Initial Judgment Research Articles

Adhering to initial judgment: How power distance belief increases preference consistency

ABSTRACT This paper demonstrates that individuals with high (vs. low) power distance belief (PDB), who tend to support inequality in society, are reluctant to change their initial judgments when receiving preference inconsistent (vs. consistent) information, thereby showing a greater preference consistency effect through three studies. This effect is driven by high (vs. low) PDB individuals’ greater resistance to change. Specifically, high (vs. low) PDB individuals are less likely to change their initial judgment because they are more reluctant to make changes in their lives, which leads to a greater preference consistency effect. Furthermore, we demonstrate one important boundary condition: a positive affective state. Key implications are also discussed.

K.H. Miskotte: Naar een vernieuwde verhouding tot het Jodendom

K.H. Miskotte, towards a renewed Relationship with Judaism Miskotte’s dissertation on The Essence of Judaism (1932) contained a phenomenological ‘Wesensschau’, a preparation of Jewish-Christian encounter and an inner-protestant dispute at the same time. Around the Second World War too, unconditional solidarity with the persecuted Jewish people and warnings against Jewish influences on Protestantism were simultaneously present in his writings. At the end of his life, as it is presented here for the first time, Miskotte reflected in a disturbed mood on the book of rabbi Ignaz Maybaum, The Face of God after Auschwitz, and returned to his initial judgement on Liberal Judaism.

Employers' Speech-Based First Impressions of Cochlear Implant Users.

This study is part of a series on speech-based first impressions of prelingually deaf cochlear implant (CI) users with differing speech intelligibility. Hiring managers with typical hearing (TH) rated CI users and TH young adults on various personality traits and suitability as job applicants after hearing recorded speech samples. Similar to prior peer listeners, managers rated TH speakers more positively than highly intelligible CI users (CI-Hi), with less-intelligible CI users rated even more negatively. Managers for white-collar or high-communication jobs rated CI-Hi lower than did managers of blue-collar or low-communication jobs. Positive attitudes and experience with deafness improved ratings of CI users. While underlining the importance of intelligibility, these patterns also highlight the impact of listeners' underlying attitudes on their initial judgments of CI users, which could affect deaf employment opportunities. The study calls for workplace education about hearing loss and deaf communication to improve deaf inclusion and employment rates.

Flexible use of confidence to guide advice requests

Subjective confidence plays an important role in guiding behavior, for example, people typically commit to decisions immediately if high in confidence and seek additional information if not. The present study examines whether people are flexible in their use of confidence, such that the mapping between confidence and behavior is not fixed but can instead vary depending on the specific context. To investigate this proposal, we tested the hypothesis that the seemingly natural relationship between low confidence and requesting advice varies according to whether people know, or do not know, the quality of the advice. Participants made an initial perceptual judgement and then chose between re-sampling evidence or receiving advice from a virtual advisor, before committing to a final decision. The results indicated that, when objective information about advisor reliability was not available, participants selected advice more often when their confidence was high rather than when it was low. This pattern reflects the use of confidence as a feedback proxy to learn about advisor quality: Participants were able to learn about the reliability of advice even in the absence of feedback and subsequently requested more advice from better advisors. In contrast, when participants had prior knowledge about the reliability of advisors, they requested advice more often when their confidence was low, reflecting the use of confidence as a self-monitoring tool signaling that help should be solicited. These findings indicate that people use confidence in a way that is context-dependent and directed towards achieving their current goals.

A new interpretable fault diagnosis method based on belief rule base and probability table

It is vital to establish an interpretable fault diagnosis model for critical equipment. Belief Rule Base (BRB) is an interpretable expert system gradually applied in fault diagnosis. However, the expert knowledge cannot be utilized to establish the initial BRB accurately if there are multiple referential grades in different fault features. In addition, the interpretability of BRB-based fault diagnosis is destroyed in the optimization process, which reflects in two aspects: deviation from the initial expert judgment and over-optimization of parameters. To solve these problems, a new interpretable fault diagnosis model based on BRB and probability table, called the BRB-P, is proposed in this paper. Compared with the traditional BRB, the BRB-P constructed by the probability table is more accurate. Then, the interpretability constraints, i.e., the credibility of expert knowledge, the penalty factor and the rule-activation factor, are inserted into the projection covariance matrix adaption evolution strategy to maintain the interpretability of BRB-P. A case study of the aerospace relay is conducted to verify the effectiveness of the proposed method.

