará. The understandability of the items was evaluated.RESULTS In step I, two translations were produced with few differences between them. These were resolved in step II, by generating the synthesis version (T12). In step III, the back-translated items reflected the same content as the items in the original version. In step IV, T12 was revised by the authors, who made specific linguistic changes in order to facilitate understanding. In step V, one item (22) presented CVI < 0.78. Due to the relevance of the suggestions, 19 of the 23 items (82.60%) were modified. The CVI-M of the instrument was 0.92. In stage VI, the mean age of the participants was 17.48 years (SD = 1.27). The pre-final version had 21 out of 23 items (91.30%) fully understood by more than 90% of the participants. No changes were made to the final version.CONCLUSIONS My Exposure to Violence was cross-culturally adapted into Brazilian Portuguese, and was well understood by the target population. Other psychometric properties, such as reliability and validity, should be evaluated in further studies to strengthen the evidence of the translated and adapted version.

Space-Aware Reconfiguration

We consider the problem of reconfiguring a set of physical objects into a desired target configuration, a typical (sub)task in robotics and automation, arising in product assembly, packaging, stocking store shelves, and more. In this paper we address a variant, which we call space-aware reconfiguration, where the goal is to minimize the physical space needed for the reconfiguration, while obeying constraints on the allowable collision-free motions of the objects. Since for given start and target configurations, reconfiguration may be impossible, we translate the entire target configuration rigidly into a location that admits a valid sequence of moves, where each object moves in turn just once, along a straight line, from its starting to its target location, so that the overall physical space required by the start, all intermediate, and target configurations for all the objects is minimized. We investigate two variants of space-aware reconfiguration for the often examined setting of n unit discs in the plane, depending on whether the discs are distinguishable (labeled) or indistinguishable (unlabeled). For the labeled case, we propose a representation of size $$O(n^4)$$ of the space of all feasible initial rigid translations, and use it to find, in $$O(n^6)$$ time, a shortest valid translation, or one that minimizes the enclosing disc or axis-aligned rectangle of both the start and target configurations. For the significantly harder unlabeled case, we show that for almost every direction, there exists a translation in this direction that makes the problem feasible. We use this to devise heuristic solutions, where we optimize the translation under stricter notions of feasibility. We present an implementation of such a heuristic, which solves unlabeled instances with hundreds of discs in seconds.

Die Theologie der Septuaginta / The Theology of the Septuagint

Die Theologie der Septuaginta / The Theology of the Septuagint

『개역개정』 속 ‘자유’ 어휘의 역사적 변화 양상 연구

This paper studied when the word jayu (자유 meaning freedom/liberty) was used in Bible translations, and the process through which it has arrived at its current use.<BR> First, it was revealed that in comparison of the time when modern concept of freedom was introduced in Korea, jayu was used later in the Bible. The words freedom and liberty from the West were translated as jayu in the East, and jayu in its modern concept was already used in the 1890s in various places like Korean newspapers and so forth. However, this study analyzed that the use of jayu in early Korean Bible translations was very limited, and that it came into wider use only in the KRV (1938).<BR> Second, it was revealed that the phrases expressed as jayu in the NKRV were largely expressed with three different types of vocabulary in earlier translations, and that these merged into jayu only later on.<BR> The three types are as follows: The first refer to cases where initial translations were done as jayu. The word jayu had been used since the pre-modern period to only signify the possibility of acting freely with negative connotation of doing as one pleases; without restraints; in random manner, etc. When referring to matters of behavior, it was translated into jayu or imui (임의 meaning arbitrarily) in early translations.<BR> Next type includes cases where initial translations as jaju (자주 meaning autonomy) later merged into jayu. Jaju emphasizes individual

How Does Back Translation Fare Against Team Translation? An Experimental Case Study in the Language Combination English–German

