Information Base Research Articles

Genesis of the Russian Financial System and Ways of Its Transformation: Soviet and Modern Periods

The financial system is derived from the economic model of society. The purpose of our research is to develop the scientific foundations of the genesis of the Russian financial system, allowing us to determine the conditions, causes, factors and elements that can form scientific and practical proposals for its further development, taking into account the current political and economic situation. The Russian financial system has gone through several stages of development: catch-up development finance, war communism finance, new economic policy finance, Soviet finance, neoliberal and globalist finance, national finance. At each of these stages, fundamental changes occurred both in the financial system itself and in its elements. In theory and practice, there is high theoretical, methodological and methodological uncertainty regarding the elements of the financial system. In this context, their study from a historical perspective is relevant. It is proposed to highlight the following main elements: national currency, payment system, monetary relations, tax system, banking system, insurance system, mortgage system, public finance, securities market, mutual investment funds and non-state pension funds, exchange trading, existence of relationships with international finance. The research methodology is based on a theoretical analysis of the basic scientific principles of the formation of the financial system and its elements. The information and empirical basis for the study were scientific research, statistical data, and analytical reviews. The object of observation is the Russian financial system for the period 1928 to the present. The scientific novelty lies in the formation of the author's conceptual approach to the financial system and its elements, and the imperatives for the emergence of economic problems caused by the underdevelopment of the financial system are identified. The study showed the need to further improve the elements of the financial system to ensure economic growth and development.

Accounting as an information basis for reflecting the social component of the company: modern problems and past experience of building accounting in the system of Western Ukrainian cooperation during the times of Austria-Hungary and interwar Poland

The importance and existing problems of recording information about the social component in the enterprise’s activities by the accounting system are discussed. The views of scientists on the disposition of «social accounting» as a self-contained type or an accentuated component of the accounting system are analyzed.
 The author has formulated the position that the introduction into practice of the basic provisions of socially responsible business and new requirements from civil society to the activities of companies require a reliable formalized information base, which can be formed in the general accounting system by highlighting financial and economic operations related to social and public criteria.
 The existing practice of reporting (public presentation of information) by domestic enterprises about the financial and economic operations of a social nature carried out by them is presented and critically evaluated. It has been proven that the publicly presented non-financial and integrated reporting of Ukrainian enterprises with its information array only reveals facts about social expenses and income, but does not contain information about the formation of social capital (acquiring a higher image position by corporate entities).
 The expediency of turning to the experience of the past has been argued and certain aspects of taking into account the social component in the construction of accounting practice within the framework of the association of Ukrainian cooperatives, which can provide solutions to some aspects of modern problems, have been revealed. Based on the application of a new historical-institutional methodological approach for profile research and the method of historical-retrospective analysis, an analysis of approaches to the reflection of the social component in the accounting system for the needs of managing the integral institutional complex of Ukrainian cooperation in Galicia in the period of the second half of the 19th and up to the middle of the 20th century was carried out.
 The formulated proposals mostly relate to the expected organization in the post-war period of economic entities within the framework of professional associations, industry associations or unions, which will require coordination and interaction among themselves in the implementation of processes of a social nature.

