Consumer Information Research Articles

Strategi Pemasaran Untuk Meningkatkan Penjualan Kopi Nako Kebon Jati Bogor

Businesses that combine environmental and product aspects are currently growing quite rapidly. Consumers are not only served products according to their taste but can also enjoy natural views with fresh air. One business that utilizes natural aspects as a marketing strategy is Kopi Nako Kebon Jati. This research aims to analyze marketing strategies to increase sales of Kopi Nako Kebon Jati Bogor. The research was conducted using a qualitative descriptive approach. Data comes from analysis of the results of literature reviews and related official publications. The results of this research show that the marketing used by Kopi Nako Kebon Jati Bogor is the Marketing Mix which consists of 4Ps, namely product, price, place and promotion. Of these four things, efforts are made to maximize product marketing strategies. After that, it is supported by a social media platform via the Kopi Nako Kebon Jati Instagram account. This Instagram aims to provide useful information for consumers and reach a very wide market, so that it can increase sales of Kopi Nako Kebon Jati Bogor. The unique strategy that differentiates Kopi Nako Kebon Jati from the others is Hidden Gem, namely that they take a place quite far from the city center and make it a special attraction for Kopi Nako Kebon Jati which sells views of Mount Salak which are not available in coffee shops in general.

Beyond the cow: Consumer perceptions and information impact on acceptance of precision fermentation-produced cheese in Germany

Precision fermentation (PF) is a process for producing dairy products without the need for cows. The technology is considered to have potential for addressing sustainability issues by producing high-nutritional proteins with lower resource consumption. As knowledge about the impact of information as well as of perceived benefits and risks on consumer acceptance is still low we conducted an experimental study with 2,035 German participants. We tested five information treatments regarding basic facts, technology, genetic modification, and similarity to other products using a between-subject design. Furthermore, we included potential benefits and risks concerning animal welfare/farmers’ livelihoods, food quality (consistency and naturalness), land use, nature, and market. Our analysis only shows a significantly negative, but low, impact of information about genetic modification on consumers’ willingness to try PF cheese. We were further able to reveal that consumers are positively influenced by benefits that emphasize the consistent quality and sustainability aspects of PF cheese. The negative arguments addressing farmers’ risk of losing their source of income and the potential market power of large companies appear to be the greatest acceptance-reducing influence. Overall, this study serves as a basis for the successful marketing and communication of PF cheese.

Examining presence in immersive virtual reality and website interfaces through the cognitive fit and cognitive load theories

PurposeThe purpose of this paper is to assess the effects of presence on users’ information processing in mediated visualizations using immersive virtual reality (VR) and websites, focusing on information understanding and cognitive load. The impact of user interfaces on users’ perception of presence is also tested.Design/methodology/approachA between-subjects laboratory experiment using two user interfaces – immersive VR and website – is carried out. It is complemented by a self-administered survey on the participants.FindingsThe current results indicate that an immersive VR interface improves tourists’ information processing by producing a heightened sense of presence. The results confirm that presence facilitates tourists’ information processing by increasing information understanding and decreasing cognitive load. Finally, a negative relationship between cognitive load and information understanding is obtained.Practical implicationsVR user interfaces are not only visually appealing but also cognitively optimized. Immersive VR devices can be introduced in the specific sale process of cruise trips through both offline channels (physical stores and travel agencies) and online channels to facilitate tourists’ information processing during the prepurchase phase.Originality/valueThe primary contribution lies in the integration of the theory of presence with two influential information processing frameworks, namely, cognitive load theory and cognitive fit theory. This integration provides a holistic perspective on how user interfaces influence consumer information processing in the unique context of cruise tourism, particularly during the stage of a prepurchase information search.

Knowledge Management and Linked Data Generation in the CIS Statistics Committee

This article presents the actions implemented by the Interstate Statistical Committee of the CIS (CIS-STAT) in knowledge management information systems, preparation of linked data and «smart» (semantically rich) metadata as part of the CIS data hub that is under construction. Based on the analysis of international experience and after conducting their own long-term research, the authors set out the purpose behind the work – to increase the efficiency and potential of using statistical data by ensuring an unambiguous and meaningful data interpretation, including in consumer information systems. To reach this goal, the authors proposed new approaches and technologies for building a knowledge management system based on the semantic network, which made it possible to link machine-interpretable semantic models with human-readable knowledge representations. Addressing the objective of organizing knowledge about statistical methodology is a key to increasing the potential for using linked data and enabling collaborative processing of statistical data. The proposed methodological and technological approach is aimed at contextualizing a subject area used to develop linked data and generate «smart» metadata. It also provides new opportunities for consumers to work with statistical data and metadata – their interpretation, meaningful analysis, comparison and joint processing. Along with a description of the systems operating cycle, the article provides a meaningful analysis of the issues of harmonizing statistical terminology, identified by practical work with the «Labor Statistics» domain. Special attention is paid to the role of the expert community in developing a knowledge management system

