Inhibitory Effect Of Aqueous Extract Research Articles

Performance of Some Thai Weed Extracts on Antioxidants and Atherosclerosis- Related Enzymes

This study used several methods to investigate the performance of aqueous extracts from some Thai weeds on antioxidants and atherosclerosis-related enzyme inhibitors. The inhibitory effect of aqueous extracts was expressed as the percentage of inhibition at a concentration of 500 μg/ml. GS-MS analysis was used to identify isolated compounds in sample extracts. The antioxidant activities were investigated using DPPH, ABTS, nitric oxide radical scavenging and oxidation of LDL. The results showed that the aqueous extract from the leaves of Bidens pilosa had greater inhibitory effects than others (71.23, 57.89 and 50.09%, respectively, except ABTS); however, B. pilosa had weaker inhibition than the positive controls. Pancreatic lipase and 15-lipoxygenase (15-LO) had inhibitory effects regarding atherosclerosis-related enzyme activities. The research found that Euphorbia hirta had stronger inhibitory activity against PL and 15-LO than other extracts (30.47 and 84.66%, respectively). Moreover, E. hirta had similar activity to quercetin against 15-LO (89.25%). Finally, isolated compounds were referred by GC-MC, the result presented more than 30 phenolic compounds and quite different characters, which might widely encouraged in antioxidants and inhibition of enzymatic activities. The results indicated that B. pilosa and E. hirta were the sources of bioactive compounds as antioxidants and anti-atherosclerosis, respectively.

Bioactive compounds profile, enzyme inhibitory and antioxidant activities of water extracts from five selected medicinal plants

Medicinal plants are a potentially renewable source of biomolecules. The aim of the current study was to investigate the bioactive compounds, the antioxidant capacity and the enzyme inhibitory effects of aqueous extracts from Camellia sinensis L., Erica arborea L., Ilex paraguariensis A. St. Hilaire, Rosmarinus officinalis L., and Thymus vulgaris L. The extraction yields were between 8.54 and 32.62 %. The contents of total phenolic compounds varied from 31.55 to 199.06 mg GAEs/g extract. Thirteen bioactive compounds were identified using liquid chromatography–electrospray tandem mass spectrometry and fifteen compounds were detected in the five species (Protocatechuic acid, 3,4-dihydroxyphenylacetic acid, (+)-catechin, chlorogenic acid, 4-hydroxybenzoic acid, vanillic acid, caffeic acid, syringic acid, 3-hydroxybenzoic acid, verbascoside, p-coumaric acid, ferulic acid, hesperidin, hyperoside, and rosmarinic acid). Ilex paraguariensis and R. officinalis showed the highest α-amylase and α-glucosidase inhibitory activities. The correlation analysis showed that caffeic acid and pinoresinol were significantly correlated with α-amylase and α- glucosidase inhibitory activities, respectively. Principal component analysis and cluster analysis grouped the studied species into three main clusters: the first group included E. arborea, the second group included I. paraguariensis, and the third group included C. sinensis, R. officinalis, and T. vulgaris.

GC-MS Analysis and Inhibitory Evaluation of Terminalia catappa Leaf Extracts on Major Enzymes Linked to Diabetes.

Terminalia catappa leaves are used in managing both diabetes mellitus and its complications in Southwest Nigeria. However, its inhibitory activity on enzymes implicated in diabetes is not very clear. This study investigated the in vitro inhibitory properties and mode of inhibition of T. catappa leaf extracts on enzymes associated with diabetes. The study also identified some bioactive compounds as well as their molecular interaction in the binding pocket of these enzymes. Standard enzyme inhibition and kinetics assays were performed to determine the inhibitory effects of aqueous extract (TCA) and ethanol extract (TCE) of T. catappa leaves on α-glucosidase and α-amylase activities. The phytoconstituents of TCA and TCE were determined using GC-MS. Molecular docking of the phytocompounds was performed using Autodock Vina. TCA and TCE were the most potent inhibitors of α-glucosidase (IC50 = 3.28 ± 0.47 mg/mL) and α-amylase (IC50 = 0.24 ± 0.08 mg/mL), respectively. Both extracts displayed a mixed mode of inhibition on α-amylase activity, while mixed and noncompetitive modes of inhibition were demonstrated by TCA and TCE, respectively, on α-glucosidase activity. The GC-MS analytic chromatogram revealed the presence of 24 and 22 compounds in TCE and TCA, respectively, which were identified mainly as phenolic compounds, terpenes/terpenoids, fatty acids, and other phytochemicals. The selected compounds exhibited favourable interactions with the enzymes compared with acarbose. Overall, the inhibitory effect of T. catappa on α-amylase and α-glucosidase may be ascribed to the synergistic action of its rich phenolic and terpene composition giving credence to the hypoglycaemic nature of T. catappa leaves.

