Influential Leaders Research Articles

In Conversation with Kevin Gallagher, Managing Director and Chief Executive Officer, Santos

This In Conversation offers unparalleled access to one of the energy sector’s most influential leaders, providing an in-depth look at how Santos is navigating the complex intersection of energy innovation, climate policy, and regional energy security. Mr Gallagher will also offer his insights on what recent geopolitical developments and increased scrutiny on the global energy transition and climate goals mean for Australia and international energy markets. Don’t miss this candid conversation with Kevin Gallagher on his vision for Australia’s oil and gas sector and the opportunity for Australia to play a leading role in meeting our region’s energy needs. To view the video, click on the link to the right.

Comparative Analysis of the Employment Obstacles among Women in Germany and Nigeria

This study carried out a comparative analysis of the employment obstacles encountered by women in Germany and Nigeria. The population of the study were ten women selected randomly from Nigeria and Germany. The study used purposive and snowball sampling techniques to select both the main participants and supplementary participants. The study employed semi-structured interviews as a method of data collection. The study did a comparative analysis, to identify commonalities and differences in the employment challenges faced by women in politics in Germany and Nigeria. Findings showed that there is a greater disparity in gender standards and political chances between the two countries and Germany's implementation of quota systems and its systematic approach to gender equality have produced more favourable outcomes as compared to Nigeria's fragmented and less efficient regulations. Also, Germany exhibits notable advancements in political gender equality, as evidenced by its elevated female political representation and influential female leaders while Nigeria's political sphere is predominantly controlled by men, which is a result of ingrained cultural, socio-economic, and structural obstacles that impede women's ability to participate in politics. The study recommended that Nigeria should implement extensive policy reforms, promote cultural changes, and engage in continuous lobbying efforts to establish a political environment that includes women.

Strategies to Elevate the Brand Image of Nursing: A Scoping Review.

To synthesize evidence on strategies to elevate the brand image of nursing. The shortage of nurses worldwide may reflect a significant disconnect between the essential role of nurses in healthcare and public perceptions of the nursing profession. Negative perceptions and misconceptions contribute to an outdated brand image of nursing. Branding strategies are needed to bridge the gap between the nursing profession's current image as caring helpers and its desired brand position as influential leaders. This scoping review followed Arksey and O'Malley's five-stage scoping framework. Eight databases were searched from 2000 to 2023 and screened according to the eligibility criteria. Results were reported according to the PRISMA-ScR checklist. Five themes emerged: profile the desired nursing image, which emphasizes consistent messaging portraying nursing as an intellectual science-based and diverse profession; foster gender equality, which focuses on fostering a gender-inclusive workforce; develop nurses as brand ambassadors who actively advocate for a positive nursing image; increase nurses' visibility to the public, which highlights the use of media and public engagement to showcase nurses' expertise; and create empowering nursing structures, that foster professional growth and development. Strategies to elevate nursing's brand include profiling an inclusive image, developing nurse ambassadors, increasing visibility, and implementing empowerment initiatives through professional development and supportive work environments. Insights from this review can inform policymakers, professional nursing organizations, academia, and healthcare institutions regarding branding strategies. Key strategies include marketing the nursing profession at the micro, meso, and macro levels, leveraging media to influence public perceptions, overcoming gender stereotypes, fostering interprofessional equality, creating supportive work environments, and enhancing professional development opportunities that advance nurses as leaders.

THE FOUR PATHS FOR ADVANCING WOMEN ON CORPORATE BOARDS

Abstract The Singapore‐based author is Managing Director of Communicatio, a privately held consultancy, and a longtime corporate executive. She writes about how women can have a greater presence on corporate boards of directors. She notes the crucial nature of sponsorship, and writes: “Sponsorship occurs when there is a more powerful and influential leader who is willing to invest and spend their political capital for a younger talented leader to progress ahead.” The importance of sponsorship programs is also stressed, with examples such as Deutsche Bank’s ATLAS program. She says the acronym stands for “Accomplished Top Leaders Advancement Strategy.” She describes her involvement with BoardAgender, “an initiative that was launched in March 2011 by the Singapore Council of Women’s Organization.” She describes in detail four paths to the boardroom: becoming a Chief Executive Officer/CEO; the skills‐based path; Towkay’s Daughter; and recognized expert. Within path 1, an example is “Tan Su Shan, who became the first female CEO of DBS Bank in March 2025.” From path 2, Tan Yee Peng, a former partner at KPMG; in path 3, Chew Gek Khim, a “successful businesswoman, a chairman of two boards, and an independent director of multiple boards in Singapore and abroad.” In path 4, Jessica Tan, a “technology veteran who had stellar careers at IBM and Microsoft.”

