Formation Of Inhibition Zones Research Articles

PVA-Nigella sativa nanofibrous mat: antibacterial efficacy and wound healing potentiality

Over the last few years, nanofibrous mats produced by electrospinning technique showed potential feasibility for skin repairing. It is expected that incorporation of plant extracts into such structures could provide a better performance for biomedical and wound healing applications. The present study deals with the fabrication of PVA based nanofiber mats loaded with the extract of a traditional plant called Nigella sativa to enhance the antibacterial, moisture management and wound healing properties. The structure, bonding behavior and moisture management properties of the developed electrospun nanofibers have been investigated. Besides, the antibacterial activity against Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus) and Escrcherichia coli (E. coli) bacteria and wound healing activity of the abovementioned mats were also studied. The incorporation of Nigella sativa extract into PVA mats exhibited an excellent antibacterial activity with the formation of inhibition zone of 10.27 mm and 7.8 mm against both bacterial cells. It was observed that the developed mats quickly healed the wound by forming network structure on the skin. The SEM analysis showed the formation of nanofiber having diameter of 178.8 ± 16.9 nm and the presence of Nigella sativa extract in the electrospun fibers was confirmed by FTIR. Besides, the developed mat was classified as water penetrated according to AATCC test characteristics. Thus, the newly developed nanafibrous mat could turn out to be a suitable material for the wound dressing purpose.

Antibacterial electrospun nanofibers from poly (vinyl alcohol) and Mikania micrantha with augmented moisture properties: formation and evaluation

The present study depicts the formation and characterization of electrospun nanofibrous mat generated from the mixture of poly (vinyl alcohol) (PVA) and Mikania Micrantha extract to incorporate the inherent medicinal properties of this natural herb for biomedical application. The nano mats were produced by the solution electrospinning technique with different mixing ratio under the optimum electrospinning conditions. The morphological structure, bonding behavior and moisture management properties of the developed mats were investigated by SEM, FTIR and moisture management test (AATCC 195-2009) respectively. The SEM analysis showed the homogenous and smooth fiber formation with average diameter of 75.85 ± 21.70 nm and the presence of compounds of PVA and Mikania Micrantha extracts were confirmed in by FTIR characteristic peaks at particular wave number. Results of moisture management test revealed that the developed nanomat exhibited better moisture management properties as the ratio of leaf extract is increased in comparison with PVA nanofiber alone. Aside from this, the bacterial resistance was evaluated against Gram-positive (S.aureus- ATCC 6538) bacteria using disc diffusion method for the sample developed at maximum mixing ratio of Mikania Micrantha extract (80%) which shows the formation of inhibition zone up to 12 mm due to the antibacterial constituents of Mikania Micrantha extract. Thus, the developed mats have a great potential to be used as biodegradable, biobased and antibacterial one in biomedical applications.

Determination the best concentration of antimicrobial ingredients with a mixture of paper to create active paper packaging

Perishable food really needs proper handling. Therefore, various industries and researchers continue to innovate, especially in the development of packaging. The development of active packaging is a new innovation in the field of packaging technology. This packaging innovation was designed to maintain the quality of packaged food. This study aimed to obtain the best concentration of antimicrobial garlic ingredients with a mixture of paper as an active packaging material. The concentration of garlic extract used in this study was 0%, 5%, 10%, and 15%. Based on the result obtained, it could be concluded that the active paper with the addition of garlic extract concentration of 15% had the best effectiveness then followed by concentrations of 10%, 5%, and 0%. The effectiveness could be seen from the diameter of inhibition zone formation resulted.