EFFECT OF AQUEOUS EXTRACT OF EUCALYPTUS SP., NERIUM OLEANDER AND ALLIUM SATIVUM ON THE GROWTH OF DERMATOPHYTES

The surface mycosis of skin, hair and nails are common infections in the world. They are due to the several molds and yeasts. The main agent responsible for these affections is the dermatophytes: filamentous fungi which live in depending on the keratin of the cornea layer, the skin and the superficial growths of human and animal. Their distributions vary from one country to another and area to another in the same country, according to the climate of each area and favors factors development of these fungi. The dermatophytes pose serious problems of health. The thhhThe aim of the present study is to evaluate the inhibitory effect of aqueous extracts of three plants against three dermatophytic species induce dermatophytosis in the area of Annaba "East of Algeria", isolated from patients reached of the dermatophytosis. We have isolated three species (Trichophyton rubrum, Trichophyton verrucosum and Microsporum ferrugeneum) using Sabouraud Dextrose Agar medium (SDA), that were tested with crude extracts of three plants; Allium sativum (garlic), Nerium oleander (oleander), and Eucalyptus sp. (eucalyptus). The method applied was the solid state dilutions. The obtained results showed that all extracts examined reduced growth of mycelium compared to the controls. It was found that garlic crude extracts proved the highest growth inhibition against the three species (38, 59% to 100%), followed by eucalyptus with 60% to 80%, whereas, oleander reduces the growth with 50% to 60%.

Inhibitory effect of aqueous extract of Cuminum cyminum L. seed on degranulation of RBL-2H3 cells and passive cutaneous anaphylaxis reaction in mice.

Cuminum cyminum L. (cumin) seed is used as a spice in various countries. Although several functions of the components in cumin seed have been reported, the anti-allergic effect of the water-soluble component in cumin seed has not been reported yet. In this study, we focused on the suppressive effect of cumin seed aqueous extract on degranulation in order to reveal the anti-allergic effect of cumin. Cumin seed aqueous extract significantly suppressed the antigen-induced degranulation of rat basophilic leukemia cell line RBL-2H3 cells in a dose-dependent manner without cytotoxicity. The extract also inhibited the elevation of the intracellular calcium ion concentration induced by antigen. Immunoblot analysis revealed that the extract suppresses phosphorylation of phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase, Bruton's tyrosine kinase, phospholipase C-γ1/2, and Akt in the signaling pathways activated by antigen induction via FcεRI. Furthermore, the extract suppressed microtubule formation induced by antigen. In addition, oral administration of cumin seed aqueous extract significantly suppressed the passive cutaneous anaphylaxis reaction in BALB/c mice. Our findings suggest that cumin seed contains water-soluble components with the anti-allergic effect. Therefore, cumin seed has potential as anti-allergic functional food.

Use of macrophytes allelopathy in the biocontrol of harmful Microcystis aeruginosa blooms

AbstractIn recent years macrophytes have been considered promising tools in the biocontrol of harmful cyanobacteria blooms (cyanoHABs). In this study, the inhibitory effect of aqueous extracts of Ranunculus aquatilis and Nasturtium officinale on Microcystis aeruginosa growth was assessed via six treatments (0%, 0.1%, 0.25%, 0.50%, 0.75%, and 1% extracts). Chlorophyll a and carotenoid content were analyzed and changes in cell and colonial morphology of M. aeruginosa cultures were observed. Also, to reveal potential allelochemical compounds, total phenols (TPs), total flavonoids (TFs), and tannins (TTs) were analyzed in both extracts. The obtained results showed that M. aeruginosa growth was significantly inhibited by R. aquatilis and N. officinale aqueous extracts in a concentration-dependent way. After 8 days of treatment, the highest inhibition rates reached 100% and 75.74% respectively. The Chlorophyll a and carotenoid concentrations were decreased compared to the control group. Colonial and cell and colonial morphology changes were observed under the treatment group with 1% of aqueous extract accompanied by sedimentation of the cyanobacterial cells. This study shows that M. aeruginosa growth inhibition was induced by the total polyphenol, flavonoids and tannins. It was concluded that theses macrophytes may control M. aeruginosa and may be useful to control harmful blooms in lake-reservoirs.

