Inhalation Method Research Articles

PENGARUH KOMBINASI HIDROTERAPI DAN METODE INHALASI AROMATHERAPY NEROLI TERHADAP PENURUNAN HIPERTENSI PADA KEHAMILAN

Hypertensive disorders are a common complication of pregnancy that put women and their fetuses at disproportionate risk for further complications, as well as life-long sequelae. Hypertensive disorders of pregnancy affect up to 10% of pregnancies worldwide, which includes the 3%–5% of all pregnancies complicated by preeclampsia. The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of the combination of hydrotherapy and the inhalation method of neroli aromatherapy on reducing blood pressure in pregnant women. This study uses a quasi-experimental method with a one-group pre-test and post-test design approach. The sample involved was 16 people who were selected using purposive sampling technique. Data analysis was carried out univariate and bivariate using the paired T-Test. The results showed that there was an effect of the combination of hydrotherapy and the inhalation method of neroli aromatherapy on reducing systolic and diastolic blood pressure in pregnant women. The combination of hydrotherapy and administration of neroli aromatherapy with the inhalation method can reduce systolic and diastolic blood pressure, making it an effective alternative to non-pharmacological therapy for hypertensive patients, especially pregnant women.

Commuters health risk associated with particulate matter exposures in subway system – Globally

Commuters health risk associated with particulate matter exposures in subway system – Globally

Edukasi Pijat Okstosin Dan Aromaterapi Lavender Sebagai Media Relaksasi Untuk Melancarkan Asi Pada Ibu Nifas

Mother's Milk (ASI) contains many substances and nutrients that are very beneficial for the growth and development of babies. Breast milk contains fat, protein, carbohydrates, vitamins and minerals that babies need. In addition, breast milk is also useful for forming the baby's body defense system so that it is not susceptible to diseases, such as diarrhea and pneumonia. Lavender aromatherapy is an inhalation method that uses aromatherapy, the positive impact of lavender aromatherapy has a relaxing effect on the central nervous system in the hypothalamus which helps increase the production of the hormone oxytocin which has an impact on increasing breast milk production. In addition to Lavender Aromatherapy which is able to provide a relaxing effect, one other alternative in providing a relaxing effect and being able to launch breast milk is the message relaxation method. Message is the most primitive pain therapy and uses human gentle reflexes to hold, rub, or squeeze painful body parts. It is hoped that with this health education activity the community, individual or group of breastfeeding mothers can find out how to massage oxytocin and use lavender oil and can be motivated to give exclusive breastfeeding to their babies so that their baby's growth and development can be maximized and change the mindset and motivation of mothers to give exclusive breastfeeding. with full awareness

Safety and efficiency of inhalation method for administration of small extracellular vesicles derived from multipotent mesenchymal stromal cells of human umbilical cord in SARS- CoV-2 associated pneumonia

The coronavirus infection (COVID-19), an acute viral disease with predominant affection of the upper respiratory tract, is a challenge for modern medicine. Considering the fact that in the pathogenesis of coronavirus pneumonia there is violation of the immune response (hyper-response, cytokine storm) the drugs that locally regulate it may be promising in the pneumonia treatment. Biological activity of exosomes is widely investigated in the world. Small extracellular vesicles of mesenchymal cells have the following effects: anti-apoptotic, proliferation stimulation, anti-inflammatory and immunomodulatory. Objective: to evaluate the safety and efficacy of the method of inhalation administration of small extracellular vesicles in bilateral pneumonia caused by a new SARS-CoV-2 coronavirus infection. To study these effects an interventional, prospective, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study has been conducted to evaluate the safety and efficacy of inhaled small extracellular vesicles administration to the patients with bilateral pneumonia caused by the new coronavirus infection SARS-CoV-2. Altogether 36 patients with confirmed new coronavirus infection COVID-19, complicated by bilateral pneumonia of moderate severity (12 patients each in study groups 1 and 2, depending on the type of given small extracellular vesicles, and the control group) participated in the study. Small extracellular vesicles were inhaled twice a day in the dose of 2-10х1010 particles. The efficacy and safety of the method were assessed judging by the patients' general state, assessment of the disease severity, general and biochemical blood tests, coagulogram, saturation, CT scan of the lungs before and after 1 0 days of treatment. The observation period was 30 days after hospitalization. During the study the safety of the method was proved, all the patients recovered. Reliable differences of the blood CRP index, which normalized by day 10 of treatment in groups 1 and 2, but remained elevated in the control group. No significant differences were found in other assessed parameters.