In Vitro Antagonistic Activity of Diverse Bacillus Species Against Fusarium culmorum and F. solani Pathogens

Background: Fusarium culmorum and Fusarium solani are economically important fungal pathogens of many plant species causing significant yield losses worldwide. Frequent uses of fungicides are hazardous to humans and the environment. Therefore, in vitro antagonistic activity of diverse Bacillus species isolates with biological potential activity to control these both pathogens should be investigated. Objective: The objectives were to isolate and identify the Bacillus spp., which are potential controls of F. culmorum and F. solani, and to characterize molecularly, at the species level, those isolates that have potential as biocontroller of the pathogens. Methods: The in vitro antagonistic potential of 40 Bacillus isolates against F. culmorum and F. solani was evaluated on the basis of fungal growth inhibition on nutrient broth culture. The colony morphology and the 16S rRNA gene sequencing of Bacillus spp. were used to identify the isolates. Results: Bacillus sp. isolates were identified as B. atrophaeus, B. subtilis, Paenibacillus polymxa, B. amyloliquefaciens, B. simplex and B. tequilensis. They had significant (P<0.05) antagonistic activities against F. culmorum and F. solani isolates as compared to the untreated control. The antagonistic effects varied depending on the Fusarium sp. The bacterial B. subtilis isolates SY116C and SY SY118C provided the most noteworthy result as both strongly inhibited mycelial growth of F. solani by 97.2%, while the B. tequilensis isolate SY145D was the most effective in the formation of inhibition zones against F. culmorum by 75%. Conclusion: It is apparent that Bacillus sp. isolates play an important role in the inhibition of growth of F. culmorum and F. solani, and that the B. subtilis isolates SY116C and SY118C had the highest biological potential activity against these fungi. These antagonistic effects may be important contributors as a biocontrol approach that could be employed as a part of integrated soil pathogen management system.

THE POTENTIAL OF ENDOPHYTIC FUNGI AS BIOCONTROL AND PHOSPATE SOLUBILIZATION AGENT IN Capsicum anuum

The productivity of chili (Capsicum annuum) in Indonesia is currently very low. Some factors that influenced it including the presence of pathogenic microorganisms which lead to the low availability of phosphate in the soil. This condition become a limiting factor for plant growth and production. Endophytic fungi can be used as antagonistic agents in inhibiting pathogenic fungi and to increase the efficiency of phosphate solubilization known as phospholytic fungi. This study aimed to find antagonistic agents from endophytic fungi that can suppress the growth of pathogenic fungi and test the ability of endophytic fungi to dissolve phosphate. Fungi isolates used were BB-Biogen collection isolates, consisting of 42 endophytic fungi isolates, and 3 pathogenic fungi isolates (Fusarium sp., Colletotrichum acutatum, Phytophthora capsici) on chili plants (C. annuum). The antagonism test was carried out using the dual culture method in the Potato Dextrose Agar (PDA) medium for 5 days incubation at temperature (± 28 ° C). The parameters measured were based on the formation of inhibition zones and the calculation of the percentage of growth inhibition of fungi isolates. The test results obtained 7 representative fungi isolates (RIVA4, RIVA5, MIVD2, Aspergillus niger, Cladosporium sp., Cladosporium oxysporum, and Chaetomium globosum). Based on the calculation of the percentage of growth inhibition, fungi isolates with RIVA5 code have a higher potential in inhibiting the growth of all three pathogenic fungi. Calculation of the percentage of endophytic fungi inhibition of RIVA5 were 70.3% (Fusarium sp.), 63.3% (C. acutatum), and 60% (P. capsici). Phosphate test was carried out by the cork borer method in pikovskaya medium for 4 days incubation at 27-28 ° C. The parameters measured were based on the formation of clear zones around the colony. There were 4 endophytic fungi isolates (MIVA4, MIVF7, Aspergillus sydowii, and A. niger) formed a clear zone around the colony, which indicates the presence of phospholytic activity. Based on the calculation of the phospholytic index, A. niger isolates have a high phosphate solubility index value of 5.

Development and physico-chemical characterization of Polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF) flat sheet membranes with antibacterial properties against E. coli and S. aureus