Inhibitory effect of aqueous extracts of raw and roasted Sesamum indicum L. seeds on key enzymes linked to type-2 diabetes (α-amylase and α-glucosidase) and Alzheimer's disease (acetylcholinesterase and butyrylcholinesterase)

Sesame (Sesamum indicum L.) seeds are nutritional food, but researches have limited knowledge about the antioxidant, antidiabetic and anticholinesterase activities of the seed. This study was conducted to determine the antioxidant activity, enzyme inhibitory potential (α-amylase and α-glucosidase) and acetylcholinesterase inhibitory property of aqueous extracts of raw and roasted sesame seeds. Antioxidant activities were analyzed using 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radical scavenging property, 2,2-azino-bis-(3-ethylbenthiazoline-6- sulphonic acid (ABTS) scavenging ability, iron chelating ability and ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP). Anti-Alzheimer's potential was determined using acetylcholinesterase and butyrylcholinesterase enzyme inhibition assay. The results showed that the total phenolic and flavonoid contents were higher in the roasted S. indicum sample with the values of 19.81mg/100g and 17.19 mg/100g respectively. The raw S. indicum sample showed higher antioxidant activity in DPPH, and iron chelation assays; while roasted S. indicum sample showed higher in the reducing power and ABTS scavenging activity. However, anticholinesterase activity was higher in the roasted S. indicum sample than in the raw S. indicum sample. The extracts inhibited α-amylase activity in a concentration-dependent manner (20 - 100 µg.mL-1). The raw sample (16.55 ±0.89%) had higher inhibitory α-amylase activity compared to the roasted sample (15.78 ±0.48%) at 100 µg.mL-1. Inhibition of α-glucosidase was higher in the roasted sample at 100 µg.mL-1 (19.40 ±0.26%) compared to the raw sample at the same concentration (3.65 ±0.52%). These findings suggest that S. indicum L. is not only nutritious but also showed potential pharmacological properties.

GROWTH CHARACTERIZATION OF CALCIUM HYDROGEN PHOSPHATE DIHYDRATE CRYSTALS INFLUENCED BY COSTUS IGNEUS AQUEOUS EXTRACT

Objective: To investigate the inhibitory effect of aqueous extract of leaves, stems and rhizome of Costus igneus on the growth of calcium hydrogen phosphate dihydrate (CHPD) crystals.Methods: Calcium hydrogen phosphate dihydrate (CHPD) crystals were grown by the single diffusion gel growth technique and the inhibitory effect of aqueous extracts of leaves, stems and rhizome of Costus igneus on the growth of CHPD crystals has been studied. The grown crystals were characterised by Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR), Powder X-Ray diffraction (XRD) for further confirmations.Results: With an increase in the concentration of aqueous extract of Costus igneus, the weight of the formed crystals were gradually reduced from 2.03 g to 0.06 g (leaves), 0.05 g (rhizome), 0.03 g (stem) for the CHPD crystals, respectively. The crystals harvested from the CHPD were characterised by Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR) to confirm the functional groups, and Powder X-Ray Diffraction technique (XRD) analyses to confirm the crystalline phases of the CHPD and hydroxyapatite (HAP) crystals. Results obtained indicated that Costus igneus (leaves, stems and rhizome) has the potential to inhibit the formation of calcium hydrogen phosphate dihydrate crystals.Conclusion: This study confirms that using an aqueous extract of stem and rhizome of Costus igneus can promote the formation of hydroxyapatite (HAP) crystals and reduce the nucleation rate of CHPD crystals, a major component of calcium urinary stone.

