Street vendors' access to formal financial services is severely limited by their socioeconomic features, particularly their poor income, low level of education, and informal status. Despite being essential to metropolitan economies, these circumstances frequently compel people to turn to high-interest, unofficial moneylenders. Objective: The current study aims to identify the factors that affect street vendors' adoption of financial inclusion and examine the operational efficacy of financial inclusion. Methodology: The study was based on a field survey conducted in the Koraput district of southern Odisha. In the Koraput district, 100 street vendors in Jeypore town were surveyed using questionnaires. Probit regression is used to identify the factors affecting the acceptance of financial inclusion. Finding and conclusion: Highly educated and well-off street vendors are more likely to embrace financial inclusion because they are risk averse, have an efficient capital base, greater family incomes, and more debt. Low-level street sellers, however, who have less resources and a smaller capital base, are at risk of financial exclusion. Because of their unofficial status, erratic revenue, and lack of paperwork, street sellers encounter major obstacles to financial inclusion. Low financial literacy, lack of collateral, exclusion from banking services, and restricted access to formal credit—which forces reliance on high-interest loans—are major issues. The inability to maintain minimal bank balances, harassment, and eviction all make these difficulties worse.

ABSTRACT The article discusses the role of labor integration in the social care for war-disabled, chronically ill and older refugees from the Greek Civil War in socialist Czechoslovakia. In state socialism, labor was an economic resource, a tool of political legitimization, and an instrument of social integration and cohesion. For those refugees in a care facility in the town of Těchonín who were unable to work either at all or part-time, labor integration was endorsed as a goal of their rehabilitation and as its means. The refugees’ labor symbolized their contribution to constructing socialism, an act of mutuality between comrades, thus bolstering the idea of transnational communist cooperation. This article draws on archival collections, memoirs, and oral history interviews to scrutinize the tensions between refugees, caregivers, and humanitarians over care, social rights, labor, and presumed socialist morals. The key argument is that neither the refugees’ informal status as heroes of the antifascist and anti-imperialist struggle, nor their reduced ability to work guaranteed their equal social rights. Their labor engagement, even if economically negligible, was equally integrative as it was coercive. It resembled the experience of foreign labor migrants and even Czechoslovak workers, thus surpassing the limits of the refugee category.

Entrepreneurs in the informal sector of the false eyelash home industry in Padamara Sub-District, Purbalingga Regency, have made efforts to comply with basic legal requirements through the possession of a Business Identification Number (NIB). However, several home industries in this area still lack NIBs, resulting in limited access to legal recognition and business protection. This study aims to analyze the fulfillment of workers rights in the false eyelash home industry in Padamara Sub- District, Purbalingga Regency, and to identify the factors that hinder these businesses from obtaining legal permits. The research employs both normative juridical and empirical juridical methods. Thenormative juridical approach is conducted through literature review, including books, journals, and relevant legislation. The empirical juridical method involves interviews with key informants to obtain primary research data. The findings reveal two main points: First, the fulfillment of workers normative rights does not yet align with Law Number 13 of 2003 concerning Manpower. This includes issues such as the right to a fair wage, reasonable working hours, absence of clear and written employment agreements, and lack of occupational safety and health protectionslargely due to the informal status of these workers. Second, several factors hinder the fulfillment of workers rights in the false eyelash home industry in Padamara, including the lack of legal incorporation of these businesses, limited understanding among business owners regarding the importance of legal registration, perceptions that licensing processes are complex and costly, and the prevailing subcontracting and nonpermanent work system. Moreover, cooperatives, which serve as the operational platform for these businesses, also contribute to the slow progress in formalizing these enterprises.

