Information Processing Strategies Research Articles

Does attribute order influence attribute-information processing in discrete choice experiments?

The existing empirical evidence shows that both contingent valuation and discrete choice experiment (DCE) methods are susceptible to various ordering effects. However, very few studies have analysed attribute-ordering effects in DCEs, and no study has investigated their potential influence on information-processing strategies, such as attribute non-attendance (ANA). This paper tests for attribute-ordering effects and examines whether the order of attributes describing the alternatives affects respondents’ propensity to attend to or ignore an attribute. A split-sample approach is used, where one sample received a DCE version in which the positions of the first and last non-monetary attributes are switched across the sequence of choice tasks compared with the other sample. The results show that attribute order does not affect welfare estimates in a significant way under the standard assumption of full attribute attendance, thus rejecting the notion of procedural bias. However, the welfare estimates for the attributes whose order was reversed and the share of respondents who ignored them differ significantly between the two attribute-ordering treatments once ANA behaviour is accounted for in the estimated choice models. These results highlight the important role of information-processing strategies in the design and evaluation of DCEs.

Solid organ donation after death in the United States: Data-driven messaging to encourage potential donors.

US deceased donor solid organ transplantation (dd-SOT) depends upon an individual's/family's altruistic willingness to donate organs after death; however, there is a shortage of deceased organ donors in the United States. Informing individuals of their own lifetime risk of needing dd-SOT could reframe the decision-making around organ donation after death. Using United Network for Organ Sharing (UNOS) data (2007-2016), this cross-sectional study identified (1) deceased organ donors, (2) individuals waitlisted for dd-SOT (liver, kidney, pancreas, heart, lung, intestine), and (3) dd-SOT recipients. Using US population projections, life tables, and mortality estimates, we quantified probabilities (Pr) of (1) becoming deceased organ donors, (2) needing dd-SOT, and (3) receiving dd-SOT. Lifetime Pr (per 100000 US population) for males and females of becoming deceased organ donors were 212 and 146, respectively, and of needing dd-SOT were 1323 and 803, respectively. Lifetime Pr of receiving dd-SOT was 50% for males, 48% for females. Over a lifetime, males were 6.2 and females 5.5 times more likely to need dd-SOT than to become deceased organ donors. Organ donation is traditionally contextualized in terms of charity toward others. Our analyses yield a new tool, in the form of quantifying an individual's own likelihood of needing dd-SOT, which may assist with reframing motivations toward deceased donor organ donation.

The Effect of Information Type (Inforgraphic vs. Text) on an E- Government Site on Userʼs Attitudes and Responses to the Site: Moderating Roles of User Information Processing Tendency (Visual vs.Verbal) and Information Literacy

The Effect of Information Type (Inforgraphic vs. Text) on an E- Government Site on Userʼs Attitudes and Responses to the Site: Moderating Roles of User Information Processing Tendency (Visual vs.Verbal) and Information Literacy

Osobine ličnosti učenika, strategije samoregulacije učenja i suočavanja sa školskim neuspjehom, dob i rod kao prediktori objektivnoga i subjektivnoga školskog uspjeha

Cijeli niz istraživanja potvrđuje povezanost između osobina ličnosti, samoregulacije učenja i školskoga postignuća, iako te povezanosti nisu jednostavne. Osobine ličnosti važni su prediktori objašnjenja samoregulacije učenja, a jedno i drugo važni su prediktori objašnjenja objektivnoga i subjektivnoga školskog uspjeha, odnosno zadovoljstva školom. Osnovni je cilj ovoga istraživanja bio ispitati u kojoj mjeri demografske karakteristike učenika (dob i rod), osobine ličnosti, (meta)kognitivne strategije učenja, strategije suočavanja sa školskim neuspjehom i strategije traženja socijalne podrške (kao prediktori) objašnjavaju objektivni i subjektivni školski uspjeh (kao kriterije). U istraživanju je sudjelovalo 457 učenika 6. i 8. razreda osnovne škole i 2. razreda srednje škole iz četiriju osnovnih i triju srednjih škola u Republici Hrvatskoj. Rezultati pokazuju da se s povećanjem dobi smanjuje objektivni školski uspjeh. Učenice imaju veći objektivni školski uspjeh, kao i savjesniji učenici te oni učenici koji manje koriste maladaptivne strategije površinskoga kognitivnog procesiranja informacija (što je i najznačajniji negativni prediktor objektivnoga školskog uspjeha). Navedeni set prediktora uspješno je objasnio 29 % objektivnoga školskog uspjeha kao kriterija. S povećanjem dobi učenika smanjuje se i subjektivni školski uspjeh. Učenici koji su viši na osobini Ugodnosti, koji manje koriste maladaptivne strategije zaštite emocija udaljavanjem prilikom suočavanja sa školskim neuspjehom, a više rabe adaptivne strategije traženja emocionalne i instrumentalne podrške od prijatelja, imaju veći subjektivni školski uspjeh. Navedeni set prediktora uspješno je objasnio 18 % subjektivnoga školskog uspjeha kao kriterija.

