Ingredients In Pharmaceutical Preparations Research Articles

Physical and Chemical Properties and Quality Control Methods of Hyaluronic Acid (Review)

Introduction. This review describes the physicochemical properties that determine the use of hyaluronic acid in ophthalmology. We have studied methods for determining hyaluronic acid using various analytical methods.Text. Hyaluronic acid is a high molecular weight glycosaminoglycan that consists of repeating disaccharides of N-acetylglucosamine and D-glucuronic acid. Carboxyl, hydroxyl and acetoamide groups give hydrophilic properties to the molecule of this anionic heteropolysaccharide. Depending on how the hyaluronic acid is obtained, its molecular weight varies over a wide range. Researchers developed methods for controlling hyaluronic acid, which include the turbidimetric titration method, the method of high-performance capillary electrophoresis and high-performance liquid chromatography and IR spectroscopic method.Conclusion. Due to its properties, hyaluronic acid is widely used as an active ingredient in pharmaceutical preparations. Today, there are a number of methods for the determination of hyaluronic acid, including the method of turbidimetric titration, the method of capillary electrophoresis. High performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) and IR spectroscopy methods are presented in the Japanese Pharmacopoeia and the European Pharmacopoeia. These techniques are widely used due to their high reproducibility, accuracy, and relative simplicity.

Square Wave Voltammetric Determination of Ropinirole HCl in Bulk, Dosage Forms and Biological Samples on Carbon Paste Electrode

Aim: Voltammetric determination for of Ropinirole HCl. Study: We will study the behaviour of Ropinirole HCl on the carbon paste electrode. So several factors such as pH, type of pasting oil, pulse amplitude and scan rate were studied to optimize the condition for voltammetric determination of drug. Place and Duration of Study: Microanalytical Chemistry Laboratory, Applied Organic Chemistry Department, National Research Centre, Dokki, Giza, Egypt, between August 2015 and December 2015. Methodology: Square wave voltammetry (SWV) was employed in order to determine Ropinirole in bulk powder and plasma in a voltammetric cell containing 10 mL of 0.1 mole L-1 sulphuric acid as supporting electrolyte. After every aliquot addition, the solution was stirred for 30 s at 2000 rpm, rested for 10 s then SWV mode was ramped from +300 to +1600 mV with scan rate 100 mV s-1 and pulse amplitude 50 mV. The experiment was triplicated for every standard solution addition. Results: A good linearity was obtained over a range of (4.96x10-6 to 3.90x10-5 mol L-1) with mean recovery and relative standard deviation (RSD) values of 99.15% and 3.7%, respectively. The lower detection (LOD) and quantification (LOQ) limits were found to be (1.48x10-6 and 4.96x10-6 mol L-1) respectively at Square wave (SWV) mode. The accuracy and precision of the method were presented with inter and intra days determinations which were within acceptable limits. The method was applied successfully for determining the active ingredients in pharmaceutical preparations with mean percentage recoveries ± RSD of 98.38±3.1 and in spiked human plasma with the mean of recoveries ± RSD, 99.56±3.63%. Conclusion: An economic, accurate and precise electrochemical method has been developed and validated for the determination of Ropinirole HCl in bulk, dosage form and human plasma.

Determination of clindamycin in dosage forms and biological samples by adsorption stripping voltammetry with carbon paste electrode

The electrochemical behavior of antibiotic drugs, clindamycin hydrochloride (I) and its phosphate salt (II), on carbon paste electrode (CPE) is thoroughly investigated. Chemical and electrical parameters affecting the adsorption stripping voltammetry (ASV) measurements are optimized. Two different modes of sweep, viz., differential pulse (DP) and square wave (SW), are compared over a potential range of +400 to +1100 mV in the presence of 0.04 M Britton – Robinson buffer (pH 10) with an accumulation time of 30 s, scan rate of 100 mV/s, and pulse amplitude of 30 mV. The responses are linear over a concentration range of 86 – 430 and 90 – 813 ng/ml for I and 86 – 516 and 172 – 1030 ng/ml for II in the DP and SW sweep modes, respectively. The limits of detection (with correlation coefficients given in brackets) are as follow (ng/ml): 32.60 (0.998) and 90.73 (0.994) for I and 43.51 (0.997) and 83.02 (0.996) for II in the DP and SW sweep modes, respectively. The DP method has been applied successfully to determining the active ingredients in pharmaceutical preparations and in spiked urine with mean percentage recoveries of 99.24 ± 2.14 and 98.66 ± 2.38, respectively.

Evaluation of the State of Active Ingredients in Pharmaceutical Preparations Using Fourier Transform-Raman Difference Spectra

To examine the pharmaceutical application of Fourier transform (FT)-Raman spectroscopy, the state of active pharmaceutical ingredients (APIs) in a preparation of several forms was evaluated by investigating the Raman difference spectra between the preparation and excipient. The difference spectra indicated that APIs in alacepril tablets, caffeine sustained-release granules, and quinidine sulfate granules remained unchanged after the manufacturing process. However, the state of sparfloxacin in nanoparticles changed, although it remained unchanged in tablets or powders. These results show that the FT-Raman difference spectrum is expected to be utilized in the field of quality control of crystalline pharmaceutical preparations.