Inhibitory Effects of Aqueous Extract of Bridelia ferruginea Stem Bark on Iron (II) Sulphate - Induced Oxidative Stress in Brain and Liver of Albino Wistar Rats

Inhibitory Effects of Aqueous Extract of Bridelia ferruginea Stem Bark on Iron (II) Sulphate - Induced Oxidative Stress in Brain and Liver of Albino Wistar Rats

Comparison of the Phenolic Profile, Inhibition of Enzymes Associated with Type-2 Diabetes and Hypertension, and Fe2+-Induced Lipid Peroxidation in Rat’ Pancreas by Plum and Hogweed Leaves Extracts

Inhibition α-amylase, α-glucosidase and angiotensin-I converting enzyme (ACE) are therapeutic approach to the management of type-2 diabetes (TD2) and hypertension, and phenolic-rich plants have shown promising potentials. Plum and Hogweed leaves are widely used across the world in managing TD2 without vivid scientific basis. This study investigated and compared the phenolic profile, α-amylase, α-glucosidase, ACE and Fe2+-induced lipid peroxidation in rat’ pancreas inhibitory effects of aqueous extracts from Plum and Hogweed leaves.: HPLC analyses revealed the presence of gallic, caffeic and p-coumaric acids, and cyanidin, catechin, quercetin, luteolin and kaempferol, with highest quantification found in Hogweed leaf except for gallic, and kaempferol which was only detected in Plum leaf. The IC50 values shown that the extract from Hogweed exhibited higher 𝛼-amylase (IC50=17.95 μg/ mL), 𝛼-glucosidase (IC50=13.69 μg/mL), ACE (IC50=14.16 μg/mL), and Fe2+-induced lipid peroxidation (IC50=81.58 μg/mL) inhibitory potentials when compared with that of Plum [𝛼-amylase (IC50=25.89 μg/mL), 𝛼-glucosidase (IC50=18.36 μg/mL), ACE (IC50=22.11 μg/ mL) and Fe2+-induced lipid peroxidation (IC50=107.54 μg/mL)]. These effects may be possible mechanisms by which these plants could be used in the prevention/management of TD2 and some allied complications such as hypertension. However, clinical and in vivo studies should be done to establish this claim.

Diospyros kaki calyx inhibits immediate-type hypersensitivity via the reduction of mast cell activation

Context: Diospyros kaki L. (Ebenaceae) fruit is widely distributed in Asia and is known to exert anti-inflammatory and antithrombotic effects. Objective: We evaluated the inhibitory effect of aqueous extract of D. kaki calyx (AEDKC) on mast cell-mediated immediate-type hypersensitivity and underlying mechanism of action. Materials and methods: For in vivo, ovalbumin (OVA)-induced active systemic anaphylaxis (ASA) and immunoglobulin (Ig) E-mediated passive cutaneous anaphylaxis (PCA) models were used. In the ASA, AEDKC (1–100 mg/kg) was orally administered 3 times during 14 days. In the PCA, AEDKC was orally treated 1 h before the antigen challenge. The control drug dexamethasone was used to compare the effectiveness of AEDKC. For in vitro, IgE-stimulated RBL-2H3 cells and primary cultured peritoneal mast cells were used to determine the role of AEDKC (0.01–1 mg/mL). Results: Oral administration of AEDKC dose dependently suppressed rectal temperature decrease and increases in serum histamine, total IgE, OVA-specific IgE, and interleukin (IL)-4 in the ASA. In the PCA, AEDKC reduced Evans blue pigmentation. Compared to dexamethasone (10 mg/kg), AEDKC (100 mg/kg) showed similar inhibitory effects in vivo. AEDKC concentration dependently suppressed the release of histamine and β-hexosaminidase through the reduction of intracellular calcium in mast cells. In addition, AEDKC decreased the expression and secretion of tumour necrosis factor-α and IL-4 by the reduction of nuclear factor-κB. The inhibitory potential of AEDKC (1 mg/mL) was similar with dexamethasone (10 μM) in vitro. Conclusions: We suggest that AEDKC may be a potential candidate for the treatment of mast cell-mediated allergic diseases.

Study on inhibitory action of proliferation of human lung carcinoma A549 cells with aqueous extract of Taxus chinensis. var combining Cisplatin and the effects on resistance genes