PurposeCollaborative robots are key enabling technologies within the framework of Industry 5.0. Inevitable robot errors may lead to negative attitudes toward robots and cause deviations from task goals. However, collaborative robots with high ability and performance can gain informal status in the human–robot collaborative team. Since status is a significant factor influencing interactions, it is crucial to explore how variations in the status of erring robots influence team members’ attitudes.Design/methodology/approachThis study employs affective events theory (AET) with the experimental vignette methodology (EVM), engaging a total of 388 participants (N student = 216, N non-student = 172) in the experiment.FindingsFirst, erring robot status positively influences error tolerance (lower punishment tendency and higher future collaboration tendency). Second, negative attitudes toward robots mediate the relationship between erring robot status and error tolerance. Third, task goal deviation moderates the relationship between erring robot status and negative attitudes toward robots. Fourth, the protective effect of erring robot status differs by prior robot experience.Research limitations/implicationsThis study enriches theoretical research on robot status and expands the application of AET to the industrial human–robot interaction (iHRI) domain. Additionally, it offers critical guidance to enhance the effectiveness and error tolerance of human–robot collaboration in practical contexts.Originality/valueThese findings offer a mechanistic explanation for employee attitudes and reactions following robot errors and propose practical measures to mitigate the negative impacts of robot errors on human–robot collaboration.

While it is well established that bureaucratic organizations channel status competitions into formal hierarchies, status competitions in nonhierarchical organizational contexts are less well understood. Using a Bourdieusian analysis of practices of status distinction, we analyze the case of an organization that is structurally flat, in order to investigate how status hierarchies and ascribed inequalities are produced and reproduced in a context where formal hierarchy is absent. Our research is based on eighteen months of ethnographic fieldwork at a “makerspace,” an aspirational egalitarian organization that shares tools and space. We find that the absence of formal hierarchy resulted in high levels of informal status competition and an emphasis on cultural capital as a means of gaining status.

The problem of the declining trend in the percentage of labor and the contribution of the agricultural sector to ADHB GRDP in the last decade indicates the risk of future unsustainability that has a negative impact on the economy of East Java. This study aims to assess the risk of unsustainability of the agricultural sector in East Java based on the vulnerability of internal characteristics of workers. The research method combines cluster analysis and logistic regression on 8 internal characteristics of agricultural workers to calculate the probability of vulnerability. Impact was assessed from historical data on the decline in the number of workers and the contribution of the agricultural sector to GRDP. The risk level was obtained by multiplying the values of opportunity and impact. The results show that East Java Province as a whole has a high level of risk of agricultural sector unsustainability, with details of 3 districts/cities having a very low level of risk, 6 low, 21 high, and 8 very high. Further analysis revealed that areas with higher risk levels generally have agricultural workers with characteristics of older age, low education level, minimal use of technology, low income, short working hours, long working period, low financial bookkeeping, and high informal status. The research conclusions emphasize the importance of prioritizing risk management in areas with high/very high risk levels while still paying attention to areas with very low/low risk levels. Risk management suggestions include: Preventive is carried out in areas with high opportunities and impacts, focusing on improving workers' skills and knowledge and encouraging the adoption of technology. Directive is carried out for areas with small opportunities but large impacts, conducting.

The question of whether Jas 2:1-6 is colored by pagan social reality of the early empire has been the subject of quite some discussion in recent scholarship. In this article I take up the thesis of the historian Elke Hartmann which holds that in social spaces of the early Principate there was a close connection between certain aspects of self-staging performed through external signs (clothing, formal and informal status symbols) and the process of social hierarchy formation. Early imperial prose literature and satirical poetry, such as Martials epigrams, documents this social reality in settings like the banquet and the theater and reflects on the topics of honor and dishonor, distinction and degradation. Against this backdrop, Jas 2:1-6 evaluates these topics and social practices in a Christocentric way and with reference to Jewish tradition (Septuagint, Aristeas), thus turning them into a negative foil for the social unity and equality in Christian assemblies.

