Initial Deviation Research Articles

Cross‐retaliation and international dispute settlement

AbstractAlthough politicians and the popular press often express the desire to link retaliation in trade agreements to non‐trade issues, the WTO discourages and usually disallows cross‐retaliation even among its own agreements. In this paper, we analyze the welfare implications of cross‐retaliation. We compare two different mechanisms in a two‐country two‐sector tariff‐setting political‐economy model with incomplete information. A country may temporarily raise trade barriers in response to political pressure and the extent of this pressure is private information. In a same‐sector retaliation mechanism a safeguard action, or other limited violation of the international trade agreement, is punished by an equivalent suspension of concessions in the sector where the initial deviation takes place. In a linked, or cross‐sector, retaliation mechanism retaliatory actions may be taken in another sector or agreement. We next consider less‐than‐equivalent suspensions of concessions whereby the probability of retaliation is less than unity. We then endogenize this probability and derive its optimal level separately for same‐ and cross‐sector retaliation. We also consider the long‐run viability of these self‐enforcing trade agreements. We show that whether retaliation is certain or probabilistic a cross‐sector retaliation mechanism can generate greater welfare and self‐enforcement capability than a same‐sector mechanism unless export‐oriented political pressure in the cross‐sector targeted for retaliation is high. Although cross‐sector retaliation is usually welfare improving, there may be little additional benefit to extending retaliation to a different agreement.

Neck muscle vibration and prism adaptation fail to improve balance disturbances after stroke: A multicentre randomised controlled study

BackgroundPilot studies suggest potential effects of neck muscle vibration (NMV) and prism adaptation (PA) on postural balance disturbances related to spatial cognition. ObjectivesTo evaluate the effect of 10 sessions of NMV and/or PA on ML deviation. We used the mediolateral centre of pressure position (ML deviation) as a biomarker for spatial cognition perturbation, hypothesising that PA and NMV would improve ML deviation, with a potential synergistic impact when used together. MethodsWe conducted a multicentre, single-blind, randomised controlled study. Participants within 9 months of a right-hemisphere supratentorial stroke and with less than 40% body weight supported on the paretic side in standing were randomised into 4 groups (PA, NMV, PA+NMV, or control). Primary outcomeML deviation at Day 14. Secondary outcomes: force platform data, balance abilities, autonomy, and ML deviation, measured just after the first session (Day 1), at Day 90, and Day 180. A generalised linear mixed model (GLMM) assessed intervention effects on these outcomes, adjusting for initial ML deviation and incorporating other relevant factors. Results89 participants were randomised and data from 80 participants, mean (SD) age 59.2 (10.2) years, mean time since stroke 94 (61) days were analysed. At Day 14, a weak time x group interaction (P = .001, omega-squared = 0.08) was found, with no significant between-group differences in ML deviation (P = .12) or in secondary outcomes (P = .08). Between-group differences were found on Day 1 (P = .03), Day 90 (P = .001) and Day 180 (P < .0001) regardless of age and stroke-related data. On Day 1, ML deviation improved in both the PA and NMV groups (P = .03 and P = .01). In contrast, ML deviation deteriorated in the NMV+PA group on Day 90 and Day 180 (P = .01 and P = .01). ConclusionsThe study found no evidence of any beneficial effects of repeated unimodal or combined sessions of NMV and/or PA on ML deviation after stroke. Trial registrationClinicalTrials.gov identifier NCT01677091

Self-calibratable absolute modular rotary encoder: a theoretical feasibility study

Abstract This paper introduces a self-calibratable absolute modular rotary encoder based on the Equal Division Average (EDA) method, designed to significantly enhance measurement accuracy and simplify installation. The proposed design integrates multiple optical sensors into the encoder stator Printed Circuit Board (PCB), enabling precise absolute position measurement through the averaging of sensors data. This multi-sensor approach compensates for alignment and installation inaccuracies, which are common issues in conventional modular encoders. To validate the design and predict encoder behaviour prior to manufacturing, a theoretical modelling of virtual optical sensors is performed. Based on experimentally collected cross-calibration data from a real optical encoder, this modelling framework enables to estimate the efficiency of self-calibration algorithm with sufficient accuracy and optimize the design and performance of the encoder. The obtained results confirm that the proposed measurement system significantly reduces error margin, improving the reliability and precision of position feedback. The initial position deviation of several hundreds of arcseconds might be reduced and kept below 8 arcseconds by using two or more additional optical sensors, even with the 0.5 mm misalignment of the encoder stator.