Objective To investigate the inhibitory effect of aqueous extract of Taxus chinensis. var (AETC) combining Cisplatin (DDP) on vitro cultured human lung carcinoma A549 cells, and the effects on resistance genes. Methods The A549 cells were divided into different concentrations of DDP groups, different concentrations of AETC groups, and blank group, and drug effect of 48 h with the method of cell counting kit-8 (CCK-8) and the effect on cell survival were detected. Based on the above results, then A549 cells were divided into DDP combining different concentrations of AETC groups, DDP group, blank control group, and drug effect of 48 h with the method of CCK-8 and the effect on cells survival were detected. The gene expressions of adenosine triphosphate (ATP)-binding cassette subfamily B member 1 trans-porter (ABCB1), ABCG2, and ABCC1 were examined by polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR). Results Cisplatin 12 μg/ml (DDP), DDP+ ATEC 400 μg/ml, DDP+ ATEC 800 μg/ml, DDP+ ATEC 1 200 μg/ml, DDP+ ATEC 1 600 μg/ml, A549 cell inhibition rate of each group was 44.36%, 69.61%, 74.73%, 80.10%, and 74.73%, respectively; Different concentrations of AETC combining DDP could decrease the resistance related gene ABCC1, ABCB1 expressions, and correlated to the dose. AETC combining DDP showed no effects on ABCG2 gene expression. Conclusions AETC combining DDP could inhibit the growth of A549 cells, and decrease the resistance-related gene ABCC1, ABCB1 expressions. Key words: Taxus; Cisplatin/AD; Lung neoplasms/ZJ/ME; Cell proliferation/DE; ATP-binding cassette transporters/ME

Inhibitory effect of aqueous extract of different parts of Gossypium herbaceum on key enzymes linked with type 2 diabetes and oxidative stress in rat pancreas in vitro

This study sought to determine the inhibitory effect of aqueous extract of different parts (bark, leaf, and flower) of cotton plant (Gossypium herbaceum) on key enzymes linked with type 2 diabetes and oxidative stress in rat pancreas in vitro. The aqueous extract (1:10 w/v) of Gossypium herbaceum was prepared and the ability of the extract to inhibit the activity of α-amylase and α-glucosidase as well as activities of pro-oxidant Fe2+-induced lipid peroxidation was determined spectrophotometrically. The results revealed that the three varieties were able to inhibit the activity of α-amylase and α-glucosidase in rat's pancreas in a dose dependent manner (0–88.8 mg/ml). Also, the incubation of pancreas tissue homogenate in the presence of Fe2+ caused a significant increase (233.3%) in the malondialdehyde (MDA) content of pancreas homogenate, nevertheless, the introduction of the aqueous extract inhibited MDA production dose dependently (0–33.33 mg/ml) and also exhibited further antioxidant properties as represented by their high radical scavenging and Fe2+ chelating abilities. Inhibition of α-amylase and α-glucosidase activities has been the primary treatment for the management/prevention of type 2 diabetes. Therefore, the α-amylase and α-glucosidase inhibitory activities of aqueous extracts of different parts of Gossypium herbaceum in rat pancreas and prevention of lipid peroxidation in the tissue may be attributed to the presence of polyphenol content of the plant.

Anti-tumor effect of hot aqueous extracts from Sonchus oleraceus (L.) L. and Juniperus sabina L – Two traditional medicinal plants in China

Ethnopharmacological relevanceSonchus oleraceus (L.) L (SO) and Juniperus sabina L (JS) are traditional medicinal plants in China. And the aqueous extracts of them have been used to treat tumor, inflammatory diseases, infection and so on in Chinese folk culture. However, the underlying mechanisms of their anti-tumor activities have not been illustrated yet. ObjectiveThis study aims to evaluate the inhibitory effects of aqueous extracts from SO and JS on tumor cells. Materials and methodsThe prepared aqueous extracts of SO and JS were used to treat HepG-2 and K562 tumor cells, while the human peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) were set as normal control. The viabilities, cell cycle and apoptosis of tumor cells after extracts treatment were assessed, in addition the expression of apoptosis-related genes (FasL, caspase 3, 6, 7, 8, 9, and 10) were analyzed. Meanwhile, the adherence and migration of HepG-2 were tested, and the expression levels of MMPs and ICAM-1 were analyzed. On top of that, the pSTAT in the two cells were also analyzed and suggested the related signaling pathway that the extracts acted on with in these tumor cells. ResultsResults showed that aqueous extracts of SO and JS have inhibitory effects on HepG-2 and K562 cells by decreasing cell viability and inducing apoptosis via up-regulation of the expression of the apoptosis-related genes FasL, caspase 3 and caspase 9. The extracts had different IC50 on tumor cells and PBMCs, which could block the tumor cell cycle at the G0/G1 stage and significantly inhibit the adherence of HepG-2 cells. The extracts inhibited migration of these cells by inhibiting the expression of ICAM-1, MMP-2 and MMP-9. Further study indicated that the inhibition of pSTAT1 and 3 might be responsible for the inhibitory effects of the extracts on tumor cells. Discussion and conclusionThe results of this study indicated that SO and JS extracts had the anti-tumor effects, which may be developed as novel anti-tumor drugs and used in cancer therapy.