Moral Witness and Political Pragmatism in U.S. Peace Movements

Peace movements have relied on two strategic approaches to achieve their goals. These include political pragmatism —whereby movement activities are a complement to institutional politics—and moral witness , in which movements use symbolic tactics to highlight moral issues. While we have knowledge of the conditions that enhance political pragmatism, we know little about what makes moral witness effective. In this article, I use case study methods to analyze the factors that strengthen moral witness campaigns and to assess the consequences of relying predominantly on one strategy. I examine two cases: (1) the strategic choices of Bayard Rustin, an influential leader in the U.S. civil rights and peace movements; and (2) the Catholic Left, which mobilized against the Vietnam War and the nuclear arms race. In these cases, movement leaders initially employed both strategies. Eventually, however, Rustin shifted toward political pragmatism, while the Catholic Left shifted toward exclusive moral witness. Deriving lessons from these cases, I find that moral witness is most effective when movements use provocative tactics and understandable symbolism that is visible to a wide audience. I also find that abandoning moral witness for institutional politics can lead to a loss of moral credibility, making it difficult to mobilize people, while abandoning political pragmatism can lead movements to become largely theatrical, which will have limited impact if their audience is small.

A Social-Ecological Model to Explore Multi-Faceted Drivers of Child Marriage: An Iterative Qualitative Study in Southern Bangladesh.

Despite national priorities, legal reforms, and increased investment in interventions, child marriage (CM) remains a significant public health risk, leading to violence, intergenerational nutritional depletion, and poor health outcomes in Bangladesh. Using the social-ecological model (SEM), this iterative qualitative study aimed to understand the drivers of CM at the individual, familial, social/community, and institutional levels to inform policy and programs. A total of 29 focus group discussions (with community members, married and unmarried adolescent girls, and their parents and grandmothers), 44 in-depth interviews (with married and unmarried adolescent girls, and their parents), and 10 key informants' interviews (influential community leaders) were conducted. Findings were drawn through thematic analysis employing both inductive and deductive coding. Identified CM drivers are aligned with the SEM framework. Girls' agency, collective efficacy, self-initiated marriage, and educational performance were individual-level drivers. Family-associated drivers were household poverty, parents' lack of awareness, and intra-household gendered preferences. Social/community drivers include norms about the "ideal" bride, girls' readiness for marriage, control over girls' sexuality and mobility, fear of violence, family honor, and religious norms. Weak enforcement to prevent CM, limited opportunities for girls, ecological conditions, and long school closures during COVID-19 were key institutional drivers. Findings suggest CM drivers are interconnected across levels of the SEM, implying the need for multi-level interventions. Coordinated efforts to reduce CM may include addressing the harmful CM norms and systemic factors leading to CM, raising community awareness about the adverse outcomes of CM, and offering poverty alleviation and economic opportunities for girls.

Using social network analysis to identify peer coaches in the real world of elementary schools: A multi-informant, community science approach.

Coaching can increase elementary school teachers' implementation of evidence-based classroom practices, including equity-centered or culturally responsive practices. However, coaching by personnel external to schools can be expensive and difficult to sustain. Community science principles and social network research suggest the potential of influential peer leaders in schools to accelerate implementation. In the first phase of a multi-year project to develop and evaluate tools to help teachers use evidence-based, equity-focused positive behavioral support strategies in K-5 classrooms, we examine a school-partnered, network-informed process for identifying peer coaches, educator satisfaction with this process, and how feedback influenced process modifications. Educators in various roles (n = 85) from three elementary schools in two Central Ohio districts completed social network nomination and satisfaction surveys and interviews; research-practice partnership meeting records and field notes were analyzed. Findings suggest that a network-informed process to identify peer coaches results in distinct coaching teams and requires flexible application due to the unique, changing nature of school contexts (e.g., staff roles, turnover). We discuss the potential promise of harnessing teacher networks to identify peer coaches to fit the real-world contexts of elementary schools and meet the goal of accessible coaching and, ultimately, more equitable and supportive school environments for all students.