Rethinking Motivation of Deep Neural Architectures

Nowadays, deep neural architectures have acquired great achievements in many domains, such as image processing and natural language processing. In this paper, we hope to provide new perspectives for the future exploration of novel artificial neural architectures via reviewing the proposal and development of existing architectures. We first roughly divide the influence domain of intrinsic motivations on some common deep neural architectures into three categories: information processing, information transmission and learning strategy. Furthermore, to illustrate how deep neural architectures are motivated and developed, motivation and architecture details of three deep neural networks, namely convolutional neural network (CNN), recurrent neural network (RNN) and generative adversarial network (GAN), are introduced respectively. Moreover, the evolution of these neural architectures are also elaborated in this paper. At last, this review is concluded and several promising research topics about deep neural architectures in the future are discussed.

Investigating Gender Differences in Human Interactions with a Transparent Swarm

Research suggests that different operationalisations of automation transparency can influence team collaboration and performance. Yet, little is known about how gender differences can affect humans’ ability to process the information provided by their automation teammate when the automation is transparent. The significance of this research question stems from the fact that the broader areas of judgment and decision making show that females and males deploy different information processing strategies. The aim of this paper is to explore whether gender differences exist in the way people interact with a transparent swarm. We conducted a user study in which 33 subjects (15 males and 18 females) interacted with a simulated swarm under two conditions: with and without transparency. While no significant differences were detected under the control condition, results indicate that when transparency was added, males were able to utilise transparency early on, while females needed significantly more time to benefit from it. Besides, under the transparency condition, females exhibited significantly longer response times than males. However, as time progresses and towards the last time window of the experiment, females could achieve slightly higher decision accuracy than males. These findings stress the need to consider gender differences when designing transparent human-machine interaction and its training protocols.

Information processing in the “not-in-my-backyard” strategy: An empirical study of anti-nuclear behavioral responses

Nuclear power has become an effective way of addressing environmental challenges such as resources depletion and climate change and is consistent with a strategy of sustainable development. However, popular resistance has increased significantly because the potential accident risk poses a tremendous threat to people, property and ecosystems. This study explored the key determinants of the behavioral response to nuclear power plants. The protective action decision model and the heuristic-systematic information processing model were integrated and adapted to construct a hypothetical model emphasizing the important role of information processing strategies in the “not-in-my-backyard” phenomenon. The research verified the arguments by randomly conducting 405 questionnaires. The empirical results show that risk perception and information need are both important in predicting information seeking and behavioral response. Additionally, the results suggest a mediating role of information processing in the relationship between information seeking and behavioral response. Moreover, the results show that systematic processing is different from heuristic processing. Specifically, systematic processing is positively influenced by information seeking and has a negative influence on anti-nuclear behavioral response, but heuristic processing is negatively correlated with information need and positively correlated with behavioral response. Theoretical contributions, policy implications and further research are also discussed.

Experimental demonstration of suppressing residual geometric dephasing

The geometric phase is regarded as a promising strategy in fault tolerance quantum information processing (QIP) domain due to its phase only depending on the geometry of the path executed. However, decoherence caused by environmental noise will destroy the geometric phase. Traditional dynamic decoupling sequences can eliminate dynamic dephasing but can not reduce residual geometric dephasing, which is still vital for high-precision quantum manipulation. In this work, we experimentally demonstrate effective suppression of residual geometric dephasing with modified dynamic decoupling schemes, using a single trapped 171Yb+ ion. The experimental results show that the modified schemes can reduce dephasing rate up to more than one order of magnitude compared with traditional dynamic decoupling schemes, where residual geometric dephasing dominates. Besides, we also investigate the impact of intensity and correlation time of the low-frequency noise on coherence of the quantum system. And we confirm these methods can be used in many cases.