Composite ecotourism potential index based on an integrated stochastic CRITIC-weighted sum method

ABSTRACT This work develops a computational platform to evaluate the ecotourism potential of tourist sites (alternatives) under multiple indicators (criteria). Such a platform is a generalized multi-attribute decision-making approach based on the integration of Criteria Importance Through Intercriteria Correlation (CRITIC) and the weighted sum method (WSM) under a stochastic environment. In this proposed approach, a randomly generated decision matrix is formed, derived from the initial judgments of decision-makers. Then, the priority weights of the criteria are obtained through CRITIC, while the WSM generates the global priority vector of alternatives. A stochastic process based on Monte Carlo simulation generates a large set of global priority vectors. The aggregation of these vectors yields the final priorities of the alternatives. Contextually, it generates a single-valued composite ecotourism potential index which provides the overall performance of the potential ecotourism sites. Evaluating 47 tourist sites under eight indicators demonstrates the proposed approach. Findings and insights are discussed.

Developmental changes in young people's evaluations of sexual harassment

AbstractUsing an accelerated longitudinal design, we investigated developmental changes in young peoples’ evaluations of sexual harassment (SH) and how young peoples’ own experiences with harassment, their perceptions of teacher intervention, as well as how gender and sexual orientation related to their judgments. This study documented significant changes in adolescents’ evaluations of peer‐based SH from grades 7 to 10. Overall, there was a significant decrease in the extent to which youth judged SH to be wrong as they progressed through school. Yet, there was also significant variability across youth in their initial judgments at grade 7 and the extent to which their judgments changed over time. Youth judged SH to be less wrong at occasions when they reported engaging in this behavior more frequently. Conversely, youth judged SH to be more wrong at occasions where they saw teachers intervene. In grade 7, girls, youth more frequently reporting seeing teachers intervene, and youth reporting less SH perpetration judged SH as more wrong than boys, those reporting less teacher intervention, and those reporting higher perpetration, respectively. Perceptions of teacher intervention attenuated the grade‐related declines in judgments of wrongness. The results of this study have important implications for research and policy related to SH among adolescents.

Revisiting trust in the digital era: the interplay of online trust and online dialogic communication from the practitioners' perspective

PurposeWith the prevailing use of online communication platforms, this study revisits the definitions of trust in an online context. By exploring organizational online communications from a practitioners' perspective, a conceptual framework that illustrates the nature of trust and its relationship with dialogic communication between organizations and organizations' stakeholders in the digital era is proposed.Design/methodology/approachA total of 27 in-depth interviews were conducted with public relations and marketing practitioners involved in coordinating organizational online communications in Hong Kong.FindingsFrom the practitioners' perspective, stakeholders' online trust toward an organization, which is a hybridity of initial and rapidly evolving trust, begins with stakeholders swift and initial judgment of the organization according to category-based cues (including knowledge-based attributes of the organization, institutional cues, and particular attributes of online dialogic communication) available on online platforms and further develops over time. Practitioners regard the integration of online and offline communication platforms to be the most effective way to build trust in organization–stakeholder relationships in the digital era, while dialectical tensions can hinder trust formed in online communication.Originality/valueAlong with the proposed conceptual framework, this study advances the discussion of online trust in public relations practices from the practitioners' perspective. A qualitative approach provides rich descriptions that may help to enrich theories in public relations and communication management regarding the interplay of trust and dialogic communication in organizational practices in the digital era.

Multi-criteria decision analysis without consistency in pairwise comparisons

Life itself is colorful and brings situations where making the right decision is a matter of compromise given the various criteria, often conflicting with each other. To handle such situations, a plethora of mathematical methods supporting decision-making has been developed. A little attention has been paid to cases where either criteria or expert preferences are not transitive by nature. Usually, standard decision-making methods handle such a case as an input error (input inconsistency). Being designed for consistent cases, standard methods may conclude in wrong results. We present a novel framework aimed at dealing with inconsistent preferences, without forcing experts to reconsider their initial judgments thus distorting their spontaneous assessments. A simulation analysis has been led to check the methodological validity of our proposal. Specifically, by setting different consistency ranges, thousands of experiments on simulated matrices confirm that our framework represents a valid alternative to the traditional practice. The applicability of the proposed approach has been eventually demonstrated through a real-world case study focused on supply chain management of a relevant industrial problem.