Barriers to Women’s Leadership in Nepalese Politics

This study explores the barriers hindering Nepalese women from taking on political leadership roles and strategies for enhancing women's leadership. The presence of women in executive positions in government and political parties is the basis for women's political leadership. The research used a qualitative method, purposive sampling, in-depth interviews with nine influential leaders of Nepalese mainstream political parties who have significant knowledge about women's political issues, and analysis of existing literature. The data collected was analysed thematically. Although women have gained 33% of the representation in Nepali politics, Women's elevation to top leadership positions is still low. The path to achieving qualitative leadership is still primarily based on an outdated male model that shuts down women's roles. The findings indicate that women face pervasive challenges within the male-dominated political landscape due to deep-rooted patriarchal ideology, social norms, and attitudes that often favour men in leadership roles. Expensive electoral competition and competing against a male counterpart are challenging for female candidates and hinder women's aspirations despite constitutional rights. Implicit biases and discrimination often lead to unequal opportunities for women's advancement. Suggested strategies for enhancing women's leadership by the respondents reveal that women politicians should seek to build larger coalitions to ensure female representation at the executive level, pushing for legal reforms and leadership training. They further suggested that creating distinct constituencies for women to protect women's seats is essential to transforming the proportional election system into a first-past-the-post system. The research reveals that society's unconscious biases have historically privileged men, perpetuating the assumption that leadership is inherently associated with masculinity. Thus, achieving gender-balanced political leadership that sustains democracy requires empowering women through equal opportunities, supportive policies, leadership training, mentorship, legal protections, national campaigns, and media advocacy.

Organizational Transformation and Leadership Development: A Study of Li Lisan and the CCP Central Committee, 1927–29

Abstract Li Lisan was a pivotal figure in the early Chinese Communist Party (CCP). His meteoric rise and subsequent political line profoundly shaped the party's development during a critical period of transformation. After studying in France and participating in early labour movements, Li emerged as an influential leader during the tumultuous aftermath of the First United Front's collapse. This article examines Li's ascent to power in the CCP from 1927 to 1929, focusing on three critical phases: his appointment as provincial party secretary in the Guangdong province following the failed Guangzhou Uprising; his elevation through the Sixth CCP Congress; and his role in reshaping central–provincial relations. Combining material from Chinese and Soviet sources, the article illustrates how personal networks, centre–periphery dynamics and Comintern influence shaped leadership formation within the early CCP. Li Lisan's case illustrates how revolutionary organizations manage leadership transitions during periods of crisis, balance central authority with local initiative and navigate international relationships. The article contributes to our understanding of institutional adaptation in revolutionary movements and illuminates a crucial yet understudied period in the CCP's organizational development.

Mediating Transatlantic Interests and Advancing European Integration: Jean Monnet’s Networking Leadership

This study examines Jean Monnet’s strategic approach to European integration, focusing on the pivotal role of communication among key actors. By analyzing the reciprocal exchange of ideas and the coordination of strategies between Monnet and American elites, this article demonstrates how the frameworks and ideas underpinning European integration were conceived and developed. While existing scholarship predominantly focuses on Monnet’s network activities during the 1950s, this study broadens its scope to explore his engagements with American counterparts as early as the 1920s. Through a comprehensive analysis of Monnet’s dialogues with U.S. policymakers and intellectuals from the 1920s to the 1950s, this research highlights that meaningful progress toward peace and regional integration depended on effective communication, the recognition of divergent perspectives, and skillful conflict management. Ultimately, the study argues that regional cooperation critically relies on the establishment of communication channels that align shared interests at higher political levels, sustain political momentum, and foster transnational networks among influential leaders.

On the reasons for the popularity of monarchical ideas in Volhynia in the early 20th century