CLUSTER ANALYSIS OF INDICATORS CHARACTERIZING DECARBONIZATION PROCESSES IN THE REGIONS OF THE RUSSIAN FEDERATION

The article is devoted to the study of decarbonization processes in the Russian Federation based on cluster analysis using machine learning methods. The purpose of the study is to assess decarbonization processes in the subjects and federal districts of the Russian Federation. Materials and methods. The information basis of the study consists of statistical data from Rosstat for the period 2000-2021 for 82 subjects of the Russian Federation, federal districts, the cities of Moscow, St. Petersburg, Sevastopol and the Russian Federation as a whole. In the process of the proposed study, correlation and cluster analysis was carried out ("k-means" methods and determining the median indicators of each cluster). Estimate indicators of the ratio of GRP to the level of atmospheric air pollution and the level of water bodies’ pollution were used as determining indicators. Results. Based on the analysis, 7 clusters were identified, differing from each other by levels of the main aspects of decarbonization. The first cluster includes 5 subjects (brief description – maximum fresh water per capita, minimum emissions per capita, average carbonisation level), the second – 43 subjects (minimum emissions, minimum discharge and minimum carbonisation of GRP by air), the third – 8 subjects (maximum discharge and maximum carbonisation of GRP by water), in the fourth – 22 subjects (minimum of fresh water), in the fifth – 2 subjects (significant maximum of carbonisation by air and maximum positive balance between capture and emissions), in the sixth – 4 subjects (balance of capture and emissions, minimum carbonisation of GRP by water, minimum discharge and maximum emissions) and the seventh cluster included 12 subjects of the Russian Federation (maximum efficiency of water resources use). Cluster analysis has shown that about half of the subjects of the Russian Federation are characterized by minimum of emissions, minimum of discharge and minimum of GRP carbonisation by air. Conclusions. The conducted cluster analysis of decarbonization processes in the subjects of the Russian Federation makes it possible to conclude that most of the subjects are characterized by efficient use of water resources. There are also subjects with opposite extremes in air and water (maximum emissions and minimum use of fresh water per capita and vice versa). In addition, in the aspect of decarbonization of the Russian economy, it can be concluded that water resources per capita in the subjects of the Russian Federation are used more efficiently than air resources.

THE INFLUENCE OF REPRODUCTIVE HEALTH DISORDERS ON THE LIFE QUALITY OF MEN

The purpose of the publication is to conduct a medical and sociological study of changes in the quality of life components of men diagnosed with reproductive health disorders.
 Materials and Methods. The publication is based on the results of a medical and sociological study conducted among 810 men. The universal and standardized Medical Outcomes Study Short-Form 36 questionnaire was used to study changes in quality of life components. The results obtained reliably reflect the impact of the disease on changes in the components of quality of life.
 Results. Final calculations of the main components of life quality of men have found significant differences in the values of the "Psychological component of health" scales between the main group, which had a value of 12628.0 conventional units, and the control group, which had a value of 17542.0 conventional units. The control group had a higher value, which was 38.9% higher than the main group. Only 4.4% of differences were found in the components of "Physical Health" between the main (9747.4 conventional units) and control (10178.5 conventional units) groups. After calculating the data, it was discovered that there was a difference of 23.9% between the experimental group (22375.4 conventional units) and the control group (27720.5 conventional units).
 Discussion. Based on the abovementioned information, it is reasonable to conclude that men who experience reproductive health disorders frequently face negative impacts on their life quality, particularly on their psychological well-being. It can result in emotional disorders and a decrease in energy levels, leading to fatigue and exhaustion. The scientific evidence suggests few similar studies dedicated to gender-specific changes in the life quality of men with reproductive disorders. The obtained results on changes in the main components of the quality of life under the influence of reproductive health disorders become a valuable informational basis for the development of preventive measures against these disorders.
 Conclusions. According to the results of a medical and sociological study, changes in the components of life quality of men were identified in individuals diagnosed with reproductive health disorders. The study confirmed that the disorders negatively affect physical (4.4%) and psychological (38.9%) components of life quality. The overall calculations confirm the ability of reproductive health disorders to reduce the life quality of men by almost a quarter (23.9%).

Professional training in the digital economy development: experience of training students of I. N. Ulianov Chuvash State University to work with "1C:ERP Enterprise Management"

In the context of the modernization of the education system in Russia and the shortage of personnel in the IT industry, there is an urgent need to graduate competent specialists, which is the direct task of universities, as well as to constantly improve their professional IT competencies and retain specialists in the regions, which becomes the task of regular cooperation between universities and employers.Close attention of employers is paid to university graduates who have experience in working with ERP systems designed to automate the company’s business processes. In the situation of import substitution, the greatest demand among enterprises is for domestic ERP systems, among which the leading position is occupied by “1C:ERP Enterprise Management”. Studying this software product at university becomes the key to success in finding a job.The peculiarities of training qualified IT personnel by teaching “1C:ERP Enterprise Management” at the I. N. Ulianov Chuvash State University are considered the example of two bachelor’s degree programs — “Economics” and “Business Informatics”. The sequence of students’ and teachers’ work with “1C” software products, types of disciplines, and modules is presented. The use of cloud technologies gives students free access to 1C educational materials, free connection to 1C information bases, and teachers — a convenient way tocontrol the work of students.