The use of silver-modified montmorillonite (Ag-MMT) nanoclay from local montmorillonite ore as an additive for the development of PVDF flat sheet membranes with antibacterial properties for use in water disinfection was the focus of this study. It covers the development of PVDF flat sheet membranes with Ag-MMT nanoclay. The physico-chemical characterization was done through XRD, AFM, contact angle measurement, and FE-SEM while the antibacterial properties against gram-positive S. aureus and gram-negative E. coli were through inhibition zone and contact inhibition assessment. XRD results showed exfoliation of the Ag-MMT nanoclay in the PVDF flat sheet membrane, with minimal intercalations and similar functional group interactions. AFM results showed an increased surface roughness for every increase in Ag-MMT nanoclay which correlates to the contact angle measurement of membranes, demonstrating high contact angle measurement and high hydrophobicity for rougher surfaces, showing high hydrophilicity for the 0.250% Ag-MMT nanoclay membrane with a contact angle of 79.5 degrees. FE-SEM results reveal the morphology of the membrane. All experimental membranes are negative in contact inhibition against E. coli and S. aureus. However, the Ag-MMT nanoclay has been found to have antibacterial properties with the formation of inhibition zones, showing a higher sensitivity against E. coli.

Characterization and Lytic Activity of Isolated Escherichia coli Bacteriophages against Escherichia coli in vitro.

Background: Escherichia coli (E. coli) is the most common cause of urinary tract infection (UTI) and typically treated with antibiotics. Unrestricted use of antibiotics may lead to the emergence of antibiotic-resistant bacteria. The present study aimed to isolate and characterize phages against E. coli from infected urine samples and to determine the lytic activity of phages against E. coli in vitro.Methods: The present experimental study was conducted in the Laboratory of Bouali Sina Hospital (Sari, Iran) in May 2018. E. coli was identified from nine urine samples of patients with UTI using conventional microbiological methods. Bacteriophages were isolated from the infected urine specimens, and their lytic activity was determined using the spot test. The titer of the bacteriophages was measured using the double-layer agar technique. The morphology of the bacteriophages was revealed using transmission electron microscopy, and the latent time period and burst size were determined. Data were analyzed using the SPSS software package.Results: E. coli was isolated from nine infected urine samples. The lytic activity of bacteriophages against E. coli was determined using the spot test by observing the formation of inhibition zones. Transmission electron microscopy showed E. coli phages belonging to the Myoviridae family. The latent time period was 20 minutes with a burst size of 1,200 plaque-forming unit (PFU) per infected cell. The results of the double-layer agar assay showed that the titer of bacteriophages was 20×108 PFU/mL.Conclusion: The E. coli bacteriophage was isolated from infected urine samples and characterized, and their lytic activity against E. coli was determined in vitro.

Antibacterial electrospun nanomat from nigella/PVA system embedded with silver

The present study involves the preparation and characterization of antibacterial nanofibers made from nigella/PVA mixer along with silver nanoparticles. Silver nanoparticles were efficiently synthesized by reduction of AgNO3 while alcoholic extraction process was used to extract the medicinal constituents form nigella. Then the resulting solution was electrospun into nanofibers by electrospinning technique under optimum processing conditions. The developed nanofibrous mat was characterized by bacterial assay, moisture management tester (MMT), thermal analyzer, scanning electron microscope (SEM), and FTIR to evaluate its antibacterial, moisture, thermal, morphological, and bonding behavior. The agar diffusion method had been used to evaluate the antibacterial activity against Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus) bacteria revealing the formation of inhibition zone with a value around 18.66 ± 2 mm. Besides, the developed nanomat showed enhanced moisture and thermal properties having average diameter of 223 ± 20.5 nm. In addition, the presence of characteristic peaks in FTIR spectra revealed all the desired components are present in the developed nanofibrous mat.

Green Synthesis of Silver Nanoparticles Using Muntingia calabura Leaf Extract and Evaluation of Antibacterial Activities

The present work aims to investigate a green synthesis of AgNPs using Muntingia calabura leaf extract as reducing and stabilizing agents. The AgNPs formation was monitored using UV-Vis spectrophotometer. Characterisations of AgNPs size and shape were observed by TEM. The elemental analysis was analyzed using XDS. The maximum surface Plasmon resonance for AgNPs was detected at 425-430 nm. This study revealed that the AgNPs were polydispersed and polycrystalline nature. The microbial inhibition test against Escherichia coli and Bacillus cereus showed that the muntingia leaf-mediated AgNPs had inhibited the growth of these bacteria, as indicated by the formation of inhibition zone. The average inhibition zone for Escherichia coli was 10.3±0.5 mm and for Bacillus cereus at 9.5±0.6 mm. TEM results showed that the synthesised AgNPs have spherical form with the sizes ranging from 22 to 37 nm. Hence, the synthesised AgNPs can potentially be applied for water treatment and medicinal purposes.