Application of Non-Invasive Ventilator in Treatment of Severe COVID-19 Patients.

Since December 2019, there has been a global outbreak of COVID-19. As of the end of July 2020, more than 600,000 deaths had been reported globally. The purpose of this paper is to further explore the application of non-invasive ventilation in severe COVID-19 patients. A retrospective study was conducted to included 57 confirmed COVID-19 patients, among which 36 cases were severe. According to different oxygen inhalation methods, they were divided into non-invasive ventilator assisted ventilation group with 21 cases (group A) and 15 cases of nasal catheter oxygen inhalation group (group B). The data of respiration (RR), heart rate (HR), partial arterial pressure of oxygen (PaO2), partial arterial pressure of carbon dioxide (PaCO2), and oxygenation index (OI) before the treatment of noninvasive ventilator assisted ventilation or nasal catheter oxygen treatment at 24, 48, and 72 hours of treatment of the 2 groups were collected and analyzed to determine whether the above indicators were statistically different in each time period. After 24 hours of treatment with noninvasive ventilator assisted ventilation in group A, RR gradually decreased, PaO2 and OI were significantly higher than before treatment, while after 24 hours of treatment, PaO2, RR, HR and other indexes in group B showed no significant improvement, and OI increased gradually after 48 hours of treatment, with statistically significant difference compared with that before treatment. Early adoption of non-invasive ventilation can effectively improve the hypoxic state of patients with severe COVID-19. The combination of underlying diseases will not prolong the use of non-invasive ventilation.

Non Pharmacological Therapy in Case Study Obstacles to Physical Mobility Post Sectio Caesaria

Sectio Caesarea surgery causes pain and results in changes in tissue continuity due to surgery, earlymobilization can support the patient's wound healing process because moving the limbs will preventthe stiffness of muscles and joints, reducing pain and can accelerate blood circulation to parts thathave injuries that wound healing processes become faster. This study was to explore nursing care inpostoperative Sectio Caesarea with problems with physical mobility barriers through lavenderaromatherapy in the Teratai Room RSUD dr. Hayato Lumajang. Qualitative descriptively throughcase studies. The population in this study was postoperative mothers with Sectio Caesarea in theLotus Room at RSUD Dr. Haryoto, Lumajang Regency, with a total of 10 patients in June 2020. Theuse of aromatherapy dripped onto an oxygen mask for 3 minutes, after 3 hours of analgesicadministration. Both the inhalation method with an oxygen mask and directly inhaled prove thatlavender essential oil aromatherapy can reduce the pain scale of post-section Caesarea. Thisresearch is expected with this case study report to increase knowledge and insight in applying topatients and patients families about postoperative Sectio Caesarea in the implementation of earlymobilization, as well as innovations in giving lavender aromatherapy, can also be done to post SectioCaesarea patients. And it can be used as a new experience and information to reduce pain witharomatherapy.