Spatiotemporal dynamics and influencing factors of CO2 emissions under regional collaboration: Evidence from the Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei region in China

Against the backdrop of global climate change and the “dual carbon” target, cities have a significant responsibility to achieve carbon reduction targets. As a crucial urban agglomeration in northern China, effectively balancing economic growth with CO2 emission reduction to achieve high-quality economic development remains a significant challenge that the Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei region should address both presently and in the future. The objective of this study is to utilize nighttime lighting data and energy consumption information to quantify the CO2 emissions of diverse cities within the Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei region spanning from 2006 to 2020. The research aims to analyze the spatial progression patterns of CO2 emissions across these urban centers, identify key determinants and their interrelations, and delve into the underlying mechanisms pivotal for advancing carbon mitigation strategies within urban agglomerations. The results indicate that: with an exception in Beijing where CO2 emissions slightly decreased compared to 2006, CO2 emissions increased across cities in the Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei region by 2020. High-value CO2 emission areas are primarily concentrated in central of the study area, exhibiting negative spatial correlation characteristics. Based on its urban development positioning, it is imperative for the Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei urban agglomeration to formulate and implement carbon reduction strategies on innovative development, industrial upgrading, and ecological protection among other aspects towards coordinated low-carbon development.

How to build trust on entertaining farm stay in sharing economy? Trust formation and its impact on repurchase intention

Abstract Entertaining farm stay in sharing economy has become a unique and feasible accommodation option in China. This paper proposes a comprehensive framework with which to examine the trust-building mechanisms within this emerging sector. Utilizing data from 527 experienced tourists in China, this study conducted a structural equation modeling analysis. The findings indicate that system quality, information quality and service quality, all stemming from platform factors, significantly influence trust. Electronic word-of-mouth, influenced by guest factors, and media richness, influenced by host factors, positively affects perceived usefulness and trust. Notably, while system quality remains positively correlated with trust, its impact on perceived usefulness is diminishing, reflecting the changing information landscape and consumer preferences. This study extends the research on consumer trust on entertaining farm stay in sharing economy. It also provides certain theoretical guidance for trust building in entertaining farm stay market.

Establishing a Geo-Database for Drinking Water and Its Delivery and Storage Components with an Object-Based Approach

Infrastructure facilities that serve the city as a whole and should be considered as a whole should be built in an orderly and planned manner, just as cities are. Infrastructure facilities become obsolete over time. Aging infrastructure facilities may become unserviceable over time. When the need for maintenance and repair arises, it is mandatory to renew or replace infrastructure facilities. In this case, necessary maintenance/repair and renovation works should be completed as soon as possible. These infrastructure facilities may not be transferred to maps in the digital environment and may often be managed with person-oriented information, not institutional. There is a problem for decision makers, namely, that the construction, maintenance, repair and governance of infrastructure facilities cannot be carried out systematically, on time and effectively. The only way to provide such a service is through the combined use of today’s informatics, Geographical Information System (GIS) and Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS) technologies, unlike the classical methods of the past. The aim of the study is to effectively manage the scarce resource of drinking water and its facilities, which are an important component of infrastructure facilities, with a method that uses current mapping technologies and informatics facilities. Especially after Infrastructure for Spatial Information (INSPIRE) and the transformation of Land Administration Domain Model (LADM) to the International Organization for Standardization (ISO) standard, Turkish National Geographic Information System (TNGIS) studies and many academic studies carried out in Türkiye have been modelled with Unified Modelling Language (UML) diagrams in accordance with LADM. Similarly, within the scope of this study, UML diagrams were prepared, and then a GIS database was established. Thanks to field workers, chiefs, engineers and others working on water pipelines, all necessary data, classic, as-built and digital, were gathered. These were collected in different ways in order to conduct spatial and non-spatial analysis in the study area of Trabzon. The most important result from the study is that the entire drinking water infrastructure of Trabzon has been transferred to the system in a structure that allows spatial queries, ensuring that damage detection on water components, maintenance and repair processes are carried out in the shortest time and at the lowest cost. The investigation and application of a sensor-integrated GIS-aided system, making it possible to control and monitor the use of lost and illegal water to be controlled as well as inform consumers who will be affected by possible maintenance and repair, is recommended.