Arbitrarily Configurable Nonlinear Topological Modes.

Topological modes (TMs) are typically localized at boundaries, interfaces and dislocations, and exponentially decay into the bulk of a large enough lattice. Recently, the non-Hermitian skin effect has been leveraged to delocalize the wave functions of TMs from the boundary and thus to increase the capacity of TMs dramatically. Here, we explore the capability of nonlinearity in designing and configuring the wave functions of TMs. With growing intensity, wave functions of these in-gap nonlinear TMs undergo an initial deviation from exponential decay, gradually merge into arbitrarily designable plateaus, then encompass the entire nonlinear domain, and eventually concentrate at the nonlinear boundary. Intriguingly, such extended nonlinear TMs are still robust against defects and disorders, and stable in dynamics under external excitation. Advancing the conceptual understanding of the nonlinear TMs, our results open new avenues for increasing the capacity of TMs and developing compact and configurable topological devices.

Self-Calibratable Absolute Modular Rotary Encoder: Development and Experimental Research.

Advanced microfabrication technologies have revolutionized the field of reflective encoders by integrating all necessary optical components and electronics into a miniature single-chip solution. Contemporary semiconductor sensors could operate at wide tolerance ranges that make them ideal for integration into compact and lightweight modular encoder kit systems. However, in order to achieve the high accuracy of the operating encoder, precise mechanical installation is still needed. To overcome this issue and exploit the full potential of modern sensors, the self-calibratable absolute modular rotary encoder is developed. The equal division average (EDA) method by combining the angular position readings from multiple optical sensors is used to simplify the installation process and ensure the high accuracy of the system. The produced prototype encoder is experimentally tested vs. the reference encoder and the measurement deviations of using different numbers and arrangements of optical sensors are determined. The obtained results show encoder ability to handle the mounting errors and minimize the initial system deviation by more than 90%.

Mechanical modeling and parameter analysis of the docking process for probe-drogue docking mechanisms

The on-orbit probe-drogue berthing docking of two spacecraft can effectively reduce impact force and adjust for initial deviations. However, its dynamic response and influence behaviors of design parameters are extremely concerning but difficult to obtain because of its complicated structure. In this paper, a fast mechanical modeling (FMM) method is proposed to obtain the dynamic response of probe-drogue docking mechanisms during spacecraft berthing missions. Regarding the quasi-static docking process, complex dynamic docking behaviors are simplified and decoupled. The FMM method divides docking into three contact processes based on the scene of contact; it analyzes the deviation adaptive docking principle of this type of docking mechanism by establishing the kinematics and mechanics models of active and passive parts. The finite element simulations and experiments of probe-drogue berthing docking were used to compare with the proposed FMM. The comparison results of different initial deviation conditions indicate that the FMM method guarantees computation accuracy and increases computation speed by two orders of magnitude, which greatly reduces computation costs. Then this efficient FMM method was utilized to analyze the influence of key parameters, such as friction coefficient and cone angle, on the contact force and driving force of the docking mechanism. The conclusions of the parameter analysis of probe-drogue berthing docking can be used to reduce contact force and accelerate iterative design as a reference for the design of this kind of docking mechanisms, making the docking process optimized and reliable.

A comparative study on state-of-charge estimation for lithium-rich manganese-based battery based on Bayesian filtering and machine learning methods

In this paper, a comparative study on the state of charge (SOC) estimation of the lithium-rich manganese-based battery (LRMB) has been conducted by systematically considering the equivalent circuit model (ECM), aging state and algorithms. The results show that the first-order RC model combined with the Extended Kalman filter (EKF) is more suitable for the SOC estimation of the LRMB when the battery decays less severely. The maximum value of root mean square error of SOC estimation error no exceeds 1.6 % under various dynamic operating conditions, which can well meet the practical application. Besides, the first-order model based EKF algorithm occupies least computing resource and simultaneously possesses the best convergence velocity against the initial SOC value deviation. When the LRMB suffers a severe aging, the SOC estimation performance decreases significantly with the max error exceeding 6 %, to overcome this, a new algorithm combined deep learning and Extend Kalman filter (EKF) is proposed, which exhibit high SOC estimation accuracy with the RMSE less than 0.16 %. In summary, a systematic study about the SOC estimation of LRMB has been carried out, which can provide great guidance for the future engineering application of LRMB.