The Effect of Lemon Peel (Citrus limon) Aromatherapy Inhalation as Antidepressant on Rats using Diffuser Method

Abstract. Background Depression is a mood disorder that affects a person’s quality of life. This condition is influenced by the levels of monoamine compounds such as serotonin, norepinephrine, and dopamine in the brain. The decrease in monoamine levels leads to depressive symptoms. Lemon peel essential oil has an antidepressant potential, that contains phytochemicals, d-Limonene, which increase monoamine levels in the brain. Aromatherapy diffuser inhalation method is one kind of treatment route in depression. The mechanism of action is by breaking down the smaller essential oil particles so they penetrate quicker to the brain. Objective: To determine the effect of lemon peel (Citrus limon) aromatherapy inhalation diffuser method on immobility time of white rats (Rattus norvegicus Wistar strain) on the tail suspension test. Method: True Experimental with Post Test Only Control Group Design. Fifteen white male rats Wistar strain were divided into 5 groups. The positive control group was given stressors and saline induction intraperitoneally. In addition to stressors, the treatment group was also given lemon peel aromatherapy inhalation at a dose of 1%, 2.5%, and 5%. Measurement of immobility time was carried out by hanging the rats' tails through the tail suspension test method and the time of animals stopped moving for at least 1 second was calculated using a timer. Data were analyzed using the ANOVA test, Post Hoc test, Pearson correlation test, and Linear Regression test. Results and Discussion: ANOVA test showed a significant difference between groups (p = 0.017). The post Hoc test showed a significant difference (p <0.05) between the positive control and the P3 group (5%). The linear regression test obtained Adjusted R2 = 0.598 (inhalation of lemon peel aromatherapy gives an effect of 59.8%). The decrease of immobility time was due to the reduction of depression that was caused by the increase of monoamine level induced by d-limonene in lemon peel essential oil. Conclusion: The inhalation of lemon peel (Citrus limon) aromatherapy with diffuser method has the antidepressant effect that reduces the immobility time of depressed white rats (Rattus norvegicus Wistar strain).

Herbal fume inhalation similarities between Dhoopan and Hawan

Herbal fume inhalation for health benefit or disease treatment is an Ayurvedic and Vedic approach. In Ayurvedic texts it is mentioned as Dhoopan and in Vedic texts it is referred as hawan (Yagya). There are similarities in methods and procedures of both the methods. The present study identifies five areas where there are similarities i.e. herbal mixture preparation, offerings to fire, use of smokeless fire, use of chanting, dose repetition. This perspective showed similarity present between these two ancient herbal inhalation methods potentiating a great scope of further research in this direction.

Two different methods of lidocaine inhalation before diagnostic flexible bronchoscopy: effects on post-bronchoscopy respiratory symptoms

Use of topical anesthesia before flexible bronchoscopy for the evaluation of the upper airways prevents cough and stridor during and after the procedure while reducing the need for sedation. In practice, lidocaine is the medication of choice before bronchoscopy. There various types of nebulizers used for inhalation treatments. In this study, we compared the respiratory tract symptoms after flexible bronchoscopy between children who received pre-procedure topical lidocaine with mesh or jet nebulizers. We enrolled 4–18 years old subjects that underwent flexible bronchoscopy due to treatment-resistant asthma in this retrospective case-control study. Twenty subjects received topical lidocaine with jet nebulizers while 20 received it with mesh nebulizers. Age, sex, duration of bronchoscopy, duration of anesthesia, time to awaken, and time to recovery were recorded as well as cough and laryngospasm scores after flexible bronchoscopy. Severe cough after flexible bronchoscopy was not encountered in the mesh nebulizers group but was seen in 10% of the jet nebulizers group (p = 0.027). On the other hand, age, sex, duration of bronchoscopy, duration of anesthesia, time to awaken, and time to recovery were not significantly different between the mesh and jet nebulizer groups (p = 0.44, 0.34, 0.51, 0.88, 0.88, and 0.22, respectively). Moreover, croup and laryngospasm scores between the two groups were similar (p = 0.62, 0.50 respectively). Cough score was significantly worse jet nebulizers group (p = 0.03). Topical lidocaine application with mesh nebulizers decreases the most common complication, cough, after flexible bronchoscopy in children more effectively compare to jet nebulizers. Thus, mesh nebulizers may be a faster way of nebulization before flexible bronchoscopy as an alternative to jet nebulizers.