Studies on suppression of bacterial leaf blight by rice endophytic bacteria under field condition

A total of 45 endophytic bacterial isolates were isolated from the healthy rice cultivars viz; MTU 1010, BPT 5204 and NLR 34449 cultivated in Nellore and Chittoor districts of Andhra Pradesh. All the isolated endophytic bacterial isolates were evaluated for their antagonistic effect against bacterial leaf blight (BLB) pathogen Xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzae by agar well diffusion method. The diameter of inhibition zone formation ranged from 0 mm to 16.8 mm. Among 45 isolates, EMP-5 and EBK-3 isolates showed highest antagonistic effect with inhibition zone of 16.8 mm and 16.6 mm, respectively. Isolate EMP 5 was used for the management of BLB under field condition. Among all the treatments, treatment T5 (i.e., seed treatment with EMP-5 @ 109 cells ml-1 + foliar application of EMP-5 @109 cells ml-1) exhibited highest reduction in disease index (4.92 %), increased plant growth promoting ability with plant height of 80.8 cm, increase in the no. of effective tillers (97.4 %), grain yield (5340 kg ha-1) and straw yield (6013 kg ha-1) over the untreated control. The results strongly emphasize that endophytic bacteria (EMP-5) could be efficiently used for management of bacterial leaf blight.

Evaluation of bioagents for their compatibility in the development of consortium for enhanced efficacy

The concept of development of microbial consortia for bio-control relies on the fact that bioagents under natural habitats live in communities with some benefits for plants. Application of bioagents in a consortium may improve efficacy, reliability and consistency of the bioagents even under diverse soil and environmental conditions. Diversity in biocontrol mechanisms offered by each bioagent in consortium may help in enhancing disease suppressiveness and may also strengthen the capabilities of the partners in an additive or synergistic manner. Till now no guideline has been published for the evaluation of bioagents to test their compatibility before developing bioagent consortium. In the present studies compatibility among biocontrol potential Trichoderma-Pseudomonas and Trichoderma-Trichoderma isolates was studied by dual culture, mixed formulations and using cell free cultures. In dual culture all the combinations (14 no.) were found compatible with each other as no isolate inhibited the growth of one-another i.e. absence of  inhibition zone. All the mixed formulations of potential Trichoderma-Pseudomonas isolates (8 no.) were found compatible with each other as they were growing simultaneously on PDA without antagonizing the growth of other or formation of inhibition zone in their combinations. The cell free cultures of each Trichoderma and Pseudomonas isolates tested with each other using Food Poison Technique showed synergistic effects on their fresh mycelial weight among some combinations while majority showed no significant differences with their checks. Further all the combinations (14 no.) were tested for their effects on seed germination and vigour index of chickpea in glasshouse. All the combinations showed significantly better seed germination while some combinations viz. Th14+Psf173, TCMS36+Psf173,Th17+Th19,Th17+Psf2,Th17+TCMS36 and Th14+Psf2 showed better plant vigour index (43.5 to 44.9% ) as compared to their checks (28.8 to 41.5%).These guidelines could be used before developing bioagent consortium and evaluation in field for crop health management.

Antibacterial wound dressing electrospun nanofibrous material from polyvinyl alcohol, honey and Curcumin longa extract

In the recent years, the medical sector is getting increasingly interested in the wound dressing materials that contain medicinal herb instead of metal nanoparticles to impart antibacterial or other desirable properties. Herein, a novel multicomponent nanofibrous mat has been successfully prepared by electrospinning technique from a blended solution of polyvinyl alcohol, honey and Curcumin longa (turmeric) extract for potential application as the wound dressing material. Ethyl acetate extraction was followed to obtain the restorative components of turmeric. The fabricated nanofibrous materials were characterized by scanning electron microscope, moisture management tester, bacterial assay and Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) to evaluate their morphological, moisture, antibacterial and chemical behavior, respectively. Nanofibers of fabricated mat show an average diameter of 340 nm with better moisture management properties compared to polyvinyl alcohol nanomat alone. The agar diffusion method has been used to evaluate the antibacterial activity against Staphylococcus aureus bacteria showing the formation of inhibition zone with a value of 29 mm and 38 mm. The presence of characteristic peaks in Fourier-transform infrared spectra reveals that all the desired components are present in the developed nanofibrous mats.