In the early 20th century, the monarchist movement in Russia had several centers, one of which was Volhynia province. The purpose of this article is to identify the reasons for the success of the monarchists in the south-western fringes of the empire, particularly in Volhynia. The scientifi c novelty of this research is twofold: firstly, it utilizes a wide range of sources, some of which are first introduced into the scientific discourse; and secondly, it employs the latest achievements of both domestic and foreign historiography. The most signifi cant reason for the popularity of monarchist ideas in the South-Western territory was the presence in the region of a constantly smouldering ethno-confessional confl ict between Orthodox, Catholics and Jews. This was rooted in the region’s acute socio-economic contradictions, chiefly the ongoing struggle for land between Orthodox peasants and Polish Catholic landlords, with Jewish tenants, who leased land to the peasants on unfavourable terms, becoming embroiled. Additionally, Jews effectively monopolized retail trade in the countryside. The Union of Russian People (SRN) emerged in the region, defending autocracy (which for the peasants embodied order and the patronage care of the sovereign for his people), Orthodoxy (the faith of their ancestors, for which the Cossacks had fought against the “Lyakhs” and “Jews” for centuries) and “Russian nationality” (with which Volhynia’s peasants identifi ed themselves). This development gave rise to a renewed sense of optimism among the Orthodox populace, who perceived the SRN as a potential bulwark against the “Polonization” of Volhynia province. Moreover, they anticipated that the SRN would facilitate their acquisition of land owned by Catholic landlords and would also assist in the dissolution of the trade monopoly held by the Jewish population. This was due to the fact that the SRN had declared both of them to be enemies of the autocracy. The personal factor also played an important role in the popularization of monarchist ideas in Volhynia. The Right had strong and influential leaders in the region, mostly clergymen. So these leaders could use not only the spiritual authority of the Pochaiv Lavra but also its material base in their political activities.

The Path to Power: Notes on a New Biography of Edward Gierek

Edward Gierek served as the Secretary of the Communist Party’s Regional Committee in the Katowice Voivodeship from 1957 to 1970. He was regarded as the most influential local leaders and, by the end of the decade, one of the key politicians in the country. He was brought into central politics by the First Secretary of the Polish United Workers’ Party (PZPR) Bolesław Bierut, and in December 1970 he contributed to the overthrow of Władysław Gomułka’s leadership and replaced him as the head of the party. Mirosław Szumiło describes Gierek’s path to power from the second decade of the twentieth century to the early 1970s.

The Poet's Childhood

This article discusses the childhood, ancestry, and family background of the great Kazakh poet and philosopher, Abai Kunanbayev. Abai was born in 1845 in the Shyngys Mountains. His real name was Ibrahim, but he became widely known by the affectionate name "Abai" given to him by his mother. His father, Kunanbay, was a respected judge, a fair ruler, and a key figure in the development of religion and sharia during his time. Abai's grandfather, Öskembay, and great-grandfather, Yrgizbay, were also influential leaders who played significant roles in the governance of the Kazakh people. As the rulers of the Tobykty clan, they had an important influence on Kazakh society. Abai, inheriting the legacy of his ancestors, grew into a thinker who was deeply concerned about the future of his nation. His childhood, family, and the environment in which he was raised had a significant impact on his worldview and creative works.

Exploring Healthcare Students’ Perceptions about Race and Privilege at a Large Academic Medical Center: A Pilot Study of a Peer Education Program

Amid the racial unrest stemming from the summer of 2020, in the United States, many institutions had difficult conversations about race and the impact of racism with employees, students, and patients. In January 2021 and February 2021, we recruited undergraduate students for the Peer Education Program (PEP), a voluntary program conducted at a large academic medical center, and encouraged students to have a safe space to discuss controversial topics in healthcare. From April 2021 to July 2021 four interdisciplinary healthcare students met once a month for 1 hr to discuss privilege, race/racism, leadership, and advocacy and their influence on health equity. Four students completed PEP, and three students completed the program evaluation survey. Conventional content analysis was used to code data and identify major themes to evaluate PEP. Students described privilege in a positive context, using words like “freedom,” “special right/advantage,” and “opportunity.” Race was viewed as (1) a way to discriminate, (2) a “man-made concept” used to establish racial hierarchy, and (3) insignificant due to the complexity of human beings. Students realized there are several required steps to adopt and sustain social change in healthcare, which led to the “The Four A’s of Social Change”: Awareness, Acknowledgment, Action, and Advocacy. Program strengths included topics, guest speakers, and open dialogue. Recommended changes included allocating more time for dialogue and increasing the frequency of monthly meetings. To be an influential and empathetic leader in healthcare, one must understand the impact that privilege and race/racism have on patients and equitable healthcare.