Insecticidal Effect of Eucalyptus Essential Oils on Mortalities of Storage Pests of Grains Sitophilus oryzae and Sitophilus granarius in the Region of Tissemsilet Algeria

Background: Stored cereals are attacked by pests including Sitophilus, a primary insectpestthat kthe whole grain and destroys the germ. The usual control methods are less efficient and more expensive. The use of essential oils of aromatic plants is more interesting. Eucalyptus is a plant of great medicinal value due to the presence of secondary metabolites. Methods: In this experimentation that took place during the year 2017, extraction of oils by hydro distillation of eucalyptus was used on insects at different doses by two methods with are ingestion and inhalation. Two species of Sitophylus are morphologically different as they may be different with regard to the use of biopesticide (eucalyptus essential oil), regarding the mortality rate in relation to the duration of treatment Result: Sitophilus oryzae was more sensitive to this bio-pesticide since it was only after eight (08) hours of treatment that mortality exceeded 50% by the ingestion method whereas only 6.6% of mortality was recorded on Sitophilus granarius. Same observation by the inhalation method, 90% mortality on the third day for Sitophilus oryzae while only 20% mortality on Sitophilus granarius. So the ingestion method requires fewer products plus a speed in the mortality time.

Use of Aromatherapy in Diabetes Management

Diabetes has become a global health issue on a worldwide scale in our present day. In addition to long-term treatment, diabetes is a chronic disease with the participation of individuals in the disease and treatment processes, the self-care and self-efficacy of individuals. Individuals include complementary and supportive practices, along with medical treatments such as medication, nutrition and exercise, into disease management processes. Complementary and supportive practices are among the practices frequently preferred by individuals in the management of chronic diseases. Complementary and supportive practices are preferred due to the side effects of the treatment protocols used in diabetes, which is one of the common chronic diseases, problems in the process of adherence with drug treatment and the need for long-term medical treatment, as well as the cost-effectiveness of complementary and supportive applications, easy accessibility and applicability. Aromatherapy, which is one of these practices, is preferred because it is effective, reliable, and can be easily applied by the patient. Aromatherapy is known as the use of essential oils obtained from plants for therapeutic purposes. Although aromatherapy has different methods of application, inhalation and massage often come to the fore. Positive effects of the application on anxiety, fatigue, sleep problems, and neuropathic pain were reported as a result of many studies. In line with the results of the study, it should be supported with more sample groups and randomized controlled studies in this field. This review was planned to emphasize aromatherapy usage areas, methods of application, and their effectiveness in diabetes management.

A Scoping Review of Aromatherapy Evidence for Test Anxiety in Nursing Education

Background: Aromatherapy is a holistic intervention that is purported to relax or stimulate cognitive performance in nursing students and improve sleep disturbances depending upon the essential oil and the method of delivery. Test anxiety is a prevalent educational issue for nursing students that can lead to poor outcomes during the course of their nursing education. Test anxiety can have adverse consequences for students such as poor performance, failure, and attrition in the nursing program. Objective: The aims of this scoping review were to identify, summarize, and synthesize aromatherapeutic evidence implemented and evaluated in nursing education to decrease anxiety and test anxiety and improve test taking and sleep among nursing students. It also aims to propose methodologies that best utilize aromatherapy in nursing education. Methodology: A scoping review of the research evidence was done using the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) guidelines (2021). Results: Nine studies (2008-2019) were identified from the United States, the Philippines, and Turkey. The majority of designs were reported as RCTs (random control trials), with small non-diverse samples reported. Lavender, rosemary and lemon oil were administered via inhalation and hand massage methods. Anxiety and test anxiety were evaluated using scales (Cognitive Test Anxiety, Westside Test Anxiety Scale, State Trait Anxiety Inventory) and vital sign data. Test anxiety decreased with aromatherapy hand massage, and lavender and rosemary scents. Pulse rate decreased while blood pressure was non-significant. Studies did not use sleep disturbances as a variable. Conclusions and Recommendations: Various essential oils and delivery methods were used to mitigate anxiety and test anxiety among nursing students; however, there is limited data available to understand the design, chemistry and concentration of the essential oils used in the studies. There should be comprehensive reports of the design and evidence for use in nursing education.