Teachers’ information processing and judgement accuracy: effects of information consistency and accountability

Research has shown that teachers are able to adapt their processing strategy of student information to situational demands, whereby they flexibly use either an automatic and category-based strategy or a controlled and information-integrating strategy. However, the effect of teachers’ accountability for task and the consistency of student information on strategy use is less clear. In two experimental studies, teachers were presented with consistent and inconsistent student profiles, whereby accountability levels were systematically varied. In the first study, the attention to and memory of information were investigated as indicators of changes in information processing strategy. In the second study, resulting changes in judgement accuracy were investigated. Results of study 1 provided support for the theoretical assumption that people apply the category-based strategy when confronted with consistent information under low accountability conditions, while inconsistent information and high accountability conditions led to the use of information-integration strategy. Results of study 2 showed that teachers’ judgement accuracy generally increased in relation to high accountability conditions and to lesser extent profile consistency, whereby inaccuracy reflected both under- and overestimation of student ability. The combined results suggest that the use of differential information processing strategies not only leads to differences in the attention to and processing of information, but also results in differences in the quality of judgements and decision making, especially under high accountability conditions.

Evaluating producer preferences and information processing strategies for drought risk management tools in Bangladesh

We use stated preference data to study farmers’ preferences for two alternative strategies to manage drought risks in Bangladesh. A choice experiment on drought tolerant rice varieties and weather index insurance was administered to 2306 farmers. Two overarching preference classes or meso-groups were identified using an equality constrained latent class model, each containing various patterns of attribute non-attendance. Our analysis finds that farmers rely on information processing strategies to simplify risk management tool decisions to mitigate drought risk. Differences in the use of farm inputs, and access to savings mechanisms, both formal and informal, are shown to affect decision making.

Model pemrosesan informasi pada intensitas perilaku hate speech pengguna media sosial

The intensity of hate speech behavior is the level of one’s activities in showing negative evaluations as well as justifying and spreading hatred upon others. The rising number of cases of hate speech, bullying, racism, and so on in social media, made researchers interested in conducting research on how students’ strategies in processing information obtained on social media. This study aims to determine the intensity of hate speech behavior by social media users on the selection of information processing strategies or messages on social media. This research incorporates a descriptive quantitative research model. The subjects of this study amounted to 158 people age 19-25 years who were selected using the accidental sampling technique. The research instruments in the present study are the information processing scale and hate speech behavior scale. The results showed that social media users in this study tended to use heuristic processing types (61%), systematic (35%), and systematic-heuristic (3%) which demonstrate that most social media users tended to think simply about the content of any information in social media.

Taking cues from the government: heuristic versus systematic processing in a constitutional referendum

One of the main criticisms of direct democracy is that it places excessive demands on voters. Are citizens competent enough to vote directly on policy issues? When stakes are high, do citizens mainly follow elites’ signals or do they decide in line with their issue preferences? This article addresses these questions in a multi-method setting by combining observational and experimental data from an original three-wave panel survey conducted during the 2016 Italian constitutional referendum. In particular, Finite Mixture Models are employed to model voters’ heterogeneous strategies of information processing. Findings show that heuristic voting based on government evaluation prevails over policy-related voting. More specifically, less politically sophisticated and partisan voters relied on government assessment as a heuristic, while sophisticated and independent voters based their decisions mostly on their assessment of the reform. Implications for the question of citizens’ competence in direct democracy are discussed.