AbstractWhen it comes to quality in questionnaire translation and hence comparability in comparative research, the chosen translation method is crucial for the outcome. Few empirical studies compare different translation methods—a fact which is often deplored in the research community. To fill the gap, in this study, the team translation approach is compared against a simple back-translation approach. The starting point in both cases was the initial English–German translations of ISSP (International Social Survey Program) questions. The final translations from both approaches were assessed, with a focus on how translation issues, such as mistranslations or wording issues identified in the initial translations were addressed. While none of the twenty-nine issues in the initial translation were present in the final team translation version, twenty-two of these issues were still present in the final version after the back-translation approach. For a selected number of items, we also ran a split-ballot experiment in a web survey. Only five out of fifteen items (33 percent) that went into the experiment showed significant differences between the translations, and only one could clearly be attributed to remaining errors in the back-translation version. In sum, the final translation from the team approach clearly outperformed the final translation from the back-translation approach when it comes to text-based criteria (in particular, accuracy and fluency). The quantitative test showed that many translation issues (those remaining in the translation after the back translation step) had no effect on the estimates. Nevertheless, we ask respondents to put effort into survey responding; in the same vein, we as researchers should put effort in the survey experience by providing questions that are clearly worded and free of errors, which puts the team approach ahead of the back-translation approach.

Identification of Seniors at Risk: transcultural adaptation for Brazilian Portuguese.

ABSTRACTObjective To perform cross-cultural adaptation of the Identification of Seniors at Risk tool.Methods This methodological study was based on the guidelines process proposed by Beaton, attending the stages of translation, back-translation, judgment by judges and content validation of the Identification of Seniors at Risk tool. The goal of this tool is to allow the identification of the elderly at risk for hospitalization, composed of six dichotomous questions (yes or no) related to functional decline, comorbidities, previous hospitalization (last 6 months), visual impairment, significant changes in memory and polypharmacy. Two bilingual translators and 16 health professionals with hospital and academic performance in the fields of geriatrics and gerontology participated in the study.Results Differences were observed between the initial translations and the final version. Changes were made to questions 1, 3, 4 and 6. In the last question, an item was modified to meet the Brazilian polypharmacy criterion. After the cross-cultural adaptation, the tool showed 100% agreement between the judges.Conclusion Brazilian Identification of Seniors at Risk has indexes of verbal comprehension and high content validity.

Brazilian version of the Critical Care Functional Rehabilitation Outcome Measure: translation, cross-cultural adaptation and evaluation of clinimetric properties.

To translate, crossculturally adapt and evaluate the clinimetric properties of the Critical Care Functional Rehabilitation Outcome Measure for evaluating the functionality of patients admitted to intensive care units in Brazil. The process of translation and cross-cultural adaptation involved the following steps: initial translation, synthesis, back-translation, expert committee review and pretesting. The intra- and interrater reliability and agreement were analyzed between two physical therapists who evaluated the same group of patients (n = 35). The evaluations were performed by each therapist independently and blinded to the score assigned by the other professional. The qualitative analysis was performed by the review committee, and the experts adapted and synthesized the Portuguese translation of the Critical Care Functional Rehabilitation Outcome Measure. There was agreement between the initial Brazilian translations of the Critical Care Functional Rehabilitation Outcome Measure scale. The conceptual, idiomatic, semantic and experimental equivalences between the original and translated versions were assessed, resulting in the final Brazilian version of the scale, called the Medida de Resultado da Reabilitação Funcional em Cuidados Intensivos. The evaluation of the clinimetric properties showed evidence of a high degree of agreement and reliability, as all had an intraclass correlation coefficient above 0.75. The overall intraclass correlation coefficient was 0.89. The translated version of the Critical Care Functional Rehabilitation Outcome Measure scale for assessing the functionality of patients admitted to an intensive care unit can be used reliably in Brazil following translation and cross-cultural adaptation to Brazilian Portuguese and presents evidence of excellent interrater reliability.