Social perceptions and representations of unaccompanied foreign minors on social media

Abstract The migration of unaccompanied foreign minors (UAMs) to Europe has become a prominent issue, particularly in Spain, due to its geographic proximity to North Africa. This study explores the social perceptions and representations of UAMs on social media, analyzing the dominant narratives and their impact on public opinion. Employing mixed‐methods analysis, combining both quantitative and qualitative approaches, we examine discourse structures and the amplification of polarized narratives around UAMs. Findings reveal a prevailing narrative of criminalization and security concerns, with frequent portrayals of UAMs as threats, which are amplified through social media's echo chamber effect and by influential network leaders. Conversely, a minority narrative highlighting their vulnerability and human rights needs is less visible, suppressed by the spiral of silence phenomenon. These polarized narratives significantly influence public perceptions, reinforcing stereotypes and shaping potential policies. The study emphasizes the importance of balanced, rights‐based communication strategies to counteract negative representations and foster an inclusive public discourse surrounding UAMs.

Russia on Our Mind

Abstract Russia has had a bad reputation in the West for most of the twentieth and twenty-first centuries. Russia’s unprovoked attack on Ukraine in February 2022 reversed any lingering optimism that followed in the wake of Mikhail Gorbachev’s perestroika and glasnost reform programs at the end of the 1980s. Western Pentecostals not only have shared this negative view of Russia but also have viewed Russia in a negative eschatological light. This article aims to show, however, that Western Pentecostal perceptions have not always been negative, at least in early Pentecostalism. By a historical analysis of Western Pentecostal periodicals from the last years of the Russian Empire (1910–1917), through the Russian Civil War (1917–1922), to the initial years of the Soviet Union (1922–1929), the article demonstrates that perceptions of early Western Pentecostals fluctuated quite significantly in this period and were due to a changing historical situation and the efforts of influential leaders like William Fetler. The article concludes with an analysis of the reasons for the shifting perceptions.

Perceived Obstacles to Executive Leadership Roles for Women of Ethnic Background in NHS

Introduction: Equality and Diversity are an essential component of every profession and organization in this day and age. Female leaders from ethnic backgrounds are under-represented in the healthcare, owing to only less than 5% of executive leadership roles in the NHS. There are several obstacles or barriers for females to pursue leadership roles such as lack of opportunities, education, training, gender disparities, and work – life balance and family commitments. However, some barriers are perceived and may be associated with personality, lack of confidence, self-esteem or adequate guidance. The availability of a mentor or role model as inspiration is helpful in finding a career path for achieving long-term and short-term goals. Aims and Objectives: This research aimed to explore, describe and understand perceived obstacles and challenges preventing female leaders of ethnic background reaching executive roles in the NHS. The objectives were to determine the perceived personal barriers for women in executive leadership roles, particularly being at a disadvantage from the ethnicity front and to explore perceived perspectives, personal life experiences, motivations, perspectives, and reflections of women in leadership roles in health care. Methodology: This research project adopted an interpretive, inductive approach with a qualitative design. 9 female leaders working in the healthcare sector in UK were invited. 9 participants were interviewed via digital portals. Findings: The results generated from coding software were presented as descriptive analysis, pie charts and tables. The themes correlated to frameworks identified in literature review as Growth mindset, Goleman’s components of emotional intelligence and Equality and Diversity framework. Conclusion: Female leaders advocated developing skills and higher educations to progress into leadership roles. Mentoring and role models help in ascending the career ladders and may prove to be an important support system. Networking, enhancing communication skills and developing social skills is paramount in leadership roles. Being self-aware of strengths, weaknesses, shortcomings and emotions and managing difficult tasks is a skill that can be developed to be an influential leader. Female leaders in this research had good family support system but felt they needed to commit to family responsibilities including child care and taking care of elderly parents. This did not hinder the progress but nonetheless, is a contributing factor. No female leader felt victim to gender disparity or sexual harassment at work place. The perceived barriers for most participants were lack of confidence, self-worth, adequate training and education. To conclude, all female leaders advocated self-development and actively seeking continual professional development opportunity as perceived internal barriers limit growth as opposed to external barriers such as lack of opportunities or gender disparities.

Work-based learning: a catalyst for leadership, organizational development and economic growth in Tennessee.