Gender segmentation to increase brand preference? The role of product involvement

Purpose This paper aims to address the role of product involvement in the brand preference formation of men and women. Product involvement can be defined as a consumer’s motivation for product purchase that affects their information processing strategies when forming a brand preference (e.g. more automatic at low levels vs more deliberative at high levels). Given that gender differences are found to be context-dependent, it was expected that, when forming a single brand preference, men would emphasize instrumental aspects (functional and socially conspicuous utilities) and women the experiential utility of the brand only with high-involvement-level products. Design/methodology/approach A descriptive survey (n = 459) using structural equation modeling (SEM) analysis was used following an online experiment where involvement level was manipulated (n = 255) to validate the results. Findings Stereotypical gender differences appeared at high, but not low-involvement levels. Theoretically, these findings question the evolutionary basis of gender differences, as differences were not consistent at both levels. Practical implications The findings raise questions about the efficacy of segmenting by gender when aiming to increase brand preference of low-involvement products, whereas stereotypical targeting seem to be effective for increasing preference for high-involvement ones. Originality/value For the first time, the role of product involvement and gender was examined in brand preference formation. This can theoretically clarify whether gender differences are consistent or dependent on the level of involvement. This information can help in designing efficient marketing strategies for products with different involvement levels.

Evaluation of the learning strategies of the 10th-grade students in a private school of Bucaramanga

This investigation presents the results of the evaluation of the learning strategies of 10th-grade students, to focalize the factors involved in their school learning process. The employed design in this investigation is Quantitative, cross-sectional descriptive. The sample consisted of 30 10th-grade students, to whom the test, Diagnostic Questionnaire for Learning Strategies-CEDEA, a psychoeducative questionnaire (pilotage and validation by experts), and the informed consent to the students and parents. For the questionnaire interpretation, it was taken into account that the scores higher than 60, are considered like strengths and 20 like weak strategies, it was made a relation of the psychoeducative characteristics with the CEDEA variables. The results reveal that old and new students, no matter if they are man or woman, the scores are weak (under 20). In metacognitive-evaluative (Evaluation, planning and self-resources valuation) strategies, information processing strategies (Transference, Memorization, comprehensive, information organization, information acquirement and elaboration), handle of the resources strategies (teamwork and interaction, context control and resources) and dispositional strategies (Perceived self-efficiency, Attention-Active disposition, fitness and mood and anxiety control). In consequence, the data point that the students have a lack of strength in their studying habits, auto regulation in their learning and in the significant learning.

Efficacy of PASS Reading Enhancement Programme on Neuropsychological Functions of a Child with Mild Vascular Neurocognitive Disorder and Comorbid Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder: A Case Study.

Background:PASS Reading Enhancement Programme (PREP), a reading enhancement tool focusing on successive and simultaneous processing tasks, has been used successfully to improve the information processing strategies that underlie reading. The study explored the effects of training with successive processing task of PREP on various cognitive and neuropsychological functioning of an 8-year-old child with mild vascular neurocognitive disorder with comorbid attention deficit hyperactivity disorder.Materials and Methods:A pre–post intervention single case design was used. AIIMS Comprehensive Neuropsychological Battery in Hindi, Children's Form was used to assess the baseline performance on various neuropsychological domains. After 25 sessions of weekly outpatient-based training with PREP, reassessment was done using the same test battery.Results:Results indicated posttraining global improvement in the neuropsychological functioning like receptive and expressive speech, intellectual processes, memory, and reading and writing abilities.Conclusion:Cognitive remediation programs focusing on training in successive processing could be used in the enhancement of overall neuropsychological functioning in children with neurocognitive disorder.

Attention to the Variation of Probabilistic Events: Information Processing with Message Importance Measure.

Different probabilities of events attract different attention in many scenarios such as anomaly detection and security systems. To characterize the events’ importance from a probabilistic perspective, the message importance measure (MIM) is proposed as a kind of semantics analysis tool. Similar to Shannon entropy, the MIM has its special function in information representation, in which the parameter of MIM plays a vital role. Actually, the parameter dominates the properties of MIM, based on which the MIM has three work regions where this measure can be used flexibly for different goals. When the parameter is positive but not large enough, the MIM not only provides a new viewpoint for information processing but also has some similarities with Shannon entropy in the information compression and transmission. In this regard, this paper first constructs a system model with message importance measure and proposes the message importance loss to enrich the information processing strategies. Moreover, the message importance loss capacity is proposed to measure the information importance harvest in a transmission. Furthermore, the message importance distortion function is discussed to give an upper bound of information compression based on the MIM. Additionally, the bitrate transmission constrained by the message importance loss is investigated to broaden the scope for Shannon information theory.