The Effects of Service Recovery Actions on Customers' Post‐Recovery Responses to Online Travel Agencies (OTAs): The Moderating Role of Price

ABSTRACTThe main purpose of this study is to investigate the impacts of service recovery actions on customers' post‐recovery responses to initial service failure and a double deviation and to investigate the moderating effect of price on the relationship between recovery actions and these responses. The findings show that active recovery actions led to more favorable post‐recovery responses than passive actions in both initial and double deviation situations. No moderating effect of price was found between recovery actions and customers' post‐recovery responses. From an academic perspective, this study helps researchers understand how customers positively perceive recovery actions that reflect procedural and interactional justice in service failure situations. The findings also suggest that practitioners of OTAs should engage in active recovery actions that include prompt communication on the progress of the incident (i.e., procedural justice) and a sincere apology (interactional justice) to alleviate customers' negative responses due to service failures.

Relationship of body mass index and plasma imatinib levels in CML patients and mitigation of clinical impact using PK-guided dosing strategy.

e18522 Background: Imatinib is a mainstay of treatment for patients with chronic myeloid lymphoma (CML). Exposure-response relationships have been demonstrated and trough levels between 800 and 1000 ng/ml are usually associated with Major Molecular Response (MMR), prolonged survival and acceptable safety. The extent to which body mass index (BMI) might influence drug pharmacokinetics (PK) and clinical outcome remains to be investigated. Methods: Therapeutic drug monitoring was performed in 60 adult patients (56 years, M33/27F) starting imatinib (400 mg QD) for CML, and baseline deviation from target Cmin was used to subsequently adjust dosing using Monolix software. Baseline BMI was calculated and collected along with other patient characteristics and comedications likely to alter imatinib PK. Response (MMR at 3 months) and drug-related toxicity (CTCAE grading) were recorded. Patients were divided into three subgroups: BMI&lt;18.5; 18.5&lt;BMI&lt;24.5, and BMI&gt;24.5. The association between BMI and trough imatinib levels at baseline, further differences in toxic events and response rate between cohorts, as well as differences in dosing after PK-guided dose adjustment, were all tested using appropriate statistical analysis. Results: Mean imatinib trough levels at baseline were 1172 (754-4737), 870 (276-1767) and 820 (334-2217) ng/ml for patients with BMI&lt;18.5, 18.5&lt;BMI&lt;24.5 and BMI&gt;24.5, respectively. Patients with BMI&lt;18.5 were statistically overexposed (p&lt;0.01, ANOVA). Conversely, there was a trend towards lower exposure in patients with BMI&gt;24.5, but this was not statistically significant. Multivariate analysis confirmed that low BMI was an independent factor for overexposure with imatinib. After PK-guided dosing, a statistically significant difference in dosing after correction was observed, as overexposed patients had their dose reduced to an average of 330 mg QD, whereas underexposed patients had their dose increased to an average of 500 mg QD (p&lt;0.01, paired t-test). Consequently, when comparing in the three different cohorts the incidence of both response and toxic events, no difference was observed among patients (p=0.33 and p=0.911 for efficacy and toxicity respectively, Chi-2 test). Conclusions: Low BMI (&lt;18.5) puts patients at risk of significant overexposure to imatinib, whereas there is a trend towards lower exposure in patients with high BMI (&gt;24.5). This could potentially lead to either increased toxicity or lack of efficacy is no adjustment in dosing is performed. Here, TDM with subsequent adaptive dosing helps to correct the dose according to the initial deviation from target, thus smoothing the clinical impact of the differences in exposure observed at the start of treatment.

Accurate Temperature Reconstruction in Radiofrequency Ablation for Atherosclerotic Plaques Based on Inverse Heat Transfer Analysis.

Radio frequency ablation has emerged as a widely accepted treatment for atherosclerotic plaques. However, monitoring the temperature field distribution in the blood vessel wall during this procedure presents challenges. This limitation increases the risk of endothelial cell damage and inflammatory responses, potentially leading to lumen restenosis. The aim of this study is to accurately reconstruct the transient temperature distribution by solving a stochastic heat transfer model with uncertain parameters using an inverse heat transfer algorithm and temperature measurement data. The nonlinear least squares optimization method, Levenberg-Marquardt (LM), was employed to solve the inverse heat transfer problem for parameter estimation. Then, to improve the convergence of the algorithm and reduce the computational resources, a method of parameter sensitivity analysis was proposed to select parameters mainly affecting the temperature field. Furthermore, the robustness and accuracy of the algorithm were verified by introducing random noise to the temperature measurements. Despite the high level of temperature measurement noise (ξ = 5%) and larger initial guess deviation, the parameter estimation results remained closely aligned with the actual values, with an overall ERMS consistently below 0.05. The absolute errors between the reconstruction temperature at the measurement points TC1, TC2, and TC3, and the actual temperature, remained within 0.33 °C, 2.4 °C, and 1.17 °C, respectively. The Levenberg-Marquardt algorithm employed in this study proficiently tackled the ill-posed issue of inversion process and obtained a strong consistency between the reconstructed temperature the actual temperature.