Intelligence as a Factor of Firm’s Activity: Empirical Research

This paper is devoted to studying Russian enterprises’ human capital and intellectual potential, as well as the characteristics of a company’s intelligence as a production factor and its interaction with the company’s mental abilities and material resources. Our study focuses on domestic enterprises whose activities are determined by the volume and efficiency of using their intellectual resources and abilities. The information basis of the study is the results of the management of domestic companies’ remote survey, “Human capital and intellectual potential of Russian enterprises”, conducted in 2020–2022. The main result of the work was a qualitative and quantitative empirical assessment of intelligence as a factor in the activity of a modern enterprise. Additionally, the state of human capital and intellectual potential of Russian enterprises was analyzed, and the role of intelligence in the composition of such accompanying characteristics (factors) of enterprise activity as coordination, i.e. consistency in the functioning of internal subsystems and external relations of the company; purposefulness, i.e. the presence and level of energy (effort) necessary to achieve the goals; erudition, i.e. possession of information and knowledge necessary for the functioning of the company. Using Goodman and Kruskal’s gamma, the influence of intelligence as a factor in a company’s activity on such characteristics as the innovativeness of its products, the level of education of employees, the company’s competitiveness in the market and others was studied

Genesis of the Russian Financial System and the Ways of its Transformation: the Period Before 1928

The life of modern human society is impossible without an effective economic model. In turn, functioning economies are ensured by the financial system of society. The purpose of this scientific research is to formulate a scientific approach to the development of the domestic financial system, which, unlike most foreign ones, has gone through stages of a complete change in the current paradigm. The Russian financial system has gone through mutually exclusive stages of development: finance of catch-up development, finance of war communism, finance of the new economic policy, Soviet finance, neoliberal and globalist finance, national finance. Each of these stages reflects fundamental changes in the methods and methods of management, which could not but affect the elements of the financial system. In financial theory and practice, there is high theoretical, methodological and methodological uncertainty regarding the elements of the financial system. In this context, their study from a historical perspective is relevant. It is proposed to highlight the following main elements: national currency, payment system, monetary relations, tax system, banking system, insurance system, mortgage system, public finance, securities market, mutual investment funds and non-state pension funds, exchange trading, existence of relationships with international finance. The research methodology is based on a theoretical analysis of the basic scientific principles of the formation of the financial system and its elements. The informational and empirical basis for the research was scientific research by Russian and foreign scientists, data from state and corporate statistics, and information and analytical reviews. The object of observation is the Russian financial system before 1928. The scientific novelty lies in the formation of the author's conceptual approach to the financial system and its elements, and the imperatives for the emergence of economic problems caused by the underdevelopment of the financial system are identified. The study showed the need to further improve the elements of the financial system to ensure economic growth and development.

Trends and «Oddities» in the Evolution of Industry in the Irkutsk Region in the Space of Innovative and Destructive Disturbances