Cardiac Ultrasound under Speckle Tracking Technology Based Analysis of Efficacy of Respiratory Rehabilitation on Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease.

The study shined spotlight on the effect of respiratory rehabilitation training on chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), which was evaluated using speckle ultrasound algorithm-based cardiac ultrasound. Then, 90 patients with stable COPD, who were admitted to the hospital from January 2018 to December 2019, were randomly rolled into three groups, namely, the fast inhalation and slow exhalation (A) group, abdominal breathing (B) group, and control (C) group. For group A, on the basis of the conventional treatment, the method of rapid inhalation and slow exhalation was adopted. The group B (n = 30) adopted the abdominal breathing method besides the conventional treatment. In addition, the group C (n = 30) received only conventional treatment. Finally, the efficacy and parameters of the three treatment methods were compared. The echocardiographic parameters and echocardiographic images were calculated and processed by the speckle tracking method. Three kinds of operators were used to track the myocardial spots successfully, and the corresponding points in the image were obtained and calculated. It was found that there was no significant difference in the degree of dyspnea, exercise endurance, lung function, respiratory muscle function, and quality of life (QOL) before treatment (P > 0.05). After treatment, in contrast with group C, the previously mentioned indicators in groups A and B were obviously better (P < 0.05). Further, both the echocardiographic images and echocardiographic parameters of groups A and B were obviously improved, and there was no obvious difference between groups A and B. Hence, some degree of respiratory rehabilitation was very effective in the diagnosis of patients with chronic pulmonary obstruction. In conclusion, the speckle tracking algorithm-based cardiac ultrasound improves the image quality. At the same time, respiratory rehabilitation training is effective on COPD and worthy of clinical promotion.

Beryllium in contaminated soils: Implication of beryllium bioaccessibility by different exposure pathways

Beryllium in contaminated soils: Implication of beryllium bioaccessibility by different exposure pathways

The effect of aromatherapy on fatigue in adults receiving haemodialysis treatment: A systematic review and meta-analysis of randomised controlled trials.

To synthesise the effect of aromatherapy on fatigue in adults receiving haemodialysis treatment in randomised controlled trials. A systematic review and meta-analysis of randomised controlled trials following the Cochrane methods. Systematic search was carried out using the Cochrane Library, CINAHL, Council of Higher Education National Thesis Center, Networked Digital Library of Theses & Dissertations, Science Direct, Springer Link, Scopus, PubMed, ProQuest, Ovid, ULAKBIM Turkish National Databases and Web of Science without year limitation for studies published in the English language. The review covered the period between 1960 and April 2020. Three authors reviewed the risk of bias independently and systematically using the Cochrane Collaboration tool. Eight studies with 606 participants were included in this systematic review and meta-analysis. Aromatherapy was applied through inhalation and massage methods and performed from 2 to 30min and in 3 to 30 sessions. There was no significant publication bias. Aromatherapy had a large effect on fatigue in adults receiving haemodialysis treatment and high heterogeneity. Aromatherapy has a high and positive effect on fatigue in the adults receiving haemodialysis and can be used as an effective intervention in the management of fatigue. Aromatherapy may help to reduce the severity of fatigue in adults receiving haemodialysis. The findings of this systematic review and meta-analysis will contribute to the use of aromatherapy in the management of fatigue and conduction of randomised controlled trials related to aromatherapy.

Evaluating the Aromatherapy Recommendation for Pain in the Holistic Nurses' Pain Relief Tools for Patients and Self-Care.