Brazilian version of the Critical Care Functional Rehabilitation Outcome Measure: translation, cross-cultural adaptation and evaluation of clinimetric properties

ObjectiveTo translate, crossculturally adapt and evaluate the clinimetric properties of the Critical Care Functional Rehabilitation Outcome Measure for evaluating the functionality of patients admitted to intensive care units in Brazil.MethodsThe process of translation and cross-cultural adaptation involved the following steps: initial translation, synthesis, back-translation, expert committee review and pretesting. The intra- and interrater reliability and agreement were analyzed between two physical therapists who evaluated the same group of patients (n = 35). The evaluations were performed by each therapist independently and blinded to the score assigned by the other professional. The qualitative analysis was performed by the review committee, and the experts adapted and synthesized the Portuguese translation of the Critical Care Functional Rehabilitation Outcome Measure.ResultsThere was agreement between the initial Brazilian translations of the Critical Care Functional Rehabilitation Outcome Measure scale. The conceptual, idiomatic, semantic and experimental equivalences between the original and translated versions were assessed, resulting in the final Brazilian version of the scale, called the Medida de Resultado da Reabilitação Funcional em Cuidados Intensivos. The evaluation of the clinimetric properties showed evidence of a high degree of agreement and reliability, as all had an intraclass correlation coefficient above 0.75. The overall intraclass correlation coefficient was 0.89.ConclusionThe translated version of the Critical Care Functional Rehabilitation Outcome Measure scale for assessing the functionality of patients admitted to an intensive care unit can be used reliably in Brazil following translation and cross-cultural adaptation to Brazilian Portuguese and presents evidence of excellent interrater reliability.

Translation and Linguistic Validation of Korean Version of the Expanded Prostate Cancer Index Composite for Clinical Practice for Patients With Prostate Cancer.

PurposeAdvances in the diagnosis and treatment of prostate cancer have increased the patients’ stress level and decreased the quality of life. A variety of instruments are currently available to evaluate patients with prostate cancer. However, only a few tools are available to assess Korean patients, and therefore we demonstrated a linguistic validation of Korean Expanded Prostate Cancer Index Composite for Clinical Practice (EPIC-CP).MethodsEPIC-CP was translated into Korean and the linguistic validation was evaluated. The evaluation process includes permission for translation, forward translation, reconciliation, backward translation, cognitive debriefing, and proofreading. Two bilingual translators independently translated the original questionnaire, discussed the feasibility and naturalness of initial translation, followed by revision to the reconciled version. Another translator then performed a backward translation into English. Ten patients with prostate cancer completed the translated questionnaire and performed cognitive debriefing.ResultsThe original EPIC-CP was translated into 2 Korean versions. The different wording in both versions and the ordinary words in the initial translations were changed considering the nuances and meanings of medical terms. During the backward translation, the panels made slight changes to clarify the meaning and nuances of the translated questionnaire. During cognitive debriefing, 10 patients answered the questionnaire and offered their opinions regarding comprehensibility and naturalness. Most patients agreed that the translation was comprehensible in general.ConclusionsOur study provides a successful linguistic validation of the EPIC-CP questionnaire. The translation is a helpful diagnostic tool to ensure the quality of life of patients with prostate cancer attending crowded clinics.

CROSS-CULTURAL ADAPTATION OF THE POSITIVE MENTAL HEALTH QUESTIONNAIRE FOR NURSING STUDENTS IN THE BRAZILIAN CONTEXT

ABSTRACT Objective: to describe the cross-cultural adaptation process of the Positive Mental Health Questionnaire for undergraduate Nursing students, in the Brazilian context. Method: a psychometric study conducted in public universities in Rio de Janeiro/Brazil, between October 2019 and July 2020. The transcultural adaptation process encompassed the following stages: translation; reconciliation; back-translation; independent reviews by a committee of reviewers; pre-completion; completion; harmonization; formatting and review; cognitive test with 31 undergraduate Nursing students from two public universities; and analysis of the comments. Results: the process lasted approximately ten months, and the initial translations, carried out independently by two translators, achieved close versions; none of the translators reported difficulties in translating the meanings of the items. The Brazilian version of the instrument maintained conceptual, semantic, idiomatic, and experimental equivalences. The mean content validity ratio values for clarity, relevance, pertinence, and theoretical dimension were higher than established; the assessment by the target audience showed good understanding. Conclusion: the Positive Mental Health Questionnaire - Brazilian version showed equivalence with the original version, developed in Spain, and presented satisfactory evidence of content validity for use with undergraduate Nursing students in Brazil, being easy-to-understand by the target audience.