Antibacterial activity test of mahkota dewa leaf extract (Phaleri amacrocarpa) against bacteria Aeromonas hydrophilla by in vitro

Disease motile aeromonas septicemia (MAS) caused by the bacterium A. hydhrophilla, is a disease that can affect all species of freshwater fish in the tropics. The use of antibiotics for the treatment of bacterial diseases have long been used, but the use of antibiotics that are not controlled pathogens causing bacterial resistance. The purpose of this study to determine the effect and the optimum concentration of the mahkota dewa leaf extract against bacteria A. hydhrophilla. The treatment in this study was the addition of the mahkota dewa leaf extract and DMSO with a variant concentration of 100 mg, 140 mg, 180 mg, 220 mg, 260 mg, positive control using antibiotics chloramphenicol and negative controls using DMSO. Research of mahkota dewa leaf extracts to inhibit the growth of Aeromonas hydrhopilla. This is indicated resources by the formation of an inhibition zone at all concentrations. The formation of inhibition zone of the mahkota dewa against A. hydhrophilla leaf extract shows that the mahkota dewa leaf extract can inhibit the growth of bacteria.

Molecular epidemiological characteristics of Streptococcus pyogenes causing scarlet fever and angina in children

Objective To investigate the antimicrobial resistance, macrolide-resistance genes, virulence genes and emm types in Streptococcus pyogenes isolates. Methods A total of 247 oropharyngeal swab specimens were collected from pediatric outpatients (aged 2-11 years) who were clinically diagnosed as scarlet fever in Children′s Hospital of Fudan University from January to December, 2018. These specimens were timely sent to the Microbiology Laboratory for isolation and identification of Streptococcus pyogenes strains were isolate after culturing and identified with bacitracin susceptibility test. Moreover, the diameter of bacitracin inhibition zone was measured by vernier caliper. Their susceptibility to seven antibiotics, including erythromycin, clarithromycin, clindamycin, ampicillin, ceftriaxone, norfloxacin and chloramphenicol, were measured using KB method. Macrolide-resistance genes (mefA, ermA, ermB and Tn916 transposon) and virulence genes (speA, speB, speC, speG, speH, speI, speJ and speK) were detected by PCR. Amplification and sequencing of emm gene were conducted according to the protocol in the website of Centre for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). Results A total of 86 strains of Streptococcus pyogenes were isolated from the 247 specimens. Their resistance rates to erythromycin, clarithromycin and clindamycin were 89.5%, 95.3% and 96.5%, respectively. However, these isolates showed high susceptibility to ampicillin (100.0%), ceftriaxone (100.0%), norfloxacin (90.7%) and chloramphenicol (95.3%). The positive rates of mefA, ermA, ermB and Tn916 genes were 20.9%, 24.4%, 98.8% and 97.7%. There was significant difference in the mefA-carrying rates between patients with scarlet fever and angina. The positive rates of virulence genes of speA, speB, speC, speG, speH, speI, speJ, speK, speL and speM were 8.1%, 100.0%, 95.3%, 100.0%, 80.2%, 90.7%, 10.5%, 100.0%, 5.8% and 5.8%. Seven emm types were identified and the predominant types were emm12.0 (75.6%), emm12.19 (9.3%) and emm1.0 (8.1%). The diameter of bacitracin inhibition zone was smaller in isolates of emm1.0 type than in emm12.0 type strains. The profile of virulence genes varied in the strains of different emm types. All types of strains carried speB, speG and speK genes. The isolates of emm1.0 type carried speA virulence gene, while speB, speC, speG, speH, speI and speK genes were more often identified in emm12.0 type isolates. Conclusions This study showed that emm types were associated with the profile of virulence genes and the diameter of bacitracin inhibition zone. It was recommended that the diameter of bacitracin inhibition zone should be measured in bacitracin inhibition susceptibility test apart from only observing the formation of inhibition zone. Key words: Streptococcus pyogenes; Antimicrobial resistance; Virulence gene; emm type; Bacitracin susceptibility test