Information Filtering in Electronic Networks of Practice: An fMRI Investigation of Expectation (Dis)confirmation

Online forums sponsored by electronic networks of practice (ENPs) have become an important platform for technology-mediated knowledge exchange, yet relatively little is known about how ENP participants filter and evaluate the information they encounter on these forums. This study integrates perspectives from expectation confirmation theory, prospect theory, and neuroscience research to explore how ENP forum filtering judgments are influenced when expectations formed on the basis of contextual cues are confirmed or disconfirmed by the examination of solution quality. We summarize six different models of expectation confirmation explored in previous IS literature and report the results of a neuroimaging experiment using functional MRI (fMRI) that paired both positive and negative contextual cues with high- and low-quality solutions on a mock ENP forum interface. Results show that evaluation judgments are strongest in conditions where initial contextual cue judgments are confirmed by examination of solution quality except when the perceived expectation-experience gap is large, providing evidence for an assimilation-contrast model of expectation confirmation. We also found neural activation differences for expectation confirmation vs. disconfirmation and, consistent with prospect theory, differences in filtering behaviors with respect to unexpected gains vs. unexpected losses.

Can Auditors Improve Their Judgment by Drawing on the Crowd Within?†

ABSTRACTThis study examines whether auditors can improve their judgment by drawing on the crowd within—that is, making the same judgment twice and averaging the two responses. Improvements in judgment are of special interest to auditors given that poor judgment threatens audit effectiveness and efficiency. The results from my experiment suggest that drawing on the crowd within helps auditors better use their task‐relevant knowledge, leading to more accurate auditor judgments relative to the judgments of an expert panel. Also, auditors can employ different task‐relevant knowledge that leads to more justifiable judgments when they are prompted (vs. not prompted) to make a limited, intuitive initial judgment as they draw on the crowd within. Overall, auditors appear to increase their task‐relevant knowledge as they develop expertise but do not appear to better use that knowledge absent intervention. Auditors can manipulate how they draw on the crowd within to achieve different audit objectives—for example, accuracy versus justifiability.

Biasing Influence of 'Mental Shortcuts' on Diagnostic Decision-Making: Radiologists Can Overlook Breast Cancer in Mammograms When Prior Diagnostic Information Is Available.

When making decisions under uncertainty, people in all walks of life, including highly trained medical professionals, tend to resort to using ‘mental shortcuts’, or heuristics. Anchoring-and-adjustment (AAA) is a well-known heuristic in which subjects reach a judgment by starting from an initial internal judgment (‘anchored position’) based on available external information (‘anchoring information’) and adjusting it until they are satisfied. We studied the effects of the AAA heuristic during diagnostic decision-making in mammography. We provided practicing radiologists (N = 27 across two studies) a random number that we told them was the estimate of a previous radiologist of the probability that a mammogram they were about to see was positive for breast cancer. We then showed them the actual mammogram. We found that the radiologists’ own estimates of cancer in the mammogram reflected the random information they were provided and ignored the actual evidence in the mammogram. However, when the heuristic information was not provided, the same radiologists detected breast cancer in the same set of mammograms highly accurately, indicating that the effect was solely attributable to the availability of heuristic information. Thus, the effects of the AAA heuristic can sometimes be so strong as to override the actual clinical evidence in diagnostic tasks.

Obtaining Crisp Priorities for Triangular and Trapezoidal Fuzzy Judgments

This paper proposes anoptimal fuzzy-based model for obtaining crisp priorities for Fuzzy-AHP comparison matrices. Crisp judgments cannot be given for real-life situations, as most of these include some level of fuzziness and complexity. In these situations, judgments are represented by the set of fuzzy numbers. Most of the fuzzy optimization models derive crisp priorities for judgments represented with Triangular Fuzzy Numbers (TFNs) only. They do not work for other types of Triangular Shaped Fuzzy Numbers (TSFNs) and Trapezoidal Fuzzy Numbers (TrFNs). To overcome this problem, a sum of squared error (SSE) based optimization model is proposed. Unlike some other methods, the proposed model derives crisp weights from all of the above-mentioned fuzzy judgments. A fuzzy number is simulated using the Monte Carlo method. A threshold-based constraint is also applied to minimize the deviation from the initial judgments. Genetic Algorithm (GA) is used to solve the optimization model. We have also conducted casestudiesto show the proposed approach’s advantages over the existingmethods. Results show that the proposed model outperforms other models to minimize SSE and deviation from initial judgments. Thus, the proposed model can be applied in various real time scenarios as it can reduce the SSE value upto 29% compared to the existing studies.

To Engage or Not to Engage with AI for Critical Judgments: How Professionals Deal with Opacity When Using AI for Medical Diagnosis

Artificial intelligence (AI) technologies promise to transform how professionals conduct knowledge work by augmenting their capabilities for making professional judgments. We know little, however, about how human-AI augmentation takes place in practice. Yet, gaining this understanding is particularly important when professionals use AI tools to form judgments on critical decisions. We conducted an in-depth field study in a major U.S. hospital where AI tools were used in three departments by diagnostic radiologists making breast cancer, lung cancer, and bone age determinations. The study illustrates the hindering effects of opacity that professionals experienced when using AI tools and explores how these professionals grappled with it in practice. In all three departments, this opacity resulted in professionals experiencing increased uncertainty because AI tool results often diverged from their initial judgment without providing underlying reasoning. Only in one department (of the three) did professionals consistently incorporate AI results into their final judgments, achieving what we call engaged augmentation. These professionals invested in AI interrogation practices—practices enacted by human experts to relate their own knowledge claims to AI knowledge claims. Professionals in the other two departments did not enact such practices and did not incorporate AI inputs into their final decisions, which we call unengaged “augmentation.” Our study unpacks the challenges involved in augmenting professional judgment with powerful, yet opaque, technologies and contributes to literature on AI adoption in knowledge work.

Basic analysis of thinking

In this article, the analytical operations of thinking operations theoretically illuminated and grounded. The basis for the conclusion is the initial judgments from which a new judgment is derived. This new judgment, obtained by logical means from buildings, is called a conclusion. Mental operations with visual-active and visual-figurative thinking are carried out with information that gives us emotional cognition in the form of direct perception of specific objects and their images-suggestions.

From The Editors Desk…

Our editorial team has always endeavoured not just to improve the quality of the manuscripts but also to help the authors improve their writing skills. Depending upon the type of manuscript we recommend standard guidelines like the CONSORT, PRISMA, STROBE, CARE and STARD. We also recommend IMRaD format while writing the manuscript. The Introduction, which is around 3-4 paragraphs, should be structured from generalities to the specific elaborating what the shortcomings are in published literature and what void the current research would fill. The authors must understand that the “aim” is the broader intent, while the “objectives” are the more specific steps which one plans to achieve. The Material and Methods section needs to be detailed to such an extent that any researcher planning to replicate the study can do so with accuracy. In this section, the study design, the study setting, inclusion and exclusion criteria, sample size, interventions, outcome measures and statistics are elaborated. The results section provides outcome data about primary and secondary measures as well as the contrast between groups wherever applicable. Avoid presenting same result data in multiple formats as well as interpreting the results in this section. The discussion part compares the results with existing literature, analyses the strengths and limitations of the study and at the same time explain the practical implications as well as future research directions. Finally, at the end a summary of the concluding findings should be provided and whether they support your initial research hypothesis. Last but not the least, the author must remember the criticality of the abstract. Most reviewers and editors as well as readers base their initial judgement based on this short paragraph. Structured abstracts are preferred with relevant subsections. Authors must understand the significance of keywords, MeSH terms as well as how to do proper referencing. Writing medical literature is an art which needs to be groomed at an early stage. Competency develops as one writes more & more. We hope this editorial will help authors understand how to ensure that their article is selected, printed, and finally appreciated by the readers. We end this editorial with a remembrance to a few of our dearest fellow Orthopaedicians whose demise shall leave a lasting void in Odisha Orthopaedics. Dr Prabhakar Mohanty, Dr Bijay Kumar Sadangi, Dr Binay Aggarwal and Dr Smarajit Pattnaik will always be in our cherished memories. Dr Satya Ranjan Patra Editor – In – Chief

From The Editors Desk…

Our editorial team has always endeavoured not just to improve the quality of the manuscripts but also to help the authors improve their writing skills. Depending upon the type of manuscript we recommend standard guidelines like the CONSORT, PRISMA, STROBE, CARE and STARD. We also recommend IMRaD format while writing the manuscript. The Introduction, which is around 3-4 paragraphs, should be structured from generalities to the specific elaborating what the shortcomings are in published literature and what void the current research would fill. The authors must understand that the “aim” is the broader intent, while the “objectives” are the more specific steps which one plans to achieve. The Material and Methods section needs to be detailed to such an extent that any researcher planning to replicate the study can do so with accuracy. In this section, the study design, the study setting, inclusion and exclusion criteria, sample size, interventions, outcome measures and statistics are elaborated. The results section provides outcome data about primary and secondary measures as well as the contrast between groups wherever applicable. Avoid presenting same result data in multiple formats as well as interpreting the results in this section. The discussion part compares the results with existing literature, analyses the strengths and limitations of the study and at the same time explain the practical implications as well as future research directions. Finally, at the end a summary of the concluding findings should be provided and whether they support your initial research hypothesis. Last but not the least, the author must remember the criticality of the abstract. Most reviewers and editors as well as readers base their initial judgement based on this short paragraph. Structured abstracts are preferred with relevant subsections. Authors must understand the significance of keywords, MeSH terms as well as how to do proper referencing. Writing medical literature is an art which needs to be groomed at an early stage. Competency develops as one writes more & more. We hope this editorial will help authors understand how to ensure that their article is selected, printed, and finally appreciated by the readers. We end this editorial with a remembrance to a few of our dearest fellow Orthopaedicians whose demise shall leave a lasting void in Odisha Orthopaedics. Dr Prabhakar Mohanty, Dr Bijay Kumar Sadangi, Dr Binay Aggarwal and Dr Smarajit Pattnaik will always be in our cherished memories. Dr Satya Ranjan Patra Editor – In – Chief