This paper explores the significance of work-based learning in the context of leadership development, organizational growth and the promising economic success in Tennessee organizations. It aims to investigate the practical implications of work-based learning, focusing on its role in enhancing leadership capabilities, fostering innovation and contributing to a prosperous economic future. The research employs a systematic literature review to examine existing studies on work-based learning, leadership development, organizational growth and economic success in Tennessee. It also involves data collection from various sources, including government agencies, colleges and organizations in the state. The collected data are rigorously verified and cross-referenced to ensure reliability and relevance. The findings emphasize the transformative potential of work-based learning initiatives in Tennessee. They reveal that work-based learning programs are vital in developing influential leaders, fostering a culture of learning and innovation and contributing to economic competitiveness. The research also highlights the interconnectedness of leadership development, organizational growth and economic success, emphasizing the critical role of work-based learning in driving positive outcomes in all these dimensions. This research contributes to the existing body of knowledge by emphasizing the practical applicability of work-based learning findings. It provides insights into the unique context of Tennessee organizations and their motivations, challenges and opportunities related to work-based learning. The research also outlines recommendations and future research directions to bridge the gap between theory and practice, enhancing the impact of work-based learning initiatives in Tennessee and beyond. The insights gained can assist other states and industries in developing effective work-based learning programs tailored to their specific economic needs and industry demands, fostering broader economic prosperity.

A Qualitative Assessment of Non-compliance to Polio Vaccination Across Diverse Regions of Nigeria

Abstract Objective: This study examines the fundamental factors contributing to non-compliance with polio vaccination initiatives in four Nigerian states: Kano (Northwest), Taraba (Northeast), Edo (South-South), and Abia (Southeast) through a comparative qualitative methodology. The selected states were intentionally chosen to represent Nigeria's regional diversity and past immunization issues, covering various cultural, economic, and policy contexts. Methods: Data were gathered via focus group discussions (FGDs) with caregivers and key informant interviews (KIIs) with immunization stakeholders from governmental and nongovernmental sectors. The focus group discussions examined personal experiences and perceptions of economic obstacles, community attitudes, misinformation, communication methods, and the impact of religious, traditional, and influential leaders. The key informant interviews offered institutional insights into how structural elements and policy execution influence adherence to vaccination initiatives. Results: The results, organized into five thematic categories, showing numerous ongoing challenges: economic adversity, vaccine-related myths and misinformation, inconsistent communication, religious and customary opposition, and inadequate institutional cooperation. These variables collectively engender vaccine scepticism and diminish participation in polio immunization programmes. The study indicates that enhancing compliance necessitates contextspecific measures that involve trusted local leaders, fortify community-based communication, and tackle cultural and economic realities at the grassroots level. Conclusion: This study highlights that non-compliance to polio vaccination programs in Taraba, Abia, Edo, and Kano states is driven by a combination of interrelated factors.

Distinctive feature of ancient India

Civilization appeared in India in 1921. Before this, it was believed that Vedic culture was the oldest culture of India which was born thousand years before Christ. In 1921, suddenly remains of India’s Bronze Age civil civilization were discovered at a site called Harappa on the banks of the Ravi River. From this it became clear that in terms of history, Indian civilization is ahead of other ancient civilizations of the world and this civilization had flourished before the Vedic culture. To know its detailed form, Dayaram Sahni did excavations in Harappa. In search of other sites of this civilization, Rakhaldas Banerjee discovered the second site of this civilization in 1922 from a mole named Mohenjodaro, in Lakarana district on the western bank of the Indus River. From the complete Harappan style objects found here, it became clear that both these sites situated at a distance of 400 miles belong to the same civilization. The archaeological remains recovered from these sites included coins written in an unknown script, such as those from some sites in Babylonia, dated to the third millennium BC. Was received from the levels of. From these signs it became clear that Indian civilization is as ancient as the Sumerian civilization. As a result, the sites of Harappa and Mohenjodaro were excavated on a large scale. Madhosvarupa Vatsa in Harappa from 1925 to 1931; Marshall, Dixit, Hargreaves, and Sanaullah conducted extensive excavations at Mohenjo Daro from 1925 to 1927. After Marshall, Mackay continued the excavation work in Mohenjodaro till 1931. After this he excavated Chahunjodaro in 1935-36. Archeology was not satisfied with the information obtained over the years, so influential leaders like Majumdar, Hargreaves, and Orelstein made successful efforts to discover other Bronze Age sites in Sindh and Baluchistan. In 1935, Madhoswarup Vatsa found the remains of Indus civilization from Rangpur in Kathiawar, while Wheeler did re-excavation work in Harappa in 1956.