The article is devoted to the well-known unofficial titles of Russian writers, which have not yet become the subject of a special research in terms of typological characteristics and semantic similarities. Since the 19th century, the conceptual phrase “unofficial title” of a writer has been used situationally in the works of critics and literary scholars, but none of them gives its definition. Theoretical and methodological approaches have not been developed, and terminological apparatus for studying the problem of titles for writers has not been developed too. The concept of “literary title” acquires definitions in the context of mythologization in the national consciousness of the “cult figure” of the writer. It is argued that the informal status title of a writer is rooted in his literary reputation. The incorporation of his name and works into the national literary canon contributes to the apparition of the cult of the writer, which leads to the apparition of the well-known unofficial title of writer, which characterizes his significance for the nation in a compressed form. Unlike official honorary titles, informal literary titles, expressed by both figurative and non-figurative definitions, denote the justified creative merits (significance) of the titled person. It is proved that, in accordance with the established tradition, the semantic content of commonly used informal titles directly or indirectly contains an indication of the primacy of writers in literature (or another of its fields), which is due to their creative exclusivity, genius, which gives rise to a national “cult”. The author of the article comes to the conclusion that the semantic meaning of primacy in literature underlies the semantic convergence of typical models of commonly used unofficial titles of Russian writers, which distinguishes them from the well-known names-nicknames of writers and formula-stereotypes.

ABSTRACT This paper synthesizes the framework of national culture and entrepreneurial orientation (EO) in the context of informal enterprises in hostile environments. The study uses quantitative analysis with the partial least square-structural equation model (PLS-SEM) to examine whether six national culture dimensions affect informal enterprises’ EO in hostile environments. The study draws upon a sample of 385 informal enterprises across seven states of Nigeria. The findings show that power distance, uncertainty avoidance, and normative orientation negatively affect EO. In contrast, collectivism, femininity, and indulgence positively affect EO. The results justify the conclusion that high power distance, high uncertainty avoidance, and normative orientation are important cultural factors that constrain EO across informal enterprises and further inflict their prolonged informal status. In contrast, collectivism, femininity, and indulgence support their EO despite their high-power distance, uncertainty avoidance, and cultural rigidity. The study suggests properly formulating and implementing policies and programmes to reduce prevailing inequality, uncertainties, and complexities. This study makes novel contributions to knowledge by helping understand the relationships between the six dimensions of national culture and the EO of informal enterprises in Nigeria’s hostile environments, thereby providing crucial insight into why these enterprises manifest low EO.

The 27th Conference of the Parties to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change in Egypt made a historical decision on disaster loss and damage for vulnerable countries. Even though parties agreed to salvage vulnerable nations with generous support, a fundamental question remains as to the extent to which these vulnerable countries can accurately identify the most vulnerable communities/areas. In Sri Lanka, informal businesses are particularly vulnerable to floods, but their informal status has limited the extent to which they could receive flood protection, including disaster-resilient infrastructure developments. The main objective of this paper, therefore, is to identify challenges that informal businesses have experienced in dealing with flood disaster risks. In doing so, we analyzed government policies and laws that are related to business formalization and disaster management. We also conducted interviews with key informants to verify our data. Our analysis found that the Sri Lankan government requires informal business owners to follow complicated rules to register their businesses. For these owners, who are not highly educated, these processes and fear of high tax rates discouraged registering their businesses. The central government tends to prioritize flood mitigation actions for formalized business areas. Informal businesses are not usually covered by flood insurance and compensation. In conclusion, we emphasize the need to establish widely available legal and administrative support for informal businesses to register. Adopting business continuity plans (BCPs) and keeping standardized business records also help businesses minimize flood loss and damage.

abstract: Artisanal mining in the Global South increased during the 2002–14 commodity boom, yet variation in the informal status of miners remains understudied. The authors define the status of artisanal mining based on the degree of rule compliance and the willingness of state actors to enforce such compliance: it is legal when the miners have formal permits to operate and follow state rules to mine, but it is illegal when the mining takes places in restricted natural reserves and noncompliance with state mining rules is extensive. The article explains transitions in the informal status of artisanal miners by examining the importance of mining to the local economy and the organizational asymmetries within the sector—that is, the differences in the associative strength of artisanal mining within a region. Where artisanal mining is central to the local economy, low asymmetries help miners transition to legality while high asymmetries, by contrast, push them toward illegality and criminality. The authors process trace these transitions in Peru’s most important gold-producing regions. The findings have broad implications for other small-scale producers and merchants whose activities are also known for widespread informality.

