Influence Of Surface Conductivity Research Articles

Influence of Surface Conductivity on Dispersion Curves, Mode Shapes, Stress, and Potential for Lamb Waves Propagating in Piezoelectric Plate.

Lamb waves propagating in piezoelectric plate covered by thin-film electrodes with arbitrary conductivity are investigated. The structure consists of three parts, piezoelectric plate, top and bottom thin films with arbitrary conductivities, and top and bottom free space. The governing equations in each part are first solved, and then, continuous conditions are used to form the propagating matrix. Finally, the dispersion equations are obtained by boundary conditions. Calculating the dispersion equations with different conductivities, the dispersion curves in high conductivity and zero conductivity are compared. The wave mode shapes of different branches are investigated, including the distributions of mechanical displacements and stresses in the piezoelectric plate and distributions of electrical displacement and potential in both plate and free space. The relationships between frequency difference and wave mode shapes in zero and high conductivity are investigated. Furthermore, the dispersion curves of general conductivity are calculated. The attenuation of waves is compared in different branches and different conductivities. The wave mode shapes are also calculated and compared with the cases in zero and high conductivities.

An electrical model with equivalent elements in a time-variant environment for an ionic-polymer-metal-composite system

Ionic polymer metal composite (IPMC) is a kind of ionic electroactive polymer (EAP) smart material that can exhibit conspicuous deflection with low external voltages (~ 5 V). It can be cut in various sizes and shapes, and used and applied in robots and artificial muscles with the capability in aquatic operation. An IPMC strip can be modeled as a cantilever beam with a loading distribution on the surface. Nevertheless, the loading distribution is non-uniform due to the imperfect surface conductivity that causes four different imaginary loading distributions employed in our structural model. The difference can be up to 5 times (3:8 mm to 19 mm). In this paper, a novel linear time-variant (LTV) model is introduced and applied to model an IPMC system. This modeling method is different from previous linear time-invariant (LTI) models because the internal environment of IPMC may be unsteady due to mobile cations with water molecules. In addition, the influence of surface conductivity is simulated and proven based on this model. Finally, by applying this novel modeling method, hysteresis that exists in IPMC and affects the relationship between the output deflection and the corresponding input voltage, such as 0:1-, 0:2-, and 0:3-rad/s sinusoidal waves, has been shown and simulated.

Influence of surface conductivity on the apparent zeta potential of amorphous silica nanoparticles

Zeta potential is a physicochemical parameter of particular importance in describing ion adsorption and double layer interactions between charged particles. However, for metal-oxide nanoparticles, the conversion of electrophoretic mobility measurements into zeta potentials is difficult. This is due to their very high surface electrical conductivity, which is inversely proportional to the size of the particle. When surface conductivity is similar to or higher than the electrical conductivity of bulk water, it can significantly lower the electrophoretic mobility of the particles. It follows that the magnitude of the apparent zeta potential determined from the Smoluchowski equation (disregarding surface conductivity) can be grossly underestimated. We use a basic Stern model to describe the electrochemical properties and to calculate the true zeta potential of amorphous silica nanoparticles immersed in NaCl solution. The parameters of our surface complexation model are adjusted by potentiometric titration and electrophoretic mobility measurements at high salinity (10−1M NaCl). Electrophoretic mobilities are calculated using Henry’s electrokinetic transport model with specific surface conductivities and zeta potentials estimated by our surface complexation model. The very good agreement of calculated and measured electrophoretic mobilities confirms that the true zeta potential corresponds to the electrical potential at the outer Helmholtz plane (OHP). Consequently, the shear plane might be located close to the OHP. The assumption of the presence of a stagnant diffuse layer at the amorphous silica/water interface is therefore not required.

Influence of surface conductivity on the apparent zeta potential of TiO2 nanoparticles: Application to the modeling of their aggregation kinetics

Titanium dioxide nanoparticles (TiO2 NPs) are extensively used in consumer products. The release of these NPs into aquatic environments raises the question of their possible risks to the environment and human health. The magnitude of the threat may depend on whether TiO2 NPs are aggregated or dispersed. Currently, limited information is available on this subject. A new approach based on DLVO theory is proposed to describe aggregation kinetics of TiO2 NPs in aqueous dispersions. It has the advantage of using zeta potentials directly calculated by an electrostatic surface complexation model whose parameters are calibrated by ab initio calculations, crystallographic studies, potentiometric titration and electrophoretic mobility experiments. Indeed, the conversion of electrophoretic mobility measurements into zeta potentials is very complex for metal oxide nanoparticles. This is due to their very high surface electrical conductivity associated with the electromigration of counter and co-ions in their electrical double layer. Our model has only three adjustable parameters (the minimum separation distance between NPs, the Hamaker constant, and the effective interaction radius of the particle), and predicts very well the stability ratios of TiO2 NPs measured at different pH values and over a broad range of ionic strengths (KCl aqueous solution). We found an effective interaction radius that is significantly smaller than the radius of the aggregate and corresponds to the radius of surface crystallites or small clusters of surface crystallites formed during synthesis of primary particles. Our results confirm that DLVO theory is relevant to predict aggregation kinetics of TiO2 NPs if the double layer interaction energy is estimated accurately.

Influence of surface conductivity on sensitivity of acoustic wave gas sensors based on multilayered structures

The influences of the surface conductivity on the velocity of an acoustic wave (AW) in a multilayered material are studied theoretically with the transfer matrix method and the conductivity sensitivity of the AW sensor is presented. It is found that the velocity of the AW increases with decreasing surface conductivity and vice versa. The result is used to explain the abnormal response of AW sensors, in which the central frequencies of AW sensors increase after they sorb the detected gases. Meanwhile, the conductivity sensitivity is found to be related to the dielectric constants of the multilayered material and the electromechanical coupling coefficient of the sensor. Finally, the sensitivities of AW sensors based on multilayered structures are optimized by considering the influences of the surface conductivities of the sensors with different initial conductivities and thicknesses of the sensitive layers.

Influence of surface conductivity on the apparent zeta potential of TiO 2 nanoparticles

Zeta potential is a physico-chemical parameter of particular importance in describing ion adsorption and electrostatic interactions between charged particles. Nevertheless, this fundamental parameter is ill-constrained, because its experimental interpretation is complex, particularly for very small and charged TiO 2 nanoparticles. The excess of electrical charge at the interface is responsible for surface conductance, which can significantly lower the electrophoretic measurements, and hence the apparent zeta potential. Consequently, the intrinsic zeta potential can have a larger amplitude, even in the case of simple 1:1 electrolytes like NaCl and KCl. Surface conductance of TiO 2 nanoparticles immersed in a NaCl solution is estimated using a surface complexation model, and this parameter and particle size are incorporated into Henry’s model in order to determine a constrained value of the zeta potential from electrophoresis. Interior conductivity of the agglomerates is calculated using a differential self-consistent model. The amplitude of estimated zeta potential is greater than that derived from the von Smoluchowski equation and corresponds to the electric potential at the outer Helmholtz plane calculated by our surface complexation model. Consequently, the shear plane may be located close to the OHP, contradicting the assumption of the presence of a stagnant diffuse layer at the TiO 2/water interface.

The evaluations of the influence of surface conductivity to the energy of particles in discharge channel and interaction force in contact charging process

In this Letter, we present some analytical expressions by using the equations of electric field, inside and outside of a cylindrical void, taking the surface conductivity into consideration. We apply the obtained expressions to the high voltage insulation and ion electron technology, such as: (i) energies of charged particles occurring in discharge channel in accordance with Townsend approach; (ii) interaction force between the dielectric particle and the electrode for DC and AC cases.

Influence of surface conductivity on the optical properties of tin-doped indium oxide films

The factors that affect the reflection of coatings based on tin-doped indium oxide in the IR region are studied. It is established that IR reflection, despite the fairly high concentration of charge carriers and their mobility, does not reach the value close to unity expected from Drude theory. This disagreement between the calculated values and the experimental results is associated with radiation absorption caused by the film's surface conductivity, and this is confirmed by reflection measurements in the millimeter region.