Initial Temperature Research Articles

Rock damage evolution in the production process of the enhanced geothermal systems considering thermal-hydrological-mechanical and damage (THM-D)

Hot dry rocks (HDRs) geothermal relies mainly on enhanced geothermal systems (EGS) for production. During production, the evolution of rock stress distribution will cause damage to the rock, especially near fractures. The application of damage mechanics in the geothermal field has mostly focused on the process of hydraulic fracturing, with limited reports on damage research related to long-term water injection development. According to previous experimental studies, the effect of rock damage is significant and cannot be ignored. Therefore, based on a thermal-hydrological-mechanical and damage (THM-D) coupling model, it studies the rock damage evolution features and its role in changes in rock physical properties. It also analyzed the effects of the initial temperature, injection flow, fracture curvature/number, and stress difference on damage evolution. Results indicate that the damage area and degree continue to increase with time, but the growth rate becomes slower. There are two methods of damage evolution: the new damage caused by the expansion of the low-temperature region is throughout the process, and the original damage is aggravated in the later stages. Damage will cause changes such as reduced Young's modulus (negative feedback) and increased permeability (positive feedback) of the rock matrix, which in turn affect the damage evolution. More, damage increases with the initial rock temperature, injection mass flow, and stress difference increase, and the impact of the fracture curvature is small. The damage of complex fracture reservoirs is more pronounced than that of single fracture reservoirs. This study provides a tool for analyzing the impact of damage on the production performance of HDRs. The investigation of relevant patterns is expected to offer guidance for production strategies.

Folic acid conjugated poly (Amidoamine) dendrimer grafted magnetic chitosan as a smart drug delivery platform for doxorubicin: In-vitro drug release and cytotoxicity studies

This study reports the development of a magnetic and pH-responsive nanocarrier for targeted delivery and controlled release of doxorubicin (DOX). A multifunctional magnetic chitosan nanocomposite (FA–PAMAMG2–MCS) was fabricated by grafting poly(amidoamine) dendrimer and folic acid onto the MCS surface for active targeting. DOX was loaded into this core-shell bio-nanocomposite via adsorption. Structural and morphological characterization of the prepared nanomaterials was performed using XRD, FT-IR, VSM, TGA, BET, FE-SEM/EDX, and TEM techniques. Adsorption capacity of the FA–PAMAMG2–MCS was optimized by changing diverse parameters, such as pH, initial drug concentration, temperature, contact time, and adsorbent dosage. The maximum adsorption capacity for DOX was 102.85 mg g−1 at 298 K. The in-vitro drug release curve at pHs 5.6 and 7.4 manifested a faster drug release from the prepared nanocarrier in acidic environments and, conversely, a slower release in neutral environments over 48 h. The release kinetics followed Peppas-Sahlin models, showing non-Fickian behavior. Moreover, the in-vitro cytotoxicity studies against the human breast cancer (MDA-MB 231) cell line demonstrated the remarkable anticancer activity of the DOX@FA–PAMAMG2–MCS and declared its potency for nanomedicine applications. This multifunctional system could overcome limitations of conventional chemotherapeutic agents through pH-triggered drug release, enabling targeted cytotoxicity against cancer cells.

Molecular Dynamic Simulation of the Effect of Initial Surface Temperature on Arc Erosion Due to Ion Bombardment

This study focuses on the effects of initial surface temperature on arc erosion caused by ion bombardment. The simulation results show that higher surface temperature leads to a greater number of lost Cu atoms and an increased size of the erosion crater. This is due to the ability of the incident ions to have a greater sputtering yield at higher temperatures. Moreover, the Cu atoms tend to agglomerate and form clusters after ion bombardment while leaving the surface.

Delipidation of Chicken Feathers by Lipolytic Bacillus Species Isolated from River-Borne Sediments

Though the keratin content of chicken feathers is being explored for many potential uses, the crude lipid content of the biomass significantly hinders the valorization processes. Therefore, this study explored the potential of bacteria isolated from sediment for lipolytic properties. Sediment-associated strains were evaluated for lipolytic activity on tween 80–peptone agar. The best lipolytic bacterium was used to break down the lipid content of chicken feathers. The results showed that out of six bacterial strains with variable lipolytic activity, strain TTs1 showed the largest zone of precipitate around the colony, which is why it was selected and identified as Bacillus sp. TTs1. The maximum lipase production of 1530.5 U/mL by strain TTs1 was achieved at 96 h post-fermentation, with optimal process conditions of initial pH (10), incubation temperature (45 °C), agitation speed (140 rpm), inoculum size (2% v/v) and tween 80 (10% v/v). The total free fatty acid (0.58%) was liberated from chicken feathers at a concentration of 6% (w/v). Crude fat extraction from both untreated and TTs1-pretreated chicken feathers showed fat contents of 2.1 ± 0.42% and 0.92 ± 0.13%, respectively. The findings of this study highlight the biotechnological relevance of strain TTs1 in lipase production and the sustainable delipidation of lipid-rich bioresources.

Experimental and numerical study on the effects of initial pressure and temperature on the explosion characteristics of LPG mixtures

As a safe new renewable energy, liquefied petroleum gas (LPG) has the advantages of less environmental pollution and higher calorific value. Therefore, it is of great significance for the sustainable development of Chinese new energy sources to study the fuel explosion characteristics of LPG. The maximum explosion pressure (Pmax), maximum rates of the pressure rise ((dp/dt)max), and explosive index (KG) of LPG were investigated experimentally and numerically at various initial pressures (0.1–0.2 MPa) and temperatures (25–100 °C). Through the analysis of the experiment results, it was found that: as the initial pressure increases, the Pmax and (dp/dt)max of the mixed gas gradually increase. The Pmax of the mixture decreases with the increase of initial temperature. A fitting relationship between the other relevant combustion and explosion characteristic parameters (KG), initial temperature, and initial pressure is obtained within the experimental range. Numerical simulation was carried out with the help of the Chemical Kinetics (CHEMKIN) software. From the simulation results, it was found that the changes in Pmax and (dp/dt)max of the mixture were consistent with the experimental results. Through the sensitivity analysis of the mixture, the elementary reaction which plays an important role in the reaction process of the mixture was obtained. This work is expected to be conducive to safety management and the prevention of explosion accidents.

Synthesis of PbxCu1−xBi2O4 composites with enhanced visible-light-responsive photocatalytic degradation performance

The unintentional release of highly toxic dyes from various industrial sectors into aquatic environments caused an imminent threat to the aquatic ecosystem and human health. Therefore, it is highly imperative to develop efficient and sustainable treatment technologies. In this work, we have constructed a novel PbxCu1−xBi2O4 nanostructured composite through a facile hydrothermal method. The atomic ratio of Pb to Cu was systematically investigated. The optimized sample of Pb0.10Cu0.90Bi2O4 has a higher visible light responsiveness for the degradation of Congo red (CR) dye than that of CuBi2O4. The results show that CuBi2O4 has the least degradation potential for CR under optimal conditions (catalyst = 0.4 g/L, [CR] = 30 mg/L, pH = 5.0, T = 25 ± 2 °C), and 83.39% degradation was achieved in 80 min under visible light irradiation. Meanwhile, Pb0.10Cu0.90Bi2O4 photocatalyst has shown 99.23% degradation of CR dye. This enhancement in the degradation of CR was considered due to the increase in the surface area of Pb0.10Cu0.90Bi2O4 (67.32 m2/g) and exposed active sites compared with that of pure CuBi2O4 (49.73 m2/g). The insertion of Pb metal ions into basic framework of the CuBi2O4 leads to increase in the specific surface area of the material, resulting in enhanced degradation. Furthermore, the insertion of Pb metal ions also lowered the optical bandgap energy of the catalytic material, which enhanced the degrading potential of Pb0.10Cu0.90Bi2O4. The effect factors were further examined, including catalyst dosage, initial dye concentration, pH, temperature, and agitation rate. In addition, the effect of humic acid and interfering anions on CR degradation was also investigated. The results of these experiments show that these factors also influence the photocatalytic degradation of CR dye. Therefore, appropriate treatment of these factors would increase the wastewater treatment efficiency by the as-prepared Pb0.10Cu0.90Bi2O4 photocatalyst.

Experimental study on combustion of H2–CO–air mixtures in closed and vented vessels

Experiments were conducted in two test facilities, a 0.25 m3 spherical vessel and a 60 m3 rectangular vented chamber, to examine the premixed combustion behavior of H2–CO mixtures. The study aims to provide data for the validation of models used for the assessment of combustion risks during postulated nuclear severe accidents and the use of syngas as an alternative fuel. The effects of fuel concentrations, molar ratio of CO/H2, initial gas temperature, steam concentration, and fan-induced turbulence on the flame dynamics are presented in this paper. The measurements are compared with literature data and predictions by empirical correlations. Within the range of the fuel concentration (≤15% in air) examined in this study, the results demonstrate that both the closed and vented combustion dynamics of H2–CO–air mixtures are similar to those of H2 only mixtures. The peak overpressures are always greater with more H2 in the mixture due to slower flame speeds of CO relative to H2. The combustion overpressures of H2–CO mixtures become similar to those of H2 mixtures when the fuel concentration is greater than what is required for downward flame propagation. The effect of fan-induced turbulence is much more pronounced for extremely lean mixtures.

A strategy for effective improvement the dispersion of cellulose nanocrystals and adhesive properties of starch-matrix sizing agent on polyester roving via dopamine self-polymerization

Starch sizing agent has poor mechanical property, strong hygroscopicity and weak adhesion to polyester yarns. In this study, cellulose nanocrystals embellished by dopamine (CNC-DA) as the filler of starch is used for sizing polyester roving. The structure of CNC-DA is characterized, and the structure and properties of starch-matrix nanocomposite (CS/CNC-DA) are studied. The results show that DA self-polymerizes on the surface of CNC to form polydopamine. With the increase of CNC-DA amount, tensile strength, elongation at break, fracture work, the initial degradation temperature, water contact angle of CS/CNC-DA film, and adhesion of CS/CNC-DA to polyester roving increase first, and then decrease, while moisture uptake of CS/CNC-DA film shows the opposite trend. When the addition amount of CNC-DA is 5 wt%, the corresponding tensile strength, elongation at break and fracture work reach maximum that are 53.82 MPa, 4.87% and 1.69 MJ/m3, respectively. Breaking force, elongation at break and work-to-break of sizing polyester roving by CS/5CNC-DA are 143.47 N, 15.49% and 550.95 N·mm, respectively. These are attributed to the better dispersion of CNC-DA in starch-matrix nanocomposite film and the stronger interfacial interaction between CNC-DA and starch.

Use of montmorillonite to improve flame retardancy, thermal stability and reducing smoke toxicity of chicken feather protein‐based rigid polyurethane foam

AbstractThe aim of this article is to solve the problem of improving the flame retardancy of rigid polyurethane foam (RPUF) while improving the environmental pollution caused by flame retardancy. Using the special layered structure of montmorillonite (MMT) and the stable chemical bond formed by the reaction with chicken feather (CF) protein, RPUF co‐modified with MMT and CF was successfully prepared by using the “one‐step method” of all‐water foaming. It was found by experiments and theoretical calculations that the addition of MMT improved the flame retardancy of the samples. When 3 wt% of MMT was added, RPUF‐CF1/MMT3 had the highest initial decomposition temperature and the largest activation energy, and its thermal stability was the best. In addition, RPUF‐CF1/MMT3 had the smallest peak heat release rate (28.77, 32.04, and 42.18 kW/m2) and total heat release (1.87, 2.15, and 2.38 MJ/m2) at different radiation fluxes. Meanwhile, RPUF‐CF1/MMT3 had the smallest smoke density (32.17 and 28.32), the largest light transmission (57.05% and 60.91%), the lowest toxic gas emission and the lowest fire risk.Highlights Flame retardant modified bioprotein‐based RPUF by MMT is proposed. The flame retardant mechanism depends on the “sandwich biscuit” structure of MMT and its POSi bond with chicken hair protein. MMT‐modified RPUF can improve its thermal stability, flame retardancy and smoke toxicity.

Effects of fuel components and combustion parameters on the formation mechanism and emission characteristics of aldehydes from biodiesel combustion

The effect of fuel components and combustion parameters on the emission characteristics of aldehydes from biodiesel combustion is investigated, and the formation mechanism of aldehydes is revealed. The results show that CH2O and CH3CHO are the main aldehydes produced during biodiesel combustion. The rise in initial temperature and pressure reduces the formation of aldehydes, which accelerates the generation of reactive radicals to promote the oxidation of aldehydes. As the equivalence ratio decreases from 2.0 to 0.5, the concentrations of formaldehyde and acetaldehyde decrease from 444.58 to 438.19 μg/m3 to 164.72 and 6.71 μg/m3, respectively, due to the oxidation and dilution effect of air on aldehydes. In addition, when the number of CC bonds in biodiesel is increased from 0 to 1, the concentrations of formaldehyde and acetaldehyde are enhanced by 117.89 % and 12.74 %, respectively, because of the reduction in the content of reactive radical H. The main formation pathway of aldehydes is as follows: Biodiesel is initially consumed via H-abstraction reactions by reactive radicals (OH, H, etc.) to produce primary fuel radicals, which mainly undergo β-decomposition to form key oxidation intermediates (C4H6, C2H4, C2H3, etc.). Consequently, these small molecular intermediates will be converted to aldehydes by oxidation and dehydrogenation reactions.

Investigation of the glass forming regularity and thermal behavior of lead-free V2O5-TeO2-RO (R = Ca, Sr, Ba) low temperature sealing glass for electronics packaging

Lead-free V2O5-TeO2 glass systems are promising new sealant materials for electronics vacuum packaging, with low-melting temperature and unique light absorption. The glass forming regularity, structure and corresponding properties of the V2O5-TeO2-RO (R=Ca, Sr, Ba) glass system are systematically studied and analyzed in this paper. The results show that there is a wide glass forming region for the V2O5-TeO2-RO glass system, and with the increase of TeO2/V2O5 molar ratio, the thermal stability of V2O5-TeO2-SrO glass with the RO content of 20 mol% increases and the coefficient of thermal expansion increase from 11.2 to 15.86 × 10–6/°C due to transformation process of glass network structure from the [VO4] to transition state [TeO3 + 1] and [TeO3] group. The higher initial crystallization temperature of 40 mol%V2O5-40 mol%TeO2-20 mol%SrO glass is conducive to the flow of the glass slurry during the sealing process, obtaining a sealing device with good airtightness at extremely low temperatures of 350 °C.

Development of a Web Server-Based Remote Monitoring System for Environmental Conditions in Broiler Chicken Farming

Etlik piliç yetiştiriciliği artan talep doğrultusunda giderek yaygınlaşan üretim kollarından biri haline gelmiştir. Kümes ortamında ortaya çıkan Karbondioksit, Amonyak, Hidrojen Sülfür gibi zararlı gazlar, atmosfer, kanatlı sağlığı ve dolayısıyla insan sağlığı açısından önemli etkilere sahiptir. Bu durum, etlik piliç yetiştiriciliğinde süreçlerinin hassas kontrolünü ön plana çıkarmaktadır. Bu çalışmada, etlik piliç üretimi yapan 2 katlı bir çiftliğe ait kümes içi ortam koşulları (sıcaklık, bağıl nem, karbondioksit ve amonyak,) 2 yetiştirme dönemi süresince sensörlerle okunmuştur. Daha sonra geliştirilen bir web server uygulaması ile uzak izleme sistemi oluşturulmuştur. 1. üretim döneminde kümes ortamının başlangıç sıcaklığı ortalama 34 °C, bağıl nem değerleri ise % 50 seviyelerinde gerçekleşmiştir. İlerleyen haftalarda sıcaklık değerinin kademeli olarak düştüğü ve üretim döneminin son günlerinde minumun sıcaklık değerinin 20 °C, bağıl nem değerinin ise %70 seviyelerine ulaştığı belirlenmiştir. 2. üretim dönemi süresince 9. günden itibaren yapılan ölçümlerde, ortalama sıcaklık değerinin 25 °C, bağıl nem değerleri ise % 50 seviyelerinde gerçekleşmiştir. İlerleyen haftalarda sıcaklık değerinin kademeli olarak düştüğü ve üretim döneminin son günlerinde minumun sıcaklık değerinin 14 °C, bağıl nem değerinin ise %70 seviyelerine ulaştığı belirlenmiştir. CO2 değeri ise 1. üretim döneminde her iki kat için genel olarak kabul edilebilir sınır değer olan 3000 ppm değerini sadece 1. katta 2-3 saat süre ile aştığı diğer zamanlarda kabul edilebilir sınırlar içerisinde olduğu görülmüştür. Ancak havaların soğumasıyla birlikte 2. üretim döneminde 10-15. günlerde civcivlerin zemin katta 12 saatten daha fazla süreyle 3000 ppm’in üzerinde CO2’e maruz kaldığı, 1. katta ise birkaç saat süre ile 5000 ppm seviyelerine kadar çıktığı görülmüştür. Her iki üretim dönemi için NH3 değerinin son hafta içerisinde artış gösterme eğiliminde olduğu ve bu artışın maksimum 8 ppm değerine ulaştığı belirlenmiştir.

Numerical study on thermal and deformation analysis of biological tissue during thawing process

Knowledge of the temperature and deformation of biological tissue during cryosurgical re-warming is critical for the survival of healthy tissues. But few theoretical efforts are made to analyze the re-warming process of frozen biological tissue. To better understand the mechanisms involved, a 2D numerical example is used to simulating the thawing process of frozen biological tissue in the context of generalized bio-thermoelastic theory which can predict heat travels at finite speed. The effective heat capacity method and finite element method are used to obtain the temperature, deformation and the phase change process of biological tissue during thawing. The effects of relaxation time, initial temperature and surface heating temperature on the responses are discussed and illustrated graphically.

Heat transfer characteristics of oblique jet impingement liquid film cooling in the forced convection mode

Liquid film cooling by oblique jet impingement is widely used in small liquid rocket engine thermal protection. In this work, heat transfer characteristics of oblique jet impingement liquid film cooling in forced convective mode were experimentally investigated to examine the effect of the impingement velocity and the initial wall temperature. The temperature distribution on the rear surface (opposite to the jet) was recorded by a high-frequency infrared camera, and then the heat flux on the front surface was estimated by solving the inverse heat conduction problem. It was found that the lagging effect by thermal diffusion is nonnegligible and can be well described by the penetration time. In addition, thermal diffusion makes the temperature distribution on the rear surface more uniform than the liquid flow path. In contrast, the heat flux distribution has a clear boundary same as the liquid flow path. The length of the wetting front lwf can be fitted as lwf=atn. The constant a and the wetted area A are affected merely by the impingement velocity. The point with the maximum heat flux is located at the impingement point in the forced convective mode rather than the wetting front in the film boiling mode. Inside the liquid film, there is no clear boundary as the film thickness distribution between the thin layer zone and the raised zone, implying the local film velocity determines the heat transfer rather than the film thickness. The cooling power increases with higher impingement velocity and initial temperature difference. The standardization fitting equation shows the effect of the initial temperature difference on the cooling power is more significant than the impingement velocity.

Fe-Co Alloy Nanoparticles Dispersed in Polymer-Derived Carbon Support: Effect of Initial Polymer Nature on the Size, Structure and Magnetic Properties.

Fe-Co alloy nanoparticles with different sizes, supported by carbon derived from several polymers, namely polyacrylonitrile, polyvinyl alcohol and chitosan, have been synthesized by a one-pot method involving simultaneous metal nanoparticle formation and polymer carbonization. The method involves the joint dissolution of metal salts and a polymer, followed by annealing of the resulting dried film. Detailed XRD analysis confirmed the formation of Fe-Co alloy nanoparticles in each sample, regardless of the initial polymer used. Transmission electron microscopy images showed that the Fe-Co nanoparticles were all spherical, were homogeneously distributed within the carbon support and varied by size depending on the initial polymer nature and synthesis temperature. Fe-Co nanoparticles supported by polyacrylonitrile-derived carbon exhibited the smallest size (6-12 nm), whereas nanoparticles on chitosan-derived carbon support were characterized by the largest particle size (13-38 nm). The size dependence of magnetic properties were studied by a vibrating sample magnetometer at room temperature. For the first time, the critical particle size of Fe-Co alloy nanoparticles with equiatomic composition has been experimentally determined as 13 nm, indicating the transition of magnetic properties from ferromagnetic to superparamagnetic.

Influence of hot-air drying on the starch structure and physicochemical properties of two corn cultivars cultivated in East China

In this study, Denghai-685 and Xianyu-335, two major corn cultivars cultivated in East China, underwent hot air drying with different initial moisture contents (20, 25, and 30%) and drying temperatures (60, 90, and 120 °C). The study analyzed the dried corn kernels' starch structure and physicochemical characteristics. Hot-air drying altered the starch shape, transforming it from spherical to polyhedra. This process also reduces the amount of amylose in corn compared to naturally dried samples. Interestingly, higher drying temperatures (90 and 120 °C) increased gelatinization temperature but decreased other gelatinization parameters for both cultivars. The transparency of starch pastes from the two cultivars was improved, but the retrogradation was weakened. The onset, peak, and conclusion temperatures of starches increased as the drying temperature rose, while the gelatinization enthalpy decreased. Hot-air drying increased the relative crystallinity of starches of the two cultivars, peaking at 60 °C. The changes in values of R1047cm−1/1022cm−1 and R995cm−1/1022cm−1 deduced from infrared spectroscopy suggested that hot-air drying promoted a more ordered crystalline structure of starches from the two cultivars. These findings suggested that the physicochemical and structural characteristics of starches from the two cultivars were significantly influenced by the interaction of initial moisture content and heating temperatures.

Chitosan-cellulose composite for the adsorptive removal of anionic dyes: Experimental and theoretically approach

The chitosan-cellulose composite was prepared and employed for the adsorptive removal of Reactive Red 195 (RR195) and Reactive Red 2 (RR2) dyes. The cellulose was extracted from bagasse and then, chitosan composite was prepared by solution casting method. The adsorption dependent parameters were optimized, i.e., pH, dyes initial concentration, temperature and reaction time. At room temperature, the dyes adsorption efficiencies were 71.5 % and 97.16 % for RR2 and RR195 at pH 4 and 2, respectively. Point of zero charge found to be at 6 pH for the composite. Both dyes adsorptions data followed pseudo second order kinetics model. The RR195 dye adsorption was best explained by Langmuir isotherm model and in case of RR2 dye, the Freundlich isotherm fitted well. The characterization of the prepared composite was performed by Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopic analysis. In Density Functional Theory (DFT) studies, the LUMO, total energy (HF) and adsorption energies (Eads) were found to be −3.73 eV, −8413.210HF and −25.46Kcal, respectively in case of RR195 dye, while these values were −3.67 eV, −5859.036 HF, −20.69Kcal for RR2, which revealed that RR195 has the higher electron-accepting ability and reactive toward chitosan-cellulose composite. The findings revealed that the chitosan-cellulose composite have promising adsorptive efficiency and could be employed for the removal of dyes from effluents.

Removal of benzohydroxamic acid from aqueous solutions using multi-walled carbon nanotubes/iron-doped hydroxyapatite composites: Synthesis, adsorption performance, and characteristics

Benzohydroxamic acid (BHA) is the main organic contaminant in tungsten ore processing wastewater and is harmful to the environment and human health because of its stable biochemical properties and high toxicity. In this study, multi-walled carbon nanotube/iron-doped hydroxyapatite composites (MWCNT-COOH/Fe-HAP) were prepared using a wet chemical method, and the removal efficiency of BHA from aqueous solutions was evaluated via batch adsorption experiments. The effects of the adsorbent dosage, initial BHA concentration, pH, temperature, contact time, and ionic strength on the adsorption performance were investigated. The adsorption kinetics study indicated that the adsorption process was more consistent with the pseudo-second-order model and that the adsorption isotherm fit better with the Langmuir model. Thermodynamic studies suggested that the adsorption process is spontaneous, exothermic, and chaos-decreasing. The maximum adsorption capacity of MWCNT-COOH/Fe-HAP for BHA was 27.65 mg·g-1 attained at pH= 8. MWCNT-COOH/Fe-HAP showed excellent removal efficiency for BHA under the same experimental conditions as other common adsorbents. The adsorption-desorption regeneration experiments showed that MWCNT-COOH/Fe-HAP was stable, and the removal efficiency of BHA only decreased by 10.03% after five regeneration cycles. Based on the experimental data, zeta potential, FTIR, and XPS analysis, the possible adsorption mechanism of BHA mainly involved electrostatic interaction, hydrogen bonding, π-π EDA interaction, and coordination between BHA and iron species. This study provides a novel method for removing BHA from wastewater.

Synthesis and Characterization of Short Alkyd Resin Based on Sesame Seed Oil as Binder for Coating Industry

Alkyd resin of 40 % oil length was synthesized from the polyesterification reaction of glycerol, pthalic anhydride and sesame seed oil. Physicochemical properties such as iodine value, saponification value, density, moisture absorption, acid value and viscosity were determined to be 70.2 gI2/100g, 227.5 mgKOH/100g, 0.953 g/cm3, 0.22%, 9.23 KOH/g and 123.22 m.Pa.s respectively for the sesamum indicum seed oil modified alkyd resin (SISOMAR). Differential scanning calorimetry and thermogravimetric analysis were employed for the characterization of the alkyd resin. The glass transition (Tg) value of the 40% alkyd resin was 34.99 °C, initial degradation temperature (Ti), final degradation temperature (Tf) were 300 °C and > 500 °C respectively. It was identified that the SISOMAR could meet with temperature resistance and mechanical requirements to serve as a potential binder for the coating industry.

Study of xenon evolution in UO[formula omitted] using multi-grain cluster dynamics modeling

The behavior of fission gas is a key issue for the performance of UO2 fuel, which is the most widely used fuel type in GEN-III reactors. Fission gas will lead to lower thermal conductivity and affect the microstructure of fuel, gradually cause swelling and other phenomena. It seriously affects the performance and safety of nuclear reactor. The numerical simulation method based on physical model is an important means to study fission gas. In this paper, in order to study the key parameters affecting the behavior and evolution of fission gas xenon in UO2 fuel, a multi-grain parallel cluster dynamics model is designed and implemented. The model can describe the multi-grain structure characteristics of UO2, and establish the correlation for the physical process of intra- and inter-granular bubbles. Furthermore, the model is extended to a larger temporal and spacial scale through parallelization, so as to simulate the fission gas behavior closer to the actual situation, and expand the applicable conditions and range of the model. Based on the modeling work, the long-term evolution processes of xenon under different initial grain radius and temperature conditions are analyzed, the results show that the initial grain radius has a much bigger effect on the inter-granular gas concentration than the intra-granular gas, while temperature has a large effect on both intra- and inter-granular gas concentrations. The model and analysis results provide theoretical support for understanding fission gas behavior and improving UO2 fuel performance.