Abstract Various entities, such as startups, suppliers, and governments, face substantial difficulties in convincing nanostore shopkeepers to adopt digital technologies. Given the informal status of nanostores, we posit that shopkeepers experience Tax Privacy Concerns from their operational records potentially becoming transparent to the tax authorities, which hampers their inclination to digitize. Through the application of a survey and vignette experiments in the field with hundreds of shopkeepers across three cities in Latin America, we find consistent evidence for the negative role of Tax Privacy Concerns, above and beyond shopkeepers' Willingness to Share Data with various entities, Trust in the government and other entities, and general Privacy Concerns. Further, we show that having entities that shopkeepers trust and are willing to share data with offer technological solutions does not mitigate shopkeepers' Tax Privacy Concerns and boosts digitization. In contrast, positive word of mouth that data are unlikely to be shared with the tax authorities does mitigate Tax Privacy Concerns. Overall, our findings provide novel evidence for the existence and influence of privacy concerns for operational data among microentrepreneurs, which answers calls in the extant literature to explore privacy concerns beyond the consumer context.

Leveraging the trait activation theory, the study constructs a model featuring moderated chain mediation to explore how perceived overqualification influences employee innovation performance. After conducting two surveys with Chinese employees, this study collects 363 valid questionnaires. The findings reveal that perceived overqualification is positively related to employee innovation performance. Both self-oriented perfectionism and job crafting are partial mediators between perceived overqualification and innovation performance, and they collectively play a chain mediating role. Furthermore, independent self-construction positively moderates the link between perceived overqualification and self-oriented perfectionism, and informal status positively moderates the relationship between job crafting and employee innovation performance. Additionally, the indirect influence of perceived overqualification on employee innovation performance is moderated by independent self-construction and informal status. This study adds to the current body of literature on perceived overqualification and offers practical implications for organizations aiming to enhance innovation performance.

This research is intended to examine the relationship between the Employment Vulnerability Index (EVI) and labor informality in Ecuador in 2018, 2019, and 2021 (considering both pre- and post-pandemic periods). The EVI was constructed using a polychoric principal components analysis (PCPA), while a logistic regression model and a two-stage least squares linear probability model were employed to evaluate its association with workers' informal status. The findings indicate a positive correlation between employment vulnerability and the likelihood of a worker being engaged in the informal sector, with this correlation being particularly pronounced among individuals with higher EVI scores. Accordingly, policymakers are advised to concentrate their efforts on enhancing workers' conditions by increasing educational attainment and implementing programs designed to incentivize formal employment.

The accession of Cambodia, Laos, Myanmar and Vietnam, as CLMV, to ASEAN in the second half of the 1990s, strengthened the organisation, which is now an economic competitor even to the European Union. However, the positive trends in this regard are believed to have been determined by the establishment of The Greater Mekong Subregion Economic Cooperation Program GMS-ECP in 1992, with the participation of six countries: China, Laos, Cambodia, Myanmar, Thailand and Vietnam. Following the establishment of the Mekong Cross-Border Sub-region in 1992, Cambodia, Laos, Myanmar and Vietnam, formed an association of CLMV countries in 1999, seeking joint economic development, contributing to the functioning of tourism as one of the key industries. There are not many publications regarding CLMV, most studies containing information about CLMV concern ASEAN. The study prepared by the authors is the first review study on the organization of tourism by CLMV countries and seeks medical tourism, economic cooperation, trade, transport, and development gap. The collected documents and other source materials were analyzed and assessed. Information on CLMV was considered to be limited due to the informal status of the arrangement.