Direct filtration procedure to attain antibacterial TFC membrane: A facile developing route of membrane surface properties and fouling resistance

In order to address a global issue in regard to the shortage of drinking water resources, reverse osmosis (RO) processes have been considerably attended to provide people with high-quality fresh water. In spite of many efforts carried out for preparation of efficient RO membranes, fouling/biofouling remains as a significant challenge. In this study, anti-bacterial polyamide thin film composite (PA-TFC) decorated with hydrophilic polyrhodanine (PRh) nanoparticles was fabricated through a novel route of direct filtration method. This method is a facile technique for modification of the membrane surface, in particular, for recovery of the membrane antibacterial agent which is lost during the process. The synthesized membranes were studied for morphology, surface functional groups, hydrophilicity, and surface roughness via FESEM, FTIR, contact angle, and AFM analysis. Both diffusion inhibition zone and colony formation unit tests exhibited excellent biocidal activity of the PRh loaded membranes against Gram-negative Escherichia coli and Gram-positive Staphylococcus aureus strains. Moreover, the best fouling resistance was assigned to PA-TFC membrane decorated with 0.5%wt. PRh, and PA-TFC membrane modified with 0.75%wt. PRh revealed the best salt rejection ability.

Antibacterial bi-layered polyvinyl alcohol (PVA)-chitosan blend nanofibrous mat loaded with Azadirachta indica (neem) extract

The present study suggests the formation of polyvinyl alcohol (PVA)-Azadirachta indica (neem)-chitosan blend nanofibrous mat (PNCNM) by bi-layered technique under optimum processing conditions. The antibacterial activity against Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus) bacteria, morphology, bonding behavior, thermal stability, tensile behavior and moisture management properties of the developed sample had been investigated. The scanning electron microscopy (SEM) images revealed the homogeneous and smooth fibers produced having average diameter of 213.52nm (nm) with the minimum and maximum diameter of 152nm and 298nm respectively. Besides, it showed 91% porosity which is indicative of porous structure. The presence of PVA, neem constituents and chitosan was established by Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR) indicating the formation of hydrogen bonding among them. The addition of neem extracts led to enhanced thermal stability and moisture management properties. In addition, the developed mat showed a tensile strength of 18.78N corresponding to the elongation value of 4.98mm. Besides, the incorporation of neem extract into the nanofiber mat exhibited a significant synergistic antibacterial activity against bacterial cells through the formation of inhibition zone. Thus, the newly developed nanofibrous mat could turn out to be a suitable material for the wound dressing purpose.

Nanoemulsion Formulation And Activity Test Of Essential Oil Basil Leaves (Ocimum basilicum L.) Against Salmonella typhi


 Essential oil of basil (Ocimum basilicum L.) leaves with a concentration of 2.5% can be estimated to have a diameter of inhibition zone with an average value of 8.67 ± 0.58 mm. Essential oils have volatile characteristics, and are easily oxidized so that they can affect their activities as antibacterial. To increase stability, essential oils of basil leaves need to be packaged in a special delivery system.
 Nanoemulsion is made by spontaneous emulsification method. Nanoemulsion was further tested for physical characteristics including droplet size, polydispersity index, zeta potential and nanoemulsion morphology using a Transmission Electron Microscope (TEM). The preparation was then tested for its activity against Salmonella thypi. The method used is the Kirby-Bauer disk diffusion method.
 From the test of physical characteristics obtained the average particle size of 10.6 nm, polydispersity index 0.03 and zeta potential -36.4. The results of the observation using TEM form the particles produced are spherical. Antibacterial test results were shown by the formation of inhibition zones of basil leaf essential oil (9.3 mm), positive control (6.6 mm), negative control (7.5 mm), nanoemulsion of basil leaf essential oil (8.3 mm), Virgin Coconut Oil (7 mm). Based on the results of statistical analysis it was found that there were no significant differences in treatment between groups.