Purpose of Study: The purpose of the study was to evaluate the usefulness of the aromatherapy (AT) recommendation in the American Holistic Nurses Association's (AHNA's) Holistic Nurses' Pain Relief Tools for Patients and Self-Care (Pain Tool). Methodology: An observational survey design was used and a purposeful sample of 55 nurses were invited to a two-part, 15-question survey administered via SurveyMonkey. The demographic data were analyzed with quantitative analysis and the open-ended questions were analyzed via content analysis. Results: A total of 55 registered nurses completed the survey and the mean age of participants was 53 years old. Lavender essential oil (EO) was used by 100% (N = 55) of participants and the inhalation method was favored (93%; n = 51). The AT recommendation was most helpful for educational purposes (29%; n = 16) and to reduce symptoms of pain (21%; n = 8). A majority of participants used the five holistic nursing core values (70%; n = 31) as well as promote more options for pain management (48%; n = 13) to improve outcomes (30%; n = 13). Respondents recommend the addition of more EOs and safety information (23%; n = 8). Finally, five recommendations were made to AHNA. Implication for Practice: Nurses who use AT (guideline) as a safe, cost-effective intervention for pain improve quality outcomes.

Use of Cause-and-Effect Analysis to Optimize the Reliability of In Vitro Inhalation Toxicity Measurements Using an Air-Liquid Interface.

In vitro inhalation toxicology methods are increasingly being used for research and regulatory purposes. Although the opportunity for increased human relevance of in vitro inhalation methods compared to in vivo tests has been established and discussed, how to systematically account for variability and maximize the reliability of these in vitro methods, especially for assays that use cells cultured at an air-liquid interface (ALI), has received less attention. One tool that has been used to evaluate the robustness of in vitro test methods is cause-and-effect (C&E) analysis, a conceptual approach to analyze key sources of potential variability in a test method. These sources of variability can then be evaluated using robustness testing and potentially incorporated into in-process control measurements in the assay protocol. There are many differences among in vitro inhalation test methods including the use of different types of biological test systems, exposure platforms/conditions, substances tested, and end points, which represent a major challenge for use in regulatory testing. In this manuscript, we describe how C&E analysis can be applied using a modular approach based on the idea that shared components of different test methods (e.g., the same exposure system is used) have similar sources of variability even though other components may differ. C&E analyses of different in vitro inhalation methods revealed a common set of recommended exposure systems and biological in-process control measurements. The approach described here, when applied in conjunction with Good Laboratory Practices (GLP) criteria, should help improve the inter- and intralaboratory agreement of in vitro inhalation test results, leading to increased confidence in these methods for regulatory and research purposes.

Numerical modeling of air flow inside the human nose cavity

The complex structure of the human nasal cavity makes it difficult to study the flow of air in it, therefore, at present, mathematical and computer modeling is used for this purpose. These studies are relevant due to the development of inhalation methods for introducing drugs into the nose, with the help of which operations can be performed. Within the framework of the Navier-Stokes system of equations, temperature and concentration using the ANSYS Fluent application, a three-dimensional test calculation of the air flow in the human nasal cavity was carried out at various modes of inhalation, normal and during exercise. A laminar model was used to close the Navier-Stokes equations, and the SIMPLE method was used to perform the relationship between velocity and pressure. In the graphics package AutoCAD, a geometric three-dimensional model of the nasal cavity was built, reconstructed from images of the nose in coronary sections. As a result of numerical simulation, the fields of velocity, pressure, temperature and concentration were obtained. The results obtained were compared with the experimental data from [10] and the numerical results from [3]. The analysis of these results in terms of the influence of the structure of the nasal cavity on the structure of the flow. The results obtained agree with the experimental data. It was found that the inhaled air is heated and humidified to the state of the nasal tissue, the shells increase the rate of local transfer of heat and moisture by improving mixing and maintaining thin boundary layers, the capacity of a healthy nose exceeds the requirements necessary for conditioning the inhaled air under normal breathing conditions.