Social media sharing disposition (SMSD) as a driver of consumer information-sharing behavior

Purpose Despite the continued focus on online sharing through social media, little consumer research has looked at this behavior as an independent construct or tried to determine how it relates to other consumer behaviors. Consequently, this study aims to explore the concept of social media sharing disposition (SMSD), proposes a measure of the construct, and, in five studies, assesses its reliability and validity and its relationship to other online and offline consumer behaviors. Design/methodology/approach Five studies using surveys were carried out to assess the SMSD construct. The studies gathered data to assess the properties and validities of SMSD, as well as its ability to assess offline and online sharing behavior. Findings The results indicate that SMSD is a useful construct that helps to explain people’s social media and offline sharing behavior, although its focus is primarily on social media sharing. It also displays convergent, discriminant and predictive validity. These results indicate that SMSD can be used to predict the likelihood of consumers sharing online information. They also confirm that SMSD works effectively in different cultural contexts. SMSD can also be used to assess consumer offline sharing behavior. Research limitations/implications There was neither an investigation of actual differences in behaviors among consumers in the number of posts or online reviews they undertook, based on SMSD, nor a study of whether individuals are more likely to incorporate brand information into their posts. Future research could explore these behaviors to determine whether they can be explained by SMSD. There was also no focus on a rationale for engaging in social media sharing; that is, there are no proposed antecedents of SMSD. Additional studies could assess antecedents of this construct. Practical implications Marketers interested in engaging consumers as participants in the dissemination of online (electronic) information can segment and target consumers on the basis of SMSD. Therefore, it can be used to determine who should be targeted with information to disperse to other consumers. It is likely that there is a relationship between SMSD and social media influencer (SMI) activity, so it could also be used to identify SMIs among consumer bases. It can also be adapted and applied to understanding offline sharing behavior. Originality/value The paper reports on SMSD and establishes that it is an additional construct that can help explain consumer information sharing. The construct relates to a social media context, where it may be increasingly difficult to identify consumers who engage in differential sharing of digital information.

Governing Consumer Information in the Digital Age: Lessons from a Controversy Between a Food Rating App and Processed Meat Manufacturers

Abstract This article examines the legal response to a controversy on dietary information in the context of commercial court and appellate court rulings. Against a backdrop of health and environmental crises, the construction of information on such risks has become a sensitive issue for market actors, as a result of which courts are asked to arbitrate conflicts. This is particularly important at a time when informational mediations carried out by new actors increasingly take the form of digital ratings and augmented information. The dispute involving the firm Yuca and the French agro-industrial processed meat sector is a case in point. This paper analyses the structural arguments put forward in this legal dispute at the first instance and appeal stages. In the light of law and socio-economics, it untangles questions pertaining to the link between denigration and freedom of expression and the definition of the role of scientific research and consensus in the decisions. This leads us to shed light on the contents of the changing missions of two central types of actors: the mediators who monitor and regulate market practices and the judges that arbitrate these mediations and settle controversies.

ANALISA PENGUKURAN KUALITAS APLIKASI GOJEK DENGAN METODE WEBQUAL 4.0

Based on reviews on the Google Play Store for the Gojek application, these obstacles include technical errors in the application, difficulties in finding the nearest driver or merchant, fare calculations, problems with customer service, fraud committed by drivers or merchants, data security and privacy users who are not properly maintained, inconvenience in using the application. The data that has been collected will be presented in the form of a questionnaire instrument using a Likert scale to measure the quality of the Gojek application. Questionnaires were made to obtain respondents' answers by providing alternative choices of answers that made it easier for them. This questionnaire focuses on three dimensions of Webqual 4.0, namely usability, information quality, and service interaction quality. Researcher perform data processing using SPSS software. The results of this study can be used as a reference to improve the quality of Gojek. Subsequent developments focused on aspects of information quality, regarding the precise and accurate level of detailed information. Companies are advised to consider the following recommendations: 1. Improve the quality of information for consumers. 2. Optimizing the appearance of Gojek to make it more attractive. 3. Provide increased discounts to attract consumers. 4. Maintain effective communication with Gojek users.