Desorption electrospray ionization with a portable mass spectrometer: in situ analysis of ambient surfaces

Desorption electrospray ionization (DESI) is implemented on a portable mass spectrometer and used to demonstrate in situ detection of active ingredients in pharmaceutical preparations, alkaloids in plant tissues, explosives, chemical warfare agent simulants and agricultural chemicals from a variety of surfaces; air monitoring applications using DESI are also introduced.

Analysis of alkannin derivatives fromAlkanna species by high-performance liquid chromatography/photodiode array/mass spectrometry

Alkannin, shikonin (A/S) and their derivatives are enantiomeric hydroxynaphthoquinone red pigments found in the roots of almost 150 species of the Boraginaceae family. A/S have been shown to exhibit strong wound healing, antimicrobial, anti-inflammatory and antioxidant activities and recent extensive research has well established their antitumor properties. A/S and their derivatives comprise the active ingredients of several pharmaceutical and cosmetic preparations. Although A/S have been efficiently synthesized and have been produced by cell tissue cultures in high yield, most of the pharmaceutical preparations worldwide contain A/S extracted from the roots of Boraginaceous species, found in nature. In the present study, a high-performance liquid chromatography/photodiode array/mass spectrometry (HPLC/PDA/MS) method was established to identify monomeric hydroxynaphthoquinones of the alkannin series and other metabolites from Boraginaceous root extracts. This method can be applied for the identification of alkannin derivatives and other metabolites from Boraginaceous cell cultures, and also to determine active ingredients in pharmaceutical preparations containing A/S derivatives. A phytochemical investigation of the Alkanna genus grown in Greece was also performed. Fifty-three root samples belonging to 10 species of the genus Alkanna (A. calliensis, A. corcyrensis, A. graeca, A. methanaea, A. orientalis, A. pindicola, A. primuliflora, A. sieberi, A. stribrnyi and A. tinctoria) were collected from several regions of the Greek flora and analyzed for their constituent hydroxynaphthoquinones and other metabolites. In most of the above Alkanna samples tested, the main hydroxynaphthoquinones were determined to be beta,beta-dimethylacrylalkannin, isovalerylalkannin + alpha-methyl-n-butylalkannin and acetylalkannin. The hydroxynaphthoquinone constituents and their proportions were found to vary among Alkanna species. Unknown metabolites (not monomeric hydroxynaphthoquinones) were detected by HPLC-PDA-MS, while in several Alkanna species hydroxynaphthoquinones were detected for the first time.

Multiple response optimization applied to the development of a capillary electrophoretic method for pharmaceutical analysis

Multiple response simultaneous optimization by using the desirability function was used for the development of a capillary electrophoresis method for the simultaneous determination of four active ingredients in pharmaceutical preparations: vitamins B 6 and B 12, dexamethasone and lidocaine hydrochloride. Five responses were simultaneously optimized: the three resolutions, the analysis time and the capillary current. This latter response was taken into account in order to improve the quality of the separations. The separation was carried out by using capillary zone electrophoresis (CZE) with a silica capillary and UV detection (240 nm). The optimum conditions were: 57.0 mmol l −1 sodium phosphate buffer solution, pH 7.0 and voltage = 17.2 kV. Good results concerning precision (CV lower than 2%), accuracy (recoveries ranged between 98.5 and 102.6%) and selectivity were obtained in the concentration range studied for the four compounds. These results are comparable to those provided by the reference high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) technique.

Spectrophotometric Determination of Phenyxpropanolamine Hydrochloride in Pharmaceuticals after Derivatization with NBD-C1

Abstract It is demonstrated that 7-chloro-4-nitrobenzo-2-oxa-l,3-diazole (NBD-C1) is a useful derivatizing agent for the quantification of primary amine containing ingredients in pharmaceutical preparations by spectrophotometric analysis. Colorimetric assay is simpler and eliminates many technical difficulties encountered when employing NBD-C1 derivat izat ion in fluorometric analysis. The methodology presented is rapid, accurate and free from interferents which accompany other analytical methods for the determination of phenylpropanolamine hydrochloride when in combination with other commonly compounded ingredients such as acetaminophen, caffeine and/or aspirin. Results are presented for the colorimetric method which compare favorably with other appropriate reference methods presented in the literature.

Photometric Determination of Pentylenetetrazol in Pharmaceutical Preparations

Pentylenetetrazol is quantitatively precipitated from aqueous solution by cuprous chloride reagent. The pentylenetetrazol-cuprous chloride complex is dissolved in concentrated nitric acid; the solution is adjusted to pH 4 with acetate buffer and sodium hydroxide solution, and the deep blue color of the copper complex developed with tetraethylenepentamine is determined photometrically at 580mμ The method can be applied to samples containing from 2–10mg. pentylenetetrazol and furnishes a rapid means of determining small amounts of the drug in the presence of other ingredients in pharmaceutical preparations.