Cross-cultural differences in creativity: A process-based view through a prism of cognition, motivation and attribution

Global innovation capabilities including effective leverage of employee’s creative potential across various cultural contexts have become increasingly important. Although widely recognized among researchers and practitioners, cross-cultural differences in creativity are yet to be comprehensively explored. The paper examines differences in creativity from a process perspective and identifies distinct mechanisms that underlie differences in creativity across cultures. Specifically, the theoretical framework depicts the effects of motivational, cognitive and attribution preferences on information processing strategies at every step of the creativity process and outlines how these differences result in a qualitatively different creative outcome. The perspective presented in the paper traces differences in the degree of novelty and usefulness of a creative idea to the information processing strategies that occur at every given step of the creative process. The proposed model complements prevalent social or normative approaches in the cross-cultural creativity field to provide a process-based explanation for the differences in the degree of creativity that were observed by researchers in the past.

Liquid brains, solid brains.

Cognitive networks have evolved a broad range of solutions to the problem of gathering, storing and responding to information. Some of these networks are describable as static sets of neurons linked in an adaptive web of connections. These are 'solid' networks, with a well-defined and physically persistent architecture. Other systems are formed by sets of agents that exchange, store and process information but without persistent connections or move relative to each other in physical space. We refer to these networks that lack stable connections and static elements as 'liquid' brains, a category that includes ant and termite colonies, immune systems and some microbiomes and slime moulds. What are the key differences between solid and liquid brains, particularly in their cognitive potential, ability to solve particular problems and environments, and information-processing strategies? To answer this question requires a new, integrative framework. This article is part of the theme issue 'Liquid brains, solid brains: How distributed cognitive architectures process information'.

Verbal Learning and Memory in Early-Implanted, Prelingually Deaf Adolescent and Adult Cochlear Implant Users.

Purpose The purpose of this study was to investigate the information-processing strategies of early-implanted, prelingually deaf cochlear implant (CI) users with the California Verbal Learning Test-Second Edition (CVLT-II; Delis, Kramer, Kaplan, & Ober, 2000 ), a well-established normed measure of verbal learning and memory used in neuropsychological assessments of memory loss. Method Verbal learning and memory skills were compared in 20 older adolescent and young adult prelingually deaf long-term early-implanted CI users and their 24 normal hearing (NH) peers using the CVLT-II, a widely used multitrial free recall test of verbal learning and memory. Results On average, CI users recalled fewer words than their NH peers across the immediate, delayed, and cued recall trials of the CVLT-II but were comparable to their NH peers on yes/no recognition memory. CI users showed little evidence of semantic clustering of words during free recall but greater serial clustering compared to their NH peers, suggesting fundamental disturbances in automatic semantic activation of words from long-term memory. No differences were found in verbal memory between CI users and their NH peers on measures of retroactive interference and encoding/retrieval interactions. Performance on the 2nd word list of the CVLT-II (List B) and amount of semantic clustering of words during recall were correlated with sentence recognition in the CI group. Conclusion Study findings demonstrate significant differences in free recall performance and information-processing strategies that early-implanted, prelingually deaf CI users use to encode, organize, store, and retrieve spoken words in conventional verbal list learning paradigms, compared to their NH peers. Because verbal learning and memory are core foundational processes routinely used in daily functioning for a wide range of neurocognitive and language processing operations, these findings suggest potential domains for assessment and novel interventions to promote the development of optimal outcomes in prelingually deaf early-implanted long-term CI users.

SEARCH OF OPTIMAL COMPROMISE BETWEEN REQUIREMENTS IN SPHERE OF INFORMATION PROCESSING AND RESOURCES REQUIRED FOR THESE TASKS

The possibility of using the fundamentals of system analysis when choosing the optimal information processing strategy in the design of complex information systems with the aim of obtaining a complete and objective assessment of information resources, implemented in the interest of analyzing the technical characteristics of integrated information processing tools of complex automated systems, is considered. Information risk analysis was carried out, i.e. the process of integrated assessment of information processing in an automated system with the transition to quantitative or qualitative indicators. In addition, each indicator represents the probable damage, which depends on the information processing in the system. The process of identifying and reducing risks that can affect the information system is understood as the process of risk management. The results of the analysis are used in the selection of information processing facilities and in evaluating the effectiveness of existing and projected subsystems.