The bizarre evolution of regional industry in a disturbed environment is manifested by the features of non-linear functioning as responses to the influence of assertive factors of transformation of the world and national economy. The motley picture of the chronological series of values of basic industry indicators encourages us to evaluate and explain the observed trends, drawing attention to the «oddities» of the economic dynamics of industry in the Irkutsk region. In an effort to increase the analytics of transition processes excited in the regional economy by streams of innovative and destructive disturbances, the theoretically and practically significant task of objectifying and understanding the patterns of maneuvering of the industry of the Baikal region in a non-stationary environment is being updated. The attractiveness of research on this popular topic in order to identify and argue trends in the evolution of industry in the Irkutsk region obliges us to turn to the teachings of evolution, chaos and disasters, nonlinear dynamics and synergetics, which constitute the methodology of the research presented, for instrumental processing and interpretation of complex economic processes in industrial systems. The information and empirical basis for the research was information from federal and regional statistics, scientific publications on the problems of industrial and innovation management. In accordance with the purpose of the study, the object of study is the industry of the Irkutsk region. Scientific novelty lies in the increase in knowledge about the sources, factors and phenomena of the evolution of regional industry in the space of innovative and destructive disturbances. The article reveals the nonlinear dynamics of indices of the physical volume of the gross regional product, industrial production, investment in fixed capital, and a number of indicators of innovative activity of the regional industry. The conducted research modernizes the theoretical, methodological and applied tools for managing the development of regional industry in a non-stationary environment.

Tools for the Involvement of Construction and Demolition Waste in the Repeated Production Cycle

Purpose. This paper aims to analyze and classify construction and demolition waste. It is necessary that this classification not only reflects statistical data on waste generation, but also serves as an information basis for the integrated waste management system (IWMS). The main task of this system is to maximize the involvement of waste in economic recycling and to objectively reflect the technological capabilities of its processing. This is extremely important in the context of the implementation of European waste management principles and the implementation of the National Waste Management Strategy in Ukraine until 2030. Methodology. The article considers the problems of construction waste management within the framework of the National Waste Management Strategy in Ukraine until 2030, which provides for the implementation of measures and principles of waste management, including construction waste. The author analyzes the management problems in the field of construction and demolition waste, which substantiates the need to classify construction waste with the simultaneous harmonization of processing methods and technologies. Construction activities are inextricably linked to the management of various types of resources, among which secondary materials play a key role in the implementation of construction processes. The ability to effectively manage the flows of these secondary resources is critical to ensuring the sustainability and efficiency of construction production. In this context, the study of the importance of managing the flows of secondary resources becomes an integral part of strategies for optimizing construction processes. Findings. Construction waste from the demolition of buildings and structures is unique due to its size and the need to prepare it for primary crushing. This is especially true in the context of implementing the concept of renovation of the outdated housing stock. Various static and dynamic methods of destruction of building materials, in particular, impact and vibration, have been investigated, with dynamic methods being characterized by lower energy consumption. Originality. The work reflects the formation of theoretical and methodological directions based on the use of recycled materials in construction, as well as a comparative characterization of various methods of destruction of building materials. Practical value. The possibilities of recycling construction waste, in particular, their maximum involvement in recycling, which meets the goals of the Strategy of Ukraine, provides 50% of waste recycling.

Competitiveness of regional labor markets as a determinant of international migration: A nexus empirical study

A large-scale migration from Ukraine caused by russian military aggression has triggered new security challenges to the national and regional economies. The paper aims to assess the competitiveness of regional labor markets and examine its nexus with international out-migration (on the example of the Carpathian region of Ukraine). The research methods include a composite approach (assessment of labor market competitiveness), the theory of sensitivity (identification of degree of sensitivity of composite and partial indices to changes in indicators), nonlinear regression (determination of dependence of the international out-migration on labor market competitiveness), and econometric nonlinear optimization (calculation of critical values of migration). The information and analytical basis comprises indicators reflecting the development of labor markets and international migrations in the oblasts of the Carpathian region in 2008–2021. The study reveals that the level of labor market competitiveness in the region mainly remained below the national average. Two groups of indicators dominated the structure of composite indices of labor market competitiveness in the region’s oblasts: institutional capacity (indicators measuring the ability of regulatory institutions and labor market entities to provide adequate support to the unemployed and promote employment) and labor motivation (wage and income indicators). Only Lviv oblast demonstrated resilience and growth of competitiveness, which was reflected in moderate out-migration. Meanwhile, the intensity of international out-migration in Zakarpattia and Chernivtsi oblasts (with worse labor market parameters) exceeded the estimated critical values. The paper confirms that low competitiveness of the labor market is a factor increasing migration losses. AcknowledgmentThis study has been conducted with the support of the Virtual Ukraine Institute for Advanced Study (VUIAS) Fellowship Programme, 2023/2024.