Adaptive Neural Network-Based Event-Triggered SOC Observer With Application to a Stochastic Battery Model.

Accurate state of charge (SOC) is crucial to achieving safe, reliable, and efficient use of batteries. This article proposes an adaptive neural network (NN)-based event-triggered observer to estimate SOC. First, a stochastic battery equivalent circuit model (ECM) is established, where an adaptive NN is employed to approximate the unknown nonlinear part. The learning process of network weight is conducted online to observe the variations of model parameters and avoid time-consuming processes for parameter extraction. Besides, for the purpose of saving computational cost, an event-triggered mechanism (ETM) is employed in the weight updating law, which means the weights only update when it is necessary. Then, an adaptive radial basis function (RBF) NN-based SOC observer is designed, and its stability is proven by the Lyapunov theory. Moreover, the strictly positive lower bound of interevent time is derived, and undesirable Zeno behavior can be excluded. Finally, the accuracy and robustness of the proposed observer are evaluated by experiments and simulations. Results show that the proposed method can estimate SOC accurately in the presence of initial deviation and sensor noises.

Dissonance In the Public Eye: Understanding the Role of Initial Affection and Deviation Size on Negative Evaluations

This study examined the impact of a public figure's deviation from societal expectations on public perceptions and economic support intentions. We hypothesized that smaller deviations would induce higher negative evaluations, and that initial personal liking for the figure would interact with deviation size to affect these evaluations. Although we did not find substantial support for our primary hypothesis, we observed an interaction effect consistent with our secondary hypothesis. Specifically, among those who initially liked the figure, minor deviations incited marginally higher negative evaluations than significant deviations. The findings suggest that initial affection introduces an additional layer of complexity in public reactions to a figure's deviations, which aligns with the Cognitive Dissonance Theory. Interestingly, participants were more likely to endorse harm for smaller deviations, implying that society tends to reprimand public figures more severely for minor deviations. There were no significant effects observed for economic support intentions. The study's implications are discussed in the context of understanding public figures' influence and societal reactions. These findings highlight the intricate dynamics of public sentiment and emphasize the need for future research to continue exploring these multifaceted relationships.

How country of origin and stimuli language influence visual word recognition in bilingual children

Aims and objectives: We used mouse tracking to determine how country of origin and stimuli language influence visual word recognition in bilingual children. Methodology: Children attending bilingual schools in Spain and the USA completed a lexical decision task in English. The task included real English words (e.g., true), and pseudohomophones following Spanish (e.g., tru) and English (e.g., troo) orthographical rules. Data and analysis: Bilingual children from both countries performed worse when responding to English pseudohomophones (within-language interference) than Spanish pseudohomophones (between-language interference). Findings/conclusions: The children from the USA outperformed the children from Spain in almost every measure. Interestingly, their mouse trajectories followed a different pattern. Originality: When responding to pseudohomophones, children from the USA showed a pronounced initial deviation toward the incorrect response (likely due to a strong activation of the phonology of the real English word) followed by a very effective corrective movement (likely due to an orthographic verification mechanism). Significance: Mouse tracking provides novel insights regarding language activation in bilingual readers.

The impact of hamstring lengthening on stance knee flexion at skeletal maturity in ambulatory cerebral palsy.