Are there any differences in the quality of high-mountain green tea before and after the first new leaves unfold? A comprehensive study based on E-sensors, whole metabolomics and sensory evaluation

High-mountain green tea, where the first new leaf hasn't yet unfurled, is prized for perceived superior quality, but this hasn't yet been verified by experimentation. Electronic sensors, whole metabolomics and sensory evaluation were employed to assess the quality of yymj (tea buds with a newly unfurled leaf) and qymj (tea buds without new leaves). The qymj proved to have significant advantages in aroma, color and shape, but still had some shortcomings in umami, bitterness and sourness. Differences in the content of volatile organic compounds (including alcohols, hydrocarbons and lipids) and nonvolatile organic compounds (flavonoids, amino acids, sugars, and phenolic acids) quality of high-mountain green teas with different maturity levels and provides well explained these quality differences. This study establishes a systematic approach to study the quality of high-mountain green tea at different maturity levels, and provides important reference information for consumers, governments and tea farmers.

Engel curves on outsourcing and foreign environmental taxes: A valued‐added approach

AbstractThis paper estimates Engel curves on the foreign content (outsourcing) and the foreign environmental taxes embedded in the consumption of final goods and services in the United States (U.S.). We estimate Engel curves using U.S. household income and consumption information from 1996 to 2011 and find that they are concave and shift down over time. Importantly, our results suggest a coherent picture where the foreign content and the foreign environmental taxes in U.S. household consumption bundles decreased on average over time primarily because of a composition effect where the significant income increase has led to a shift in consumption towards goods and services with lower foreign content and lower foreign environmental taxes. Both effects represent a movement along their respective Engel curves. Consequently, other effects besides income changes play a minor role in the evolution of consumer decisions and their relationship with foreign content and environmental taxes.

Growing pains with kratom: experiences discussed in subreddits contrast with satisfaction expressed in surveys.

"Kratom" refers to an array of bioactive products derived from Mitragyna speciosa, a tree indigenous to Southeast Asia. Most kratom consumers report analgesic and stimulatory effects, and common reasons for use are to address mental and physical health needs, manage pain, and to reduce use of other substances. Natural-history studies and survey studies suggest that many kratom consumers perceive benefits from those uses, but such studies are unlikely to capture the full range of kratom-use experiences. We collected text data from Reddit posts from 2020-2022 to qualitatively examine conceptualizations, motivations, effects, and consequences associated with kratom use among people posting to social media. Reddit posts mentioning kratom were studied using template thematic analysis, which included collecting descriptions of kratom product types and use practices. Network analyses of coded themes was performed to examine independent relationships among themes, and between themes and product types. Codes were applied to 329 of the 370 posts that comprised the final sample; 134 posts contained kratom product descriptions. As Reddit accounts were functionally anonymous, demographic estimates were untenable. Themes included kratom physical dependence (tolerance, withdrawal, or use to avoid withdrawal), perceived addiction (net detrimental effects on functioning), and quitting. Extract products were positively associated with reports of perceived addiction, dependence, and experiences of quitting kratom. Many used kratom for energy and self-treatment of pain, fatigue, and problems associated with opioid and alcohol; they perceived these uses as effective. Consumers expressed frustrations about product inconsistencies and lack of product information. As in previous studies, kratom was deemed helpful for some and a hindrance to others, but we also found evidence of notable negative experiences with kratom products that have not been well documented in surveys. Daily kratom use may produce mild-moderate physical dependence, with greater severity being possibly more common with concentrated extracts; however, there are currently no human laboratory studies of concentrated kratom extracts. Such studies, and detailed kratom product information, are needed to help inform consumer decision-making.