Official Statistics Today: Choosing the Path of Development

Building on the analysis of the current state of state statistics in Russia, the author formulates development priorities for the national statistical system (NSS) amid digitalization and scarcity of resources. The paper explains the NSS focus on the use of records and state registers as the information basis of official statistics. It is proposed to consider Big Data as a source of additional information that requires verification and adjustments when generating official statistics.The article justifies the need to preserve the system of traditional statistical surveys that allows for measuring phenomena and processes in society and the economy, including characteristics that are not registered when events are recorded by authorities. The author emphasizes the relevance of this system when implementing an essential function of state statistical bodies – creating an integrated information and statistical space in the country.

STUDY OF LAND MANAGEMENT MECHANISMS AND LAND MARKET DEVELOPMENT

The need to improve the processes of land regulation is related to the problem of rational and effective use of land for various purposes in Ukraine. The issue of the land market is relevant in the conditions of martial law. Expropriation of agricultural land plots continues, agreements are actively concluded.
 The trends observed in the process of land use require new organizational and legal approaches to the regulation of land use and the creation of economic incentives for rational use. A mechanism for activating the land market and land protection in Ukraine is needed.
 The article summarizes the main principles of improving the effectiveness of the use of land of individual households, farms, holdings and the meaning of its assessment indicators.
 The study also examines the main achievements and problems of the land market in Ukraine; problematic aspects of the realization of the tenant's preferential right to purchase a plot of land and the transfer of the lease right without the owner's consent are revealed. The author describes the procedure and problems of compensation for damage caused to land owners by hostilities; raises questions about the territorial organization of agricultural and non-agricultural lands, assessment of the validity of land redistribution, restrictions on land use.
 The informational basis of the research is the materials of the Ministry of Justice of Ukraine, the State Service of Ukraine for Geodesy, Cartography and Cadastre and the State Statistics Committee of Ukraine, own research results.
 In the legal aspect, changes in the legislation on increasing the efficiency of land use by individuals and subjects of the state sector of the economy were analyzed. The positive consequences of the implementation of the specified legislative initiatives are indicated. The author emphasizes that land resources are today an element of food security in the conditions of armed aggression and recession of the national economy, which will worsen after the end of the war.

Conceptual foundations of a corporate intelligent risk-based system for analysis, prediction and prevention of occupational and work-related health disorders of workers

The relevance of the study is determined by the strategic interests of the Russian Federation dictating the need to achieve a national priority, which is the development of human potential. Given the ongoing reduction in labor force against a background of depopulation processes, finding a solution to the problem seems especially relevant. The purpose of this study is to develop a scientific conceptual framework for an intelligent risk-based innovative system for analysis, prediction and prevention of occupational and work-related health disorders of workers. This will help substantiate keynote sanitary-hygienic and medical-preventive measures aimed at reducing losses in healthy life expectancy and increasing occupational longevity. The main theoretical idea is based on a unique information-intellectual innovative system for analyzing and predicting cause-and-effect relationships between the effects of harmful and hazardous occupational factors and the resulting health problems of workers, occupational diseases included. The developed predictive digital neural network models, trained on retrospective or actual data on working conditions, health status, socioeconomic conditions and lifestyle factors, are the information and analytical basis for carrying out calculations and assessing the evolution of personal and group (occupation, age, and work records) health risks caused by occupational or work-related diseases in workers. This provides solid grounds for making a forecast of a prevented period of reduction in occupational working capacity associated with working conditions, specifically for each examined occupation, age, and work records. Such forecasts are an eligible information basis for developing and making well-grounded managerial decisions including those concerning sanitary, hygienic and medical preventive measures aimed at preserving occupational longevity. This will significantly increase effectiveness of corporate health-preserving policies.