How does the status of errant robot affect our desire for contact? – The moderating effect of team interdependence

As the object of research in the paper practical solutions in terms of material and non-material incentives for personnel in energy companies as well as methodological guidelines justifying their implementation are chosen. The subject area chosen is the processes of personnel motivation in energy companies in Russia. The objective of the study is to formulate directions for improving this work based on the analysis of information presented in the open press about existing approaches to building a system of personnel motivation in energy companies, taking into account modern transformations in the industry and the demand for innovative development. The methods used in this article include theoretical analysis of scientific literature on personnel motivation in relation to the development of the energy sector, graphical method, analysis of statistical data, analysis of documents covering decisions on personnel motivation in energy companies and the application of advanced digital technologies in management. The main result of the study is the conclusion that the basis for the development of the motivation system should be the perception of employees not as one of the company's resources, but as its value asset, the growth of their involvement for the benefit of achieving the goals and objectives which implies a change in the approach to the personnel motivation system, namely, the strengthening of the personalised component. This approach will allow to focus on incentives, tangible and intangible, oriented to each specific specialist, according to his/her role, contribution and prospects for the organisation. Tangible non-monetary incentives may (with equal amounts in terms of monetary equivalent) differ depending on the employee's interests, his/her needs (education, sports, examinations, hobbies, etc.) and the needs of their family. Non-material incentives related to the formal and informal status and personal brand of an employee in the organisation should also be individualised. This implies the use of AI to process an array of information about existing employees and determine their real contribution to the company's development, their performance at their current place of work, and to develop individualised motivational proposals with subsequent measurement of their performance.

Abstract The growing informal nature of employment in the gig economy does not only merely provide employment for many but also causes exploitation, insecurity, and exclusion from social security because of its informal status. Workers in gig work often go through long working hours, low wages, fear of losing their job, and insecurity which result in their precarious life condition. They experience vulnerabilities related to their employment, residency status, and unfamiliarity with local frameworks—labor law, health, and safety hazards at work which certainly highlights precarious life situations. Besides precarity, gig workers from poor socio‐economic backgrounds often experience discrimination and exclusion because of their social positioning in society. Therefore, the article tries to unfold their experiences of exploitation and insecurity, struggles, and challenges. Further, the article also examines the contemporary agitation and resistance of gig workers against the exploitative policies of aggregators and state measures to address the problem of gig workers in India.

Informal status hierarchy is a ubiquitous feature of social life, and it is one that drives dynamics of dominance, influence, exclusion, and stratification. Utilizing data from the National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent to Adult Health, this article shows that friendship nominations among adolescents are sensitive to status distinctions and that this sensitivity can be exploited to infer status relations and the level of ambiguity those relations entail. A measure is developed to uncover latent status structures based on such relations among students, demonstrating the existence of complex hierarchical structures among communities. Differentiating between students’ rank (verticality) and embeddedness (horizontality), the analysis reveals orthogonal processes of stratification: A student’s rank is associated with their social role at the school, whereas their embeddedness is linked to traditional markers of stratification, such as race and income. The analysis demonstrates the theoretical utility of incorporating ambiguity of status relations and provides a flexible set of statistical tools to study relational status hierarchies.

This article provides research into poetic bonfires, a collective reading practice in modern Russia, for example, the Marina Tsvetaeva bonfire and the Nikolay Rubtsov bonfire. On the popular poets’ death day or birthday, readers gather to read his or her poems and sing songs in a special place related to the poet’s biography. This practice is important in the context of reading practices and the formation and maintenance of a readers/reading community. The authors interpreted through the prism of cultural anthropology collected materials such as ethnographic diaries with thick descriptions and interviews. The authors make the assumption that poetic bonfires, with their ritualistic nature, are connected with the concept of cosmos (everything has to exist in right order). The cosmology of poetic bonfires is set through the repetition of behavioral templates, for example, reading poems and making the bonfire, and by semiotization of the area where the poetic bonfire takes place through the biography of the poet and the readers’ own poetry. Legitimization of the poetic bonfire depends on these factors, but at the same time, in most cases the poetic bonfire itself is informal. Therefore, the informal status of the poetic bonfire makes it a safe space and a special emotional refuge for the participants. The rituality that characterizes poetic bonfires allows participants to unite as a whole group with their own rules and behavioral models.