Two-wheeler tyre pressure monitoring through K-nearest neighbours algorithm trained using wheel hub vibrations acquired using ADXL335 accelerometer

Maintaining optimal tyre pressure enhances the performance of a vehicle in many ways. Tyre pressure monitoring system (TPMS) provides a safety feature that shows an alert when the car's tyre pressure drops below the recommended levels. In this paper, the TPMS is built through training of the KNN algorithm based on wheel hub vibrations. An inexpensive system was developed by interfacing the ADXL335 accelerometer with Arduino for collecting real-time data. In order to process the raw data suitable conditioning was undertaken. The initial judgment of wkNNheel hub vibrations was carried out statistically. The features reflecting the relevant statistical judgment of tyre pressure conditions were selected and training of the KNN algorithm was initiated. Perfectly filled, partially filled and unhealthy tyre conditions were considered while acquiring the wheel hub vibrations and classification was achieved.

A trustable architecture over blockchain to facilitate maritime administration for MASS systems

Maritime Autonomous Surface Ship (MASS) is widely deemed as the future of global shipping. The cyber vulnerability has however been identified as an emerging problem and a potential barrier influencing MASS development. This paper, through the investigation of the fundamental trust problem with regards to the cyber security of MASS systems, aims to develop a blockchain-based scheme for the trust management of MASS. The innovative idea of using blockchain within the MASS context is that the mobile entities in the MASS operational environment constitute a decentralized opportunity network, which makes blockchain an appealing tool to provide a solution to evaluating and maximizing the trust over the dynamics of the entities. This paper elaborates the mechanism by which the MASS entities participate in keeping the main chain. Firstly, the paper illustrates how the Belief of Trust (BoT) among the entities is encoded and assembled into the chain, to allow MASS entities to have an initial judgement towards another entity before they get acquainted. Secondly, at the consensus layer of blockchain technique, it addresses how the witness, who has a temporary right of producing a block and append it to the chain, can be elected among the nodes and how to incent the nodes to maintain the blockchain from a proof-of-stake perspective. Finally, this paper describes how the MASS entities can use the certificate dependence information to evaluate the trust transition in the MASS operating environment. Typical scenarios are delineated to show the procedure of certificate inquiry, handover of controls between maritime supervision centers and shore-side remote control centers in case of the occurrence of unexpected events. The findings provide any entity in an MASS network with an effective solution to evaluating the degree of trust he can have for any targeted node/participant. They can therefore help choose better (more trustable) nodes to maintain the MASS network's knowledge of evidence to judge the trust on an unknown member.

Non-communicated judgements of, versus feedback on, students\u2019 essays: Is feedback inflation larger for students with a migration background?

When providing feedback, teachers are concerned not only with the simple transmission of information, but also with motivational and interpersonal dynamics. To mitigate these concerns, teachers may inflate feedback by reducing negative or increasing positive content. The resulting difference between initial judgments and feedback may be even more drastic for ethnic minority students: In non-communicated judgments, negative stereotypes may result in more negative judgments, whereas in feedback, concerns about being or appearing prejudiced may inflate feedback towards ethnic minority students. These hypotheses were tested in a sample of 132 German teacher students in a 2 (between subjects: feedback vs. non-communicated judgment) × 2 (within subjects: target student's migration background: Turkish vs. none) design in which participants read supposed student essays and provided their written impressions to the research team or the supposed student. Findings revealed that teacher students’ feedback was more positive than their non-communicated judgments on a multitude of dimensions. Contrary to expectations, these effects were not stronger when the student had a Turkish migration background. Instead, teacher students rated the essay of the student with a Turkish migration background more favorably both in the judgment and feedback conditions. Our results suggest that teachers adapt their initial judgments when giving feedback to account for interpersonal or motivational dynamics. Moreover, ethnic minority students may be especially likely to receive overly positive feedback. While the motivational/interpersonal dynamics may warrant some inflation in feedback, negative consequences of overly positive feedback, for which ethnic minority students may be especially vulnerable, are discussed.