Концептуальные основы корпоративной интеллектуальной риск-ориентированной системы анализа, прогноза и профилактики профессиональных и производственно-обусловленных нарушений здоровья работников

The relevance of the study is determined by the strategic interests of the Russian Federation dictating the need to achieve a national priority, which is the development of human potential. Given the ongoing reduction in labor force against a background of depopulation processes, finding a solution to the problem seems especially relevant. The purpose of this study is to develop a scientific conceptual framework for an intelligent risk-based innovative system for analysis, prediction and prevention of occupational and work-related health disorders of workers. This will help substantiate keynote sanitary-hygienic and medical-preventive measures aimed at reducing losses in healthy life expectancy and increasing occupational longevity. The main theoretical idea is based on a unique information-intellectual innovative system for analyzing and predicting cause-and-effect relationships between the effects of harmful and hazardous occupational factors and the resulting health problems of workers, occupational diseases included. The developed predictive digital neural network models, trained on retrospective or actual data on working conditions, health status, socioeconomic conditions and lifestyle factors, are the information and analytical basis for carrying out calculations and assessing the evolution of personal and group (occupation, age, and work records) health risks caused by occupational or work-related diseases in workers. This provides solid grounds for making a forecast of a prevented period of reduction in occupational working capacity associated with working conditions, specifically for each examined occupation, age, and work records. Such forecasts are an eligible information basis for developing and making well-grounded managerial decisions including those concerning sanitary, hygienic and medical preventive measures aimed at preserving occupational longevity. This will significantly increase effectiveness of corporate health-preserving policies.

Quantification of Water Released by Thawing Permafrost in the Source Region of the Yangtze River on the Tibetan Plateau by InSAR Monitoring

AbstractThe source region of the Yangtze River (SRYR, 1.4 × 105 km2 above Zhimenda station) on the Tibetan Plateau (TP) has 78% permafrost coverage. The streamflow depth increased at a rate of 2.5 mm/a since 2000. Quantification of the water contribution brought by permafrost thawing is a difficult task. In this study, we used Sentinel‐1 data and the SBAS‐InSAR technique to monitor terrain deformation from September 2016 to December 2021, and then utilized the long‐term deformation rate to assess ground ice meltwater release and the seasonal deformation to evaluate water storage in the active layer. Results reveal that 55.3% of the terrain in the SRYR has subsidence >2.5 mm/a, indicating widespread ground ice melting. The release rate of ground ice meltwater is 4.3 mm/a in the entire SRYR, above 6 mm/a at the Dangqu and Tuotuo River subbasins. The water release rate is relatively small (∼3%) in comparison to the streamflow depth of 151 mm per year during the investigation period of 2017–2021. We did not detect a strong increasing or decreasing trend among the 5‐year seasonal deformation, which reflects that the total soil water content in the active layer did not change significantly during the short investigation period. The results provide a data basis for ground ice richness and loss information in the SRYR and help to understand the impact of permafrost thawing on the regional water cycle in the permafrost environment.

Spatial Modeling of Mortality of the Working-Age Population in the Republic of Bashkortostan

Introduction: The persisting high mortality rate among working-age adults affects both the production potential of the country and the prospects for achieving the goal of increasing healthy life expectancy, as set by the National Demography Project. Variations in mortality are attributed not only to structural differences in the population (sex, age, etc.) but also to significant differences in regional living and working conditions, thus necessitating a more careful study of spatial factors of its growth. Objective: To conduct a spatial analysis of mortality among the working-age population and to identify its determinants based on data for the Republic of Bashkortostan (RB). Materials and methods: The information basis of the study is a balanced panel of mortality rates and their socio-economic determinants for 74 areas (54 districts and 20 cities) and 19 time spans (2002–2020), formed for men and women separately. The Moran’s spatial autocorrelation coefficient and the spatial panel regression modeling were used for data analysis. The neighborhood matrix was used as a weight matrix of spatial connectivity of territories. Results: Our findings showed a pronounced spatial autocorrelation (p < 0.001) for mortality of the working-age population of both sexes. An increase in the gross municipal product per capita significantly (p < 0.001) reduced the overall mortality rate in both men and women of working age while an increase in the local crime rate, on the opposite, significantly increased it. Sex-specific differences were established in the impact of availability of medical resources on working-age mortality: for women this factor was found to be insignificant. Conclusions: The mortality of the working-age population has a non-local, but a spatially dependent nature.