On the question of the toxic effects of sulfate m-bromoaniline on the blood system

Introduction. The preclinical study of the effect of chemical intoxication on the blood system's states is especially relevant for preventing and treating workers producing bromo-aromatic compounds with polytropic toxic effects m-bromaniline sulfate, in case of possible contact at the stages of its synthesis. The aim of the study to research in an experiment the toxic effect of m-bromaniline sulfate on the state of the blood system. Materials and methods. Sulfate m-bromaniline is an intermediate of the synthesis of the drug tramadol. Scientists study the toxic effect of sulfate m-bromaniline in experiments on rats. We reproduce single inhalation and subacute intragastric modes and methods of exposure. The researchers evaluated the impact of the substance on animals based on the results of peripheral blood tests. Namely: by the number of red blood cells, hemoglobin, white blood cells, analysis of the white blood cell formula. According to the indicators of biochemical tests of blood serum, morphological data of the study of the liver, kidneys, heart, stomach. We took into account the readings of the critical parameters of the pancreas and thyroid glands. Results. The results of examining animals subjected to acute inhalation intoxication and sub-acute intragastric exposure showed the same type of changes in the peripheral blood and experimental group's biochemical profile. The intake of m-bromaniline sulfate leads to a decrease in the number of red blood cells and hemoglobin against the background of increased reticulocytosis, leukocytosis. The number of eosinophils in the blood of animals exposed to poisoning decreased by almost one and a half times. We found a violation of the balance of hemoglobin fraction's content. Also reduced oxyhemoglobin, an increase in methemoglobin. Researchers discovered in the blood sulfohemoglobin in the absence of it in the control group's animals. The animals' biochemical profile revealed increased blood catalase activity against the background of its decrease in red blood cells. In the blood serum of rats primed with sulfate m-bromaniline we found an increase in bilirubin concentration. We noted an increase in the activity of aspartate aminotransferase while maintaining the same action of alanine aminotransferase. The effect of sulfate m-bromaniline at the morphological level revealed vascular disorders in all internal organs and moderately pronounced fatty degeneration of the liver and kidneys. The spleen was hyperplastic; a large amount of brown iron-containing pigment was noted intra- and extracellularly in the red pulp. Conclusions. Different receipt methods of sulfate m-bromaniline in the conditions of acute inhalation sub-acute intragastric experiments lead to some disorders. Violations have a hemotoxic character with a predominant effect on the state of the blood system. An essential element of intoxication prevention can be the correct selection of the persons entering the work contact with toxicants. Individuals with manifesting or latent iron deficiency, various hemorrhagic syndrome types, and severe forms of autonomic dysfunction represent a health risk group if possible contact with sulfate m-bromaniline.

A systematic literature review and meta-analysis of the clinical effects of aroma inhalation therapy on sleep problems.

Background:This systematic review investigated the clinical effects of inhalation aromatherapy for the treatment of sleep problems such as insomnia.Methods:Studies on sleep problems and inhalation aromatherapy, published in Korean and international journals, were included in the meta-analysis. Five domestic and international databases, respectively each, were used for the literature search. Keywords included sleep disorder, sleep problems, insomnia, and aroma inhalation, and the related literature was further searched. After the screening, selected articles were assessed for their quality and conducted the risk of bias using RevMan 5.0, a systematic literature review was then conducted. A meta-analysis comparing the averages was conducted on studies that reported numerical values. Additionally, meta-analysis of variance and meta-regression analyses were performed.Results:Meta-analysis of the 34 studies using the random-effects model revealed that the use of aromatherapy was highly effective in improving sleep problems such as insomnia, including quantitative and qualitative sleep effects (95% confidence interval [CI], effect sizes = 0.6491). Subgroup analysis revealed that the secondary outcomes including stress, depression, anxiety, and fatigue were significantly effective. The single aroma inhalation method was more effective than the mixed aroma inhalation method. Among the single inhalation methods, the lavender inhalation effect was the greatest.Conclusion:Inhalation aromatherapy is effective in improving sleep problems such as insomnia. Therefore, it is essential to develop specific guidelines for the efficient inhalation of aromatherapy.Ethics and dissemination:Ethical approval is not required because individual patient data are not included. The findings of this systematic review were disseminated through peer-reviewed publications or conference presentations.PROSPERO registration number:CRD42020142120.