Solanum nigrum Protects against Hepatic Fibrosis via Suppression of Hyperglycemia in High-Fat/Ethanol Diet-Induced Rats.

Background: Advanced glycation end products (AGEs) signal through the receptor for AGE (RAGE), which can lead to hepatic fibrosis in hyperglycemia and hyperlipidemia. We investigated the inhibitory effect of aqueous extracts from Solanum nigrum (AESN) on AGEs-induced RAGE signaling and activation of hepatic stellate cells (HSCs) and hyperglycemia induced by high-fat diet with ethanol. Methods: An animal model was used to evaluate the anti-hepatic fibrosis activity of AESN in rats fed a high-fat diet (HFD; 30%) with ethanol (10%). Male Wistar rats (4 weeks of age) were randomly divided into four groups (n = 6): (1) control (basal diet); (2) HFD (30%) + ethanol (10%) (HFD/ethanol); (3) HFD/ethanol + AESN (100 mg/kg, oral administration); and (4) HFD/ethanol + pioglitazone (10 mg/kg, oral administration) and treated with HFD for 6 months in the presence or absence of 10% ethanol in dietary water. Results: We found that AESN improved insulin resistance and hyperinsulinemia, and downregulated lipogenesis via regulation of the peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor α (PPARα), PPARγ co-activator (PGC-1α), carbohydrate response element-binding protein (ChREBP), acetyl-CoA carboxylase (ACC), and fatty acid synthase (FAS) mRNA levels in the liver of HFD/ethanol-treated rats. In turn, AESN may delay and inhibit the progression of hepatic fibrosis, including α-smooth muscle actin (α-SMA) inhibition and MMP-2 production. Conclusions: These results suggest that AESN may be further explored as a novel anti-fibrotic strategy for the prevention of liver disease.

Diospyros cuneata Inhibition of Fusarium oxysporum: Aqueous Extract and its Encapsulation by Ionic Gelation

The application of plant extracts to control fungal crop pathogens is an ecological strategy that could potentially be useful in agriculture. Aqueous extracts of some species of the genus Diospyros spp have been tested against fungal pathogens of crops. Nevertheless, there is no information about the inhibitory effect of aqueous extracts of Diospyros cuneata on the micelial growth of Fusarium oxysporum, a pathogen responsible for “Panama disease” and “vanilla stem rot disease”. Therefore, the antifungal activity of aqueous extracts of Diospyros cuneata leaves collected during the dry and rainy seasons was tested in-vitro against spores of Fusarium oxysporum. Only the aqueous extract from leaves collected during the dry season had an inhibitory effect on the micelial growth of asexual spores (2.5% minimum inhibitory concentration). Phytochemical analysis showed that both aqueous extracts contained mainly flavonoids and tannins; the chromatographic profile showed a larger abundance of polar compounds in the dry season extract. Furthermore, the antifungal activity observed is probably correlated with the abundance of some secondary metabolites produced by water stress and dry season conditions. Thebioactivityof aqueous extracts of Diospyros cuneata leaves could be stored and released through encapsulation; an effective example of this was tested using alginate-inulin to prepare microbeads by ionic gelation.

Inhibitory effect of aqueous extract of Allium species on endogenous cathepsin activities and textural deterioration of ice-stored grass carp fillets

Cysteine cathepsin-associated degradation of muscle proteins have been assumed to be crucial to the softening of chilled fillet. The effect of aqueous extract of Alliums on cathepsin-induced proteolysis and texture deterioration of ice-stored carp fillets was evaluated. Among all treatments, extracts of scallion and garlic were the most effective inhibitor of cathepsin B, reducing the enzyme activity by more than 40 % after storage of 3 days, whereas extracts of scallion and leek had the greatest inhibitory effects on the cathepsin L activity, resulting in corresponding reduction in enzyme activity of 65 and 57 %, respectively. Extracts of scallion and garlic were the most effective treatments in impeding accumulation of TCA-soluble peptides and breakdown of myofibrillar proteins as validated by SDS-PAGE pattern. After storage of 21 days, the shear force of fillets treated with scallion and garlic extracts were approximately 30 % higher than those of control, whereas the treatments with other Allium extracts showed no inhibitory effect on textural deterioration. The results demonstrated that the treatment of grass carp fillets with extract of scallion and garlic has the potential to mitigate the endogenous cathepsin-induced softening of ice-stored grass carp fillets.