Economic growth of Ukrainian regions and determinants of financial resilience: Modeling the causal nexus

Stable economic progress and upward dynamics of economic growth in the regions depend on their level of security and ability to withstand adverse macroeconomic and other shocks, as well as the state of affairs in which risks cannot be transformed into threats and dangers. The study aims to assess the causal nexus and the level of sensitivity of regional economic growth components to changes in financial resilience determinants. The research methods include systemic and structural analyses (building an information and analytical model for studying financial resilience), Granger test (identifying causal relationships between the variables under study), risk theory (studying the nature of fluctuations), and spatial and temporal approach. Data from the regions (oblasts) of Ukraine between 2015 and 2021 form the informational and analytical basis of the study. The paper reveals that the targeted use of transfers for socio-economic progress, increasing investment capacity, and bolstering financial and budgetary autonomy through increasing local budget revenues are the dominant financial determinants of regional economic growth. The results show that the most dominant causal nexus exists between (1) budgetary efficiency, interest rates on consumer/mortgage loans, and SME development, (2) the volume of loans/deposits and labor market efficiency and SME development, and (3) innovation development and foreign economic cooperation. Intensification of investment activity is crucial for ensuring real changes in the economic structure of all regions, particularly outsiders, accelerating transformation processes, mitigating regional economic divergence, and increasing competitiveness. AcknowledgmentsThe study was conducted within the framework of the “Financial Determinants of Ensuring Economic Growth of Regions and Territorial Communities based on Behavioral Economics” project (№ 2020.02/0215) funded by the National Research Foundation of Ukraine (Competition “Support for Research of Leading and Young Scientists”).

Umbilical cord variables in relation to gestational age by using ultrasonography in normal pregnancy and PIH women

To determine whether the antenatal assessment of CSA of umbilical cord variables is different in PIH compared with healthy pregnant women by using ultrasonography and to assess its relationship with gestational age.This study was conducted in the Department of Radio-diagnosis, Sri Siddhartha Medical College, among 600 (300 normal &300 PIH) pregnant women who underwent a routine prenatal gestational sonogram ranging from 28 to 39 weeks of age.There was a significant difference observed between two groups in all umbilical cord variables except umbilical artery area. Mean ± S.D of the CSA of the umbilical cord variables for each gestational age were studied in normal and PIH women.We found that the mean value of UCA and WJA was increased till 36 weeks then it decline sharply in the normal group whereas in PIH group, the mean value of UCA increases till 36 weeks then it attain plateau and the mean value of WJA increases even after 36 weeks. Our study was first of its kind to document the CSA of UC variables and their growth pattern according to gestation age, which can be used as an informational basis for both normal and PIH pregnant women.

Characteristics and environmental significance of organic carbon deposition in Baiyangdian Lake, China, 1969–2020

Lake sediments provide a basis for ecological information that can reconstruct the history of a lake ecosystem and clarify the carbon sink process. We combined chronological information relating to sediment cores in Baiyangdian Lake with the history of human activities, to examine the influence of the natural environment and human activities on the humification of organic carbon. This analysis revealed the evolution of the ecological environment in the lake over the past 50 years. The results showed the average deposition rate of sediments to be 0.957 cm/a; with the total organic carbon and total nitrogen contents of sediments ranging from 14.32 to 333.19 g/kg and from 0.95 to 26.90 g/kg, respectively. The δ13C values ranged from −13.04 ‰ to −29.07 ‰, while the δ15N values ranged from −1.43 ‰ to 8.37 ‰. The fulvic acid carbon (FAC) content ranged from 0.52 g/kg to 14.21 g/kg, and the humic acid carbon (HAC) content ranged from 1.67 g/kg to 23.82 g/kg. The HAC/FAC value gradually increased as the sediment deepend. The results of each index in the sedimentary column, combined with the dating information, allowed us to conclude that, from 1969 to 1985, human activities had little effect on the lake, and the source of organic carbon and the humification process remained stable. During this period, the water purification function of the lake continued to improve. From 1985 to 2014, the surrounding economy developed rapidly, resulting in significant changes in the lake's ecological structure and the distribution of lake plants. Serious eutrophication occurred, leading to increased pollution Between 2014 and 2020, the lake protection measures implemented achieved initial positive results. During the period, the source of organic carbon and the humification process stabilized, eutrophication was alleviated, and the burial and fixation of organic carbon gradually reached a healthier state.