Trends in the Utilization of Outsourced Marketing Departments by Landlords of Boarding Rooms in Ho Chi Minh City

In an era marked by escalating competition, the adoption of Outsourced Marketing practices emerges not only as a cost-saving measure but also as a catalyst for the enhancement of operational efficiency, and market competitiveness. The deployment of outsourced marketing strategies proves to be especially germane to the operational business of boarding-room enterprises in Ho Chi Minh City, rooted in features of operational scale, industry domain specificity, and responsiveness to evolving technological paradigms and consumer information acquisition demand. Fundamental advantages of outsourced marketing services to boarding room landlords encompass cost mitigation; revenue augmentation; simultaneously, increased time for specialized pursuits, brand equity amplification, and recognition level for the rental rooms system. This article principally discusses the trends in the utilization of outsourced marketing departments by boarding room landlords in Ho Chi Minh City, according to three focal domains: (1) The scale of outsourcing, (2) Process of managing and performing outsourced marketing, (3) The influence of outsourced marketing on the operational outcomes of boarding rooms enterprises.

Design of short-term load forecasting method considering user behavior

In order to ensure optimize the short-term power load forecasting effect, load forecasting method design taking into account the user behavior is studied. Mining user power consumption behavior data from power user power consumption information acquisition system, and suppressing power consumption behavior data noise through empirical mode decomposition algorithm; Input the denoised user behavior data into the improved Relief algorithm, extract the user power consumption behavior characteristics, eliminate redundant features through correlation analysis, and cluster the user behavior characteristics using K-means clustering algorithm to reduce the dimension of the feature data and the complexity of the features, then input the clustered features into the online extreme learning machine (OS-ELM), load forecasting is realized through online learning. Experiments show that this method can accurately predict the power consumption of each type of users in different time periods, and its prediction results have a high interval coverage.

Knowledge mobilization between the food industry and public health nutrition scientists: findings from a case study

BackgroundImproving the nutritional quality of the food supply increases access to nutritious foods, which improves dietary habits and population health. Yet, knowledge mobilization initiatives between public health nutrition researchers and food industries are often not adequately considered and understood. This study explored what elements related to this specific context need to be recognized so that researchers can better mobilize nutrition science knowledge with the food industry to promote the nutritional improvement of food products.MethodA case study qualitative approach was selected to answer the research question, using semi-structured interviews as the data collection technique. Québec baking industry actors were shown a mock-up of an online mobilization platform sharing the results of the Food Quality Observatory that describes the nutritional quality of breads offered in Québec, Canada. They were asked to think aloud as they explored the web platform and were interviewed. Two coders analyzed the data using an inductive approach and thematic content analysis, starting with individual open coding, and then put forward their analyses and drafted the final themes.ResultsThe final data consisted of 10 semi-structured interviews conducted between October 2019 and August 2020. Four main themes were identified: the industry’s context, the knowledge mobilization initiative, the product-related matters stemming from the information shared and the motivation within the industry. Within each theme, sub-themes were highlighted and related to the industries’ motivation to improve their products’ nutritional quality. This study also specified key considerations for changes to the sodium and fiber content in bread.ConclusionOther steps beyond using simple language and a website format could be taken to better mobilize scientific knowledge with food industries, such as providing more consumer information, using an integrated knowledge mobilization approach that includes a consideration of ethics, working with communication professionals, collaborating with food science experts, and providing resources to act on shared information. Legislation such as the front-of-pack regulations could accelerate the pace of collaboration between researchers and industry. Overall, establishing a prior relationship with industries could help gain a better understanding of the themes highlighted in this study. Future research could build on this case study to provide more insights and solidify these findings.Classification codesPublic Health, Public Private, Policy Making, Research Institutions, Use of Knowledge.

To Hinder or to Facilitate: Retailers’ Strategy of Consumer Information Sharing

Consumer information sharing is considered an effective strategy to attract consumers, yet certain high-end retailers, such as Bergdorf Goodman and Farfetch, tend to hinder consumers from sharing information through online reviews. We study a retailer’s strategy for consumer information sharing in a supply chain. We find that a retailer’s information sharing strategy can prevent manufacturers from extracting excessive profit when consumers are heterogeneous in their valuations of the selling product. Specifically, a retailer can achieve a higher profit margin by targeting all consumer segments. By strategically choosing the information sharing strategy to influence consumer beliefs, the retailer can induce the manufacturer to conform to the retailer’s preferred targeting segment through a low wholesale price. Thus, a high-end retailer, whose consumers have a high ex-ante quality belief, favors hindering information sharing among consumers because it enables the retailer to target all consumer segments. Interestingly, deterring consumers from learning about the product quality may generate more consumer surplus. Our main results are robust under extensions such as consumer search behavior, consumer waiting, and multiple product selling. When selling multiple products, a retailer with a large quality variation is better off hindering consumers from sharing information. Our work shows that strategically choosing a consumer information sharing strategy enables retailers to enhance profit margins in their interactions with upstream manufacturers.