Inhibitory Effect of Aqueous Extracts from Marine Sponges on the Activity and Expression of Gelatinases A (MMP-2) and B (MMP-9) in Rat Astrocyte Cultures

The aim of this study was to evaluate whether water soluble compounds present in aqueous extracts from seven Mediterranean demosponges exert biological activity towards matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs), which represent important pathogenic factors of human diseases. Aqueous extracts were tested on LPS-activated cultured rat astrocytes, and levels and expression of MMP-2 and MMP-9 were assessed by zymography and RT-PCR, respectively. Our results demonstrated that the studied extracts contain water soluble compounds able to inhibit MMP-2 and MMP-9 activity and expression. We also compared the anti-MMP activities present in aqueous extracts from wild and reared specimens of Tethya aurantium and T. citrina. The results obtained revealed that the reared sponges maintain the production of bioactive compounds with inhibitory effect on MMP-2 and MMP-9 for all the duration of the rearing period. Taken together, our results indicate that the aqueous extracts from the selected Mediterranean demosponges possess a variety of water-soluble bioactive compounds, which are able to inhibit MMPs at different levels. The presence of biological activity in aqueous extracts from reared specimens of T. aurantium and T. citrina strongly encourage sponge aquaculture as a valid option to supply sponge biomass for drug development on a large scale.

Characterization of polyphenolic constituents and radical scavenging ability of ripe tomato and red pepper fruits

Objective: Characterization of polyphenolic contents and the inhibitory effects of aqueous extracts of ripe tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum) and red pepper (Capsicum annuum) fruits on the sodium nitroprusside (SNP) and iron(II) (Fe2+)-induced lipid peroxidation in rat liver were examined in this study. Materials and Methods: Various experimental models such as the ABTS• (2,2’-azino-bis(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulphonic acid)) scavenging ability and ferric reducing power were used to characterize the antioxidant activity of the extracts. High-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) was used to determine the phenolic content of the extracts. Malondialdehyde (MDA) was used as a measure of oxidative stress in the rat’s liver tissue. Results: The ABTS• scavenging ability and ferric reducing power of the aqueous extract of ripe red pepper were significantly higher than that of ripe tomato. Ripe red pepper and tomato fruits extracts inhibited NO• in a concentration dependent manner. Furthermore, the introduction of extracts of ripe red pepper and tomato caused a significant concentration-dependent decrease in the MDA content of the SNP and Fe2+-stressed liver homogenates. In addition, HPLC analyses of the extracts revealed the presence of different phenolic compounds. Conclusion: With respect to the results of the current study, ripe tomato, and red pepper could be considered to be potential sources of natural antioxidants.

Study the Inhibitory Effect of Aqueous Extract of Punica granatum L. on Resistant Staphylococcus aureus Isolate from Mastitic milk

Were collected 154 milk samples from 120 animals included (25 sheep ,25 goats,70 cows), subjected these samples to California Mastitis Test, (60) sample showed a positive result. These samples were grown at different common, selective culture media, and depended on the study of the cultural characteristic and microscopic examination and biochemical tests, 32 isolates diagnosed as Staphylococcus aureus , 11 isolates diagnosed as Staphylococci coagulase negative and 17 isolate as gram negative bacteria, the diagnosis was confirmed by using the API STAPH system .The staphylococcus aureus isolates were tested for their sensitivity to commonly used antibiotics .the isolates are more susceptible to Chloramphenicol ,Streptomycin and Ciprofloxacin, and the least sensitivity was observed to Ampicillin, Gentamycin and Cefixime. then selected one isolate from S. aureus (isolate exhibit resistant to large number of antibiotic), for determination antibacterial activity of Punica granatum in different concentration 25mg/mL, 50mgL/ mL, 75mgLmL, 100mg/mL150, mgL/mL ,the mean of inhibitory zone diameter ware 20.66, 23, 24.66, 27, 29.66 respectively The present study provides evidence antibacterial effect of aqueous extract of Punica granatum on resistant staphylococcus aureus isolated from mastitic milk.