МЕТОДИЧНІ ЗАСАДИ АНАЛІЗУ ЕФЕКТИВНОСТІ МЕХАНІЗМУ УПРАВЛІННЯ ФІНАНСОВО-ЕКОНОМІЧНОЮ БЕЗПЕКОЮ ПІДПРИЄМСТВА

Actualization of the need to monitor the effectiveness of the financial and economic security system is primarily a consequence of the objective analysis of the effectiveness of the relevant mechanism. The purpose of the article is to determine the methodological principles of the analysis of the effectiveness of the mechanism of managing the financial and economic security of the enterprise in conditions of instability of the internal and external environments. The subject of the study is the mechanism of managing the financial and economic security of the enterprise. Research methods: analysis and synthesis, comparison, grouping and analogies, deduction, economic and mathematical modeling. The hypothesis of the study is that the effectiveness of the financial and economic security management mechanism of the enterprise in conditions of dynamic external environment depends on the objective information support for management decision-making thanks to the operational monitoring of the identification of the main objects of protection against potential threats. Presenting main material. The article examines the financial and economic security of the enterprise as one of the most important components of economic security. The features of managing financial and economic security in the conditions of the financial crisis and related internal and external threats to the enterprise are revealed. The system of financial and economic security of the enterprise is presented as one that reflects the level of the company's financial situation, is characterized by resistance to the influence of threats from the internal and external environments, and is aimed at the effective use of the enterprise's resources. That is why it is important for the management of financial and economic security to have a deep understanding of threats, which are systematized as threats from the external and internal environments. A structural and functional model of the development of the management mechanism of the financial and economic security of the enterprise is proposed. The algorithm for controlling the financial and economic security of the enterprise has been improved, which is primarily focused on monitoring the implementation of the financial and economic security management program aimed at neutralizing threats to financial and economic security from internal and external environments. Based on the generalization of domestic and international experience, the main tasks of state administration bodies to ensure effective management of the financial and economic security of the enterprise, taking into account modern challenges, are structured. In total, the structured methodological principles of the analysis of the effectiveness of the financial and economic security management mechanism of the enterprise create an information basis for making management decisions based on the identification of the main objects of protection and potential threats. Originality and practical significance of the research. The practical value of the research lies in the fact that the obtained results in the form of a structural-functional model for the development of the mechanism for managing the financial and economic security of the enterprise and the algorithm for controlling the financial and economic security of the enterprise are suitable for practical application by enterprises in conditions of dynamic changes. At the same time, the complex result of the development of methodological principles for the analysis of the effectiveness of the mechanism of managing the financial and economic security of the enterprise was tested on the example of the case of the enterprise in the medical field using correlation-regression analysis. In further investigations, the developed methodological developments can be used to develop a system of adaptive management of enterprises in conditions of uncertainty. Сonclusions and prospects for further research. Management of financial and economic security is an integral part of the successful functioning of the enterprise in modern dynamic conditions. Currently, this is the main element of enterprise management, which allows to comprehensively influence the financial condition, providing the ability to effectively use financial resources, competently manage threats, to achieve effective development and implementation of the enterprise's strategy in the present and future. Correlation-regression analysis allows you to determine which financial indicators are the most influential on the level of financial and economic security of the enterprise.