This study reports the long-term outcomes of hamstring lengthening to treat flexed knee gait in children with ambulatory cerebral palsy (CP) after skeletal maturity. This retrospective longitudinal observational study used instrumented gait analysis (GA) <8 and >15 years old in children with bilateral CP. The primary variable was knee flexion in stance phase. Eighty children (160 limbs) were included; 49% were male, 51% female. Mean age at first GA was 6.0 (SD: 1.2) years and 19.6 (SD: 4.5) years at final GA. Mean follow-up was 13.7 (SD: 4.7) years. Children were classified as Gross Motor Function Classification System I-8, II-46 and III-26. Average Gross Motor Function Measure Dimension D was 72% (SD: 20%). Hamstring lengthenings occurred once in 82, twice in 54 and three times in 10 limbs. From initial to final GA, average knee flexion in stance was unchanged, 27.8° (SD: 14.8°) to final 27.0° (SD: 11.2°; P = 0.54). Knee flexion at foot contact was 39.6° (SD: 13.0°), improving to final GA of 30.7° (SD: 10.6°; P < 0.001). Initial gait deviation index was 65.8 (SD: 31.9), improving to final 78.9 (SD: 28.2; P < 0.001). Older age, males and concomitant plantar flexor lengthening predicted change toward more flexed knee gait. Hamstring lengthening did not lead to back-kneeing gait at maturity while maintaining childhood stance phase knee flexion. A subgroup still developed significant flexed knee gait posture and may have benefited from more aggressive treatment options. This outcome may also be impacted by diverse functional levels, etiologies and treatments of flexed knee gait.

Online calibration method for SINS/LDV integrated navigation system based on left group error definition

The integration of strapdown inertial navigation system (SINS) and laser Doppler velocimeter (LDV) is a reliable technology for land vehicle positioning. To ensure the best positioning performance of the SINS/LDV integrated navigation system, it is necessary to calibrate it accurately. However, the accuracy of the error model of the traditional calibration method is seriously affected by the large misalignment angle, which in turn affects the accuracy and consistency of the filtering, and eventually leads to the decline of the calibration accuracy. Therefore, this paper introduces the Lie group theory for the first time into the calibration study of the SINS/LDV integrated navigation system. Based on the error state vector defined by the left group error definition in the Lie group, the three calibration models of the SINS/LDV integrated navigation system are derived in the Earth-centered Earth-fixed frame, using velocity, displacement increment, and dead reckoning (DR) position, which are the three common observation information. The most significant advantage of these calibration models is their ability to handle large initial misalignment angles. The calibration models proposed in this paper are comprehensively evaluated by two long-distance vehicle experiments. The test results show that under normal conditions (no large attitude misalignment angle and all sensors are working properly), the Lie group-based calibration methods have similar performance to the traditional calibration method, but they have significant advantages in the case of large initial attitude deviation. In addition, using displacement increment and DR position as observations improves calibration performance compared to velocity.

Kirschner Wire Prying and Leverage Technique: a new closed reduction method in treatment of pediatric “Irreducible Supracondylar Humerus Fractures”

BackgroundThis study employs an innovative closed reduction approach to treat pediatric "Irreducible Supracondylar Humerus Fractures" with the goal of demonstrating its practical application compared to conventional methods.MethodsThis study sampled 146 surgically treated cases of "Irreducible Supracondylar Humerus Fractures" in our department. After applying inclusion and exclusion criteria, 120 children were selected and divided into two groups based on treatment methods. Group 1 underwent Closed Reduction and Percutaneous Pinning (CRPP), while Group 2 received treatment using the Kirschner Wire Prying and Leverage Technique alongside CRPP. The relevant data to the study were collected and assessed during the follow-up period.ResultsResults indicate that Group 2 demonstrated significantly shorter operative times and fewer instances of intraoperative fluoroscopy compared to Group 1. Furthermore, the percentage of cases requiring open reduction was notably higher in Group 1 than in Group 2. The analysis also identified age, BMI, time from injury to surgery, and the initial deviation of the distal fragment as independent risk factors associated with the failure of closed reduction.SummaryThe integration of CRPP with the Kirschner Wire Prying and Leverage Technique emerges as a safe and effective strategy for managing "Irreducible Supracondylar Humerus Fractures." This innovative approach not only reduces operative time and intraoperative fluoroscopy needs but also diminishes the reliance on open reduction without compromising safety.

A Diagnostic Study on a Southward Southwest Vortex Track Forecasted by CMA-GFS: The Role of Initial Field

Abstract It is known that the southwest vortex (SWV) is an important weather system that may induce severe weather. The southward deviation of an SWV track forecasted by the Global Assimilation and Prediction System of the China Meteorological Administration (CMA-GFS) is systematically diagnosed in this study. The southward shift of the SWV is directly attributed to the deviation of the steering flow caused by the weak forecast of the upper-level trough. According to the diagnosis of potential tendency, the underestimation of the initial vorticity advection forecasted by CMA-GFS dominates the weak development of the upper-level trough. The underestimation of the vorticity advection is eventually sourced to the weak geostrophic wind caused by the weak initial meridional and zonal gradients of the midlevel height in front of the trough. The assimilation process on the initial field of the CMA-GFS acts a negative effect on forecasting this SWV track. It weakens the π field at midmodel level, resulting in the weak midlevel height gradient in front of the trough. A verified numerical experiment initialized by a more reasonable field is carried out and the southward shift of the SWV is obviously modified. This study suggests that a reasonable analysis field is crucial for the accurate forecast of the SWV track. Significance Statement The important impact of initial field deviation in key regions on the forecast in the late period is highlighted. A systematic diagnosis process for identifying and addressing forecast issues on SWV track is proposed. This research provides a comprehensive approach for diagnosing the forecast deviation associated with SWV track.

Compensation of Accuracy Error for Time Interval Measurements

Abstract A method of accuracy error compensation for the time interval is examined, allowing to decrease the dependence of accuracy error on the duration of measured intervals and minimising the influence of destabilising factors – ambient temperature changes and the initial deviation of the meter clock generator frequency from the nominal value. The compensation method is based on a calibration procedure that measures precise time intervals under conditions of changing ambient temperature. Then the dependence of the accuracy error on temperature for a particular meter is recorded. Based on these data, a correction table is compiled containing correction factors and temperature values at which these factors were determined. Under real measurement conditions, the correction factor corresponding to the current temperature is determined from the table for measured result correction. The table with correction factor values could be stored in the memory of the meter or processing computer. Experimental verification of the method showed that applying a correction for a meter with a standard XO class clock generator (certificated instability of ±50 ppm) could obtain an equivalent clock generator instability of ±0.15 ppm. The application of the method is efficient in cases where the use of high-end clocking to ensure the required measurement accuracy is not economically feasible.

A pilot study: effect of somatosensory loss on motor corrections in response to unknown loads in a reaching task by chronic stroke survivors.

Despite recent studies indicating a significant correlation between somatosensory deficits and rehabilitation outcomes, how prevailing somatosensory deficits affect stroke survivors' ability to correct their movements and recover overall remains unclear. To explore how major deficits in somatosensory systems impede stroke survivors' motor correction to various external loads, we conducted a study with 13 chronic stroke survivors who had hemiparesis. An inertial, elastic, or viscous load, which was designed to impose perturbing forces with various force profiles, was introduced unexpectedly during the reaching task using a programmable haptic robot. Participants' proprioception and cutaneous sensation were also assessed using passive movement detection, finger-to-nose, mirror, repositioning, and Weinstein pressure tests. These measures were then analyzed to determine whether the somatosensory measures significantly correlated with the estimated reaching performance parameters, such as initial directional error, positional deviation, velocity deviations, and speed of motor correction were measured.Of 13 participants, 5 had impaired proprioception, as they could not recognize the passive movement of their elbow joint, and they kept showing larger initial directional errors even after the familiarization block. Such continuously found inaccurate initial movement direction might be correlated with the inability to develop the spatial body map especially for calculating the initial joint torques when starting the reaching movement. Regardless of whether proprioception was impaired or not, all participants could show the stabilized, constant reaching movement trajectories. This highlights the role of proprioception especially in the execution of a planned movement at the early stage of reaching movement.

Numerical construction tests to assess the feasibility of placement grids for Cubipod Homogeneous Low-Crested Structures

Placement grid design is a key phase when constructing armor layers in mound breakwaters. Homogeneous Low-Crested Structures (HLCS) are low-crested structures designed as artificial reefs for marine colonization, coral reef regeneration and beach protection. The placement grid affects the construction feasibility, hydraulic stability and wave transmission of HLCS. This study presents a numerical methodology to simulate a realistic placement procedure for armor units during the construction of HLCS. This numerical simulator is based on the open-source physics engine Bullet Physics Engine (BPE), which applies Newton's laws of motion to rigid bodies. From an initial theorical placement grid for Cubipod HLCS, a series of numerical realistic unit placement tests are carried out to emulate the placement process at prototype scale; placement velocity and spatial deviation of crawler cranes are given parameters associated with each specific project. Considering the placement velocity and spatial deviation during construction, the quality of each specific placement grid is associated with the measured placement errors and the corresponding initial construction deviation to HLCS. This numerical methodology is valuable to understand the influence and the uncertaintly of the construction procedure of armor layers in mound breakwaters.