Antibacterial Potention of Extract of Rotifers Fed with Different Microalgae to Control Vibrio harveyi

Vibrio harveyi is a pathogenic bacteria that can caused high mortality and significant loss in shrimp culture. Application of antibiotic to control vibriosis has negative impact to the environment, people and the shrimp.Therefore, it is important to explore alternative antibiotic from natural substances such as enriched rotifers. The aim of this experiment was to determine the presence of antibacterial compound in rotifer extract fed with different microalgae and to determine the ability of rotifer as an antibacterial to control V.harveyi in vitro. Rotiferswere fed with threedifferent types of microalgae, Porphyridiumsp., Tetraselmis sp., and Chlorella sp.. Cultured rotifers harvested, and the crude extract then obtained with methanol extraction. The antibacterial activity was determined with Kirby-Bauer method and using tetracycline as control. The result showed that rotifer fed with microalgae have antibacterial activityagainst V.harveyi as shown by the formation of inhibition zones in the Kirby-Bauer test. However, the zone was smaller than that produce by tetracycline. It can be concluded that extract of rotifer fed with different microalgae has antibacterial compoundwith moderate antibiotic activity.

Uji Potensi Antifungi Perasan Daun Seledri (Apium graveolens L) Terhadap Aspergilllus terreus Secara In Vitro <Br><I>[Antifungal Potential Test Of Celery Leaves Juice (Apium graveolens L) Against Aspergilllus terreus By In Vitro]<I>

Abstract Aspergillus terreus is a fungal that is able to produce several mycotoxins such as patulin, sitrinin and aflatoxin and contained in processed mackerel mixed with fresh steamed way. The impact of the use of chemicals to control fungal attack A. terreus showed a negative effect. This study aims to determine the potential and the minimum concentration of the juice of the leaves of celery (Apium graveolens L) as antifungal against the growth of A. terreus in vitro. The experiment was conducted at the Laboratory of the Faculty of Fisheries and Marine Airlangga University in July 2013. The method was used in this research that using paper disc diffusion method. Treatment outcome data were analyzed using descriptive statistics. Test potential antifungal celery juice in inhibiting the growth of fungus A. terreus obtained negative be results. The concentrations of juices were given as a treatment of 10 % to 100 % are not able to inhibit the growth of A. terreus shown with no inhibition zone formation in all treatments except the concentration of 10 % formalin as a control (+).

Antimicrobial and anti-inflammatory drug-delivery systems at endodontic reparative material: Synthesis and characterization

ObjectiveThe aim of this study was to synthesize and characterize an experimental endodontic paste. MethodsAn experimental endodontic paste (EX) was characterized by its particle size, zeta potential, drug content and morphology. The powder of EX is composed of amoxicillin microspheres, calcium tungstate and α-tricalcium phosphate, mixed with an indomethacin nanocapsules suspension. Ultracal® (Ultradent), an iodoform-based paste (GP) and the EX were evaluated by its physical properties (flow, film thickness and radiopacity). The cytocompatibility was performed by MTT and SRB-colorimetric assays; the cell-migration was tested with scratch assay and cell-ability to remineralization with ALP and Alizarin Red S, with fibroblastic cell line. The antibacterial activity was assessed by the formation of inhibition zones and against planktonic bacteria. ResultsThe EX and UL flow achieved ISO6876 standard, and GP was lower than 17mm. All pastes achieved the film thickness required. Radiopacity was equivalent to 1.81±0.25mmAl for EX, which did not differ from GP group 1.39±0.33mmAl (p>0.05). The UL presented 3.04±0.33mmAl. The values for SRB showed better citocompatibility in comparison with MTT for all materials. The ALP activity and formation of mineralized nodules demonstrated the remineralization potential for UL and EX. Cell migration showed continuous wound closure until complete cell healing, however, the EX accelerated the process (p<0.05). The EX showed the greatest inhibition zone (p<0.05) and was the only group with antibacterial activity against planktonic bacteria. SignificanceThe synthesized endodontic paste demonstrated reliable physical and biological properties and could be a promising material for periapical tissue repair.