Free Drawing to assess food consumption information in comparison with the Free Listing: An intracultural study in Brazil with adolescents and dairy products

This study aimed to evaluate the Free Drawing method to assess food consumption information compared to the Free Listing method. Furthermore, the citation frequencies of dairy products consumed by adolescents were compared in Brazilian regions. Adolescents (14–17 years old, n = 265, n = 53 for each region, North, South, Northeast, Midwest, and Southeast regions) listed or drew the dairy products they consumed using Free Listing or Free Drawing. The contingency tables were constructed, and the cognitive saliency indexes (CSI) were calculated. Multiple Factor Analysis (MFA) was performed, and the RV indices were determined. The adolescents listed/drew 55 dairy products, grouped into 10 categories. The Free Listing method resulted in greater citation frequencies of dairy products. The Free Drawing method resulted in richer and more detailed information, with specifications of the type of product consumed within the category, flavor, type of packaging, and brand. The dairy products with the highest citation frequencies/CSI by adolescents were milk, cheese, and fermented milk. The South and Southeast regions observed greater citation frequencies and diversity of dairy products (prevalence in 6 categories). The CSI did not depend on the method, but it was affected by the region (p < 0.05). The sensory methods showed high similarity considering the categories of dairy products (RV = 0.80) and regions (RV = 0.79). It is concluded that the Free Drawing method proved to be an alternative to Free Listing for evaluating adolescents’ consumption information of dairy products in an intracultural study in Brazil.

Exploring the Relationship Among Service Satisfaction, Motivation and Purchase Intention in Malaysia’s Online Banking

Customer satisfaction plays a vital role in service marketing, especially for online banking, due to the advancement of technology and the ease of online banking transactions. Recent studies have found that consumer motivation is crucial in capturing customer value and trust. Consumer motivation will affect consumer purchase intention. However, the scarcity of empirical evidence has inspired researchers to examine the relationship between consumer motivation, perceived service satisfaction, and purchase intention simultaneously in Malaysian online banking. Thus, the role of service satisfaction as a mediating variable in the relationship between consumer motivation (information influences, consumption patterns, and consumer involvement) and purchase intention was discussed in this paper. Data were collected from 250 online banking users through a self-directed questionnaire. All the data has been analyzed using partial least squares structural equation modelling (PLS-SEM). Findings confirmed the significant relationship between consumer motivation, perceived service satisfaction, and purchase intention. The results also indicated that perceived service satisfaction fully mediates the relationship between consumer motivation and purchase intention. Managerial implications were provided to guide online banking service providers on effective ways to retain their users through consumer motivation.

Maternal periconceptional exposure to drinking water disinfection by-products and neural tube defects in offspring.

Associations between maternal periconceptional exposure to disinfection by-products (DBPs) in drinking water and neural tube defects (NTDs) in offspring are inconclusive, limited in part by exposure misclassification. Maternal interview reports of drinking water sources and consumption from the National Birth Defects Prevention Study were linked with DBP concentrations in public water system monitoring data for case children with an NTD and control children delivered during 2000-2005. DBPs analyzed were total trihalomethanes, the five most common haloacetic acids combined, and individual species. Associations were estimated for all NTDs combined and selected subtypes (spina bifida, anencephaly) with maternal periconceptional exposure to DBPs in public water systems and with average daily periconceptional ingestion of DBPs accounting for individual-level consumption and filtration information. Mixed effects logistic regression models with maternal race/ethnicity and educational attainment at delivery as fixed effects and study site as a random intercept were applied. Overall, 111 case and 649 control children were eligible for analyses. Adjusted odds ratios for maternal exposure to DBPs in public water systems ranged from 0.8-1.5 for all NTDs combined, 0.6-2.0 for spina bifida, and 0.7-1.9 for anencephaly; respective ranges for average daily maternal ingestion of DBPs were 0.7-1.1, 0.5-1.5, and 0.6-1.8. Several positive estimates (≥1.2) were observed, but all confidence intervals included the null. Using community- and individual-level data from a large, US, population-based, case-control study, we observed statistically nonsignificant associations between maternal periconceptional exposure to total and individual DBP species in drinking water and NTDs and subtypes.