Influence Of Response Bias Research Articles

Escala de Conexão no Esporte (ECE): Controle de Aquiescência e Invariância

Abstract The Sports Connection Scale (ECE) is one instrument to assess the connection of the 5C’s model of positive youth development. In a previous study, the scale presented a two-factor solution, despite the theory suggesting a unifactorial structure. This study aims to compare the ECE unifactorial model with and without acquiescence control to the two-factor model and to test the scale invariance between collective and individual modalities practitioners in a sample of young Brazilians. The results indicate the unifactorial solution is acceptable for the controlled model and that the instrument is not equivalent between the two groups. The adequacy of the instrument and the influence of response bias in the item's answers were verified.

Influence of response bias and internal/external source on lateral posterior parietal successful retrieval activity

In studies of recognition memory, regions of the lateral posterior parietal cortex exhibit greater activity (as indexed by the fMRI BOLD signal) during correct recognition of “old” (studied) items than correct rejection of “new” (unstudied) items. This effect appears to be source-sensitive, with greater activity associated with recognition of perceived than imagined events. Parietal successful retrieval activity also varies with response bias, or the tendency to be conservative about making “old” judgments. Here, we examined whether differences in response bias associated with recognition judgments of perceived and imagined events could account for source-based differences in LPPC activity. Participants perceived and imagined items in response to cue words and then at test, made recognition judgments in blocks that knowingly contained either a high or low proportion of old to new trials. While participants were indeed more conservative when making judgments about perceived than imagined events, the neuroimaging results demonstrated that response bias and source effects occurred in non-overlapping parietal regions. These findings suggest that source-based differences in LPPC activity cannot be explained by differences in response bias associated with recognizing perceived and imagined events.

The development of Weinstein′s noise sensitivity scale

Many studies have shown the significant correlation between noise annoyance and noise sensitivity identified by Weinstein's noise sensitivity scale (WNS). However, the validity of the scale has not been sufficiently assessed. This study was designed to investigate the validity of each question in WNS and to develop a more valid noise sensitivity measurement scale. A questionnaire study was conducted in a residential area along trunk roads in Kusatsu, Japan, and 301 responses were collected. In this paper, noise sensitivity was defined as the factor that induced individual variability in reactions caused by noise exposure and that is not affected by the noise exposure. The relationship between noise exposure and answers to each question in WNS was investigated by multiple logistic regression analysis, and the influence of response bias on the score of WNS was examined. The results showed that WNS contained some questions that were inappropriately related to noise exposure level and that the score was affected by response bias. The reported correlation between annoyance and the score of WNS could be confounded by noise exposure and response bias. A noise sensitivity measurement scale named WNS-6B was newly developed, excluding the biased questions from the original WNS and applying binary coding to six-response options in order to reduce the response bias. WNS-6B seemed to be more appropriate to assess noise sensitivity than the original scale.

Other: Influence of response bias on self-reported pain in response to the cold pressor test in college men and women

Despite our reliance on self-reported pain in experimental and clinical settings, little is known about the influence of response bias on self-reported pain. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to examine the relationship between socially desirable responding (SDR) and self-report pain measures in an experimental setting. The participants were 18 male and 22 female undergraduate students (mean age = 20.50 years). SDR was assessed using the Balanced Inventory of Desirable Responding. The participants underwent a 3-minute cold pressor test (CP) on the non-dominant hand. Pain threshold and tolerance were determined during CP. Pain intensity, quality, and affect were assessed with a Visual Analogue Scale (VAS) and the Short Form-McGill Pain Questionnaire (MPQ-Sen, and MPQ-Aff, respectively) following CP. Pearson's correlation analyses were performed with the overall data, and by gender. The overall analyses revealed that SDR correlated negatively with MPQ-Aff (r = -.416, p < .01), but not with the other pain measures (pg .05). The analyses by gender revealed that SDR did not correlate significantly with any of the pain measures (pg .05) in men. SDR correlated negatively with MPQ-Aff (r = -.681, p < .01), but not with the other pain measures (pg .05) in women. It is concluded that pain threshold, tolerance, intensity, and quality were not associated with response bias, while pain affect was found to be negatively biased in this study. Furthermore, self-report pain measures were not associated with response bias in men, however, pain affect was found to be negatively biased in women in this study.

Strong effects of definition and nonresponse bias on prevalence rates of clinical benign prostatic hyperplasia: the Krimpen study of male urogenital tract problems and general health status.

To estimate the prevalence of benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) in the community, and study the influence of BPH definition, age and response bias on prevalence rates. Subjects and methods A community-based longitudinal study of 3924 men aged 50-75 years was conducted in a Dutch municipality (Krimpen) near Rotterdam. Data from those responding were collected using self-administered questionnaires, and during visits to the health centre and outpatient clinic of the urology department. The questionnaires included symptom scores on general well being (Inventory of Subjective Health, ISH) and lower urinary tract symptoms (International Prostate Symptom Score, IPSS). A short version of the questionnaire (including the IPSS and ISH) was sent to a random sample of those not responding. All subjects participating fully underwent a physical examination, uroflowmetry, transrectal ultrasonometry of the prostate and had their prostate specific antigen level measured. Age-specific prevalence rates of BPH were estimated using different definitions, based on one or more of symptom severity, prostate volume and maximum flow rate. The influence of response bias was estimated using the questionnaires. The response rate was 50% (full participants). Of those not responding, 55% completed a short version of the questionnaire (partial participants). Compared with full participants, partial participants had a lower IPSS and slightly lower ISH. The prevalence rates of clinical BPH in the study population was 9-20% (95% confidence interval, 8-11% to 22-27%) depending on the definition used. After adjusting for nonresponse bias, the age-group specific prevalences for 5-year age strata were 1.1-1.8 times lower for all BPH definitions used. The prevalence rates of clinical BPH depend largely on the definition used and increase strongly with age. The effect of age is stronger when more variables are included in the definition. Adjustment for response bias results in substantially lower prevalence rates.

Implicit and explicit memory and response bias

The influence of response bias on tests of implicit and explicit memory was assessed by using word-stem completion and recognition. During acquisition, subjects were presented either with a list of words unrelated to the task in the retrieval phase or with a list of words whose stems could be completed in only two ways (e.g. “appeal,” “appear”). In the word-stem-completion retrieval phase, the subjects, who were given either explicit or implicit memory instructions, were asked to complete these stems. Retrieval of items in implicit and explicit memory tasks was highly correlated (r =.593 and.625, respectively) when the acquisition list had contained the words completing the stems and similarly correlated (r =.667) when the acquisition list had contained no words completing the stems. There was no correlation between recognition and explicit stem completion. In contrast to stem completion, there was no overall correlation between “recognition” in the condition in which the acquisition list contained words to be recognized later and the guessing condition, in which the acquisition list had contained no words presented during the retrieval phase. However, when the items were divided into two groups differing in memorability, a negative correlation appeared between recognition and guessing probability with the more memorable items, and a positive correlation appeared with the less memorable items. This suggests that response bias, rather than the memory the tasks are designed to test, is responsible for the normally reported lack of correlation between recognition and word completion.

The influence of response distortion in assessing self-perceptions of physical ability and attitude toward physical activity.

Abstract Response distortion is an acknowledged concomitant variable in psychometric research. Although the influence of response bias on the Estimation scale of the Physical Estimation and Attraction Scales (PEAS) has previously been considered for adolescent males, experimental evidence concerning the sensitivity of the adult versions of both the Attraction and Estimation scales to “faking” has not been provided. To determine this sensitivity, adult versions of the PEAS were administered to male and female undergraduates (N = 122). Subjects were randomly assigned to one of three groups and received either “fake bad,” “fake good,” or standard instructional sets. Results generally supported the view that the total score on each of the Attraction and Estimation scales is relatively insensitive to attempts to “fake good.” However, attempts to “fake bad” consistently resulted in a significant decrease (p < .01) in both Attraction and Estimation scores as compared to a standard control group. These findings s...

Changes in visual spatial organization: response frequency equalization versus adaptation level.

Two experiments tested alternative explanations for the apparent change in visual spatia l organizatio n produced by exposure to or anchor stimuli. Th e alternative positions evaluated were that the change was percep tual (adaptation-level [AL] theory ) or that it was the result of response bias (response-frequency-equalization theory) . I n Experimen t I, judgments of spatial organization were obtained for 11 different matrices of dots in a series ranging from columna r organization to rowlike organization. Th e 5s were exposed o n alternate trials to dot pattern s o f extreme horizontal (rowlike ) organization, to extreme vertical (columnar) organization, or to neither (contro l group). A s predicted by both theories, judgments wer e systematically affected by the adapting stimuli. I n Experiment II, the influence of response bias was nullified by a forced-choice procedure. Contrar y to AL theory, once response bias was eliminated group differences vanished. Adaptation i s a chang e in sensor y re sponse which follow s th e presentatio n of some stimulus. Th e study of visual adaptation provides a powerful analytic tool for identifying th e natur e an d characte r of sensory mechanisms which support various perceptual experience s (Weisstein , 1969) . Adaptation-level (AL) theory provides one general framewor k which integrates, i n a limited set of equations, many apparentl y unrelated phenomena connected with adaptation (Helson, 1964). While adaptation may potentially follow exposure to any stimulus which differs from the curren t base-lin e leve l o r pattern of stimulation (Andrews , 1964; Held, 1962), it is importan t to distinguish actual changes in sensor y respons e fro m ersat z form s of adaptation. Onl y the former changes are likely to illuminate sensor y processes. Sek uler and Erlebache r (1971 ) identifie d on e possible artifact which could produce ersatz adaptation, th e tendenc y o f 5 s t o us e available response s wit h equal frequency. Among th e experiment s single d ou t a s demonstrations of ersatz, rather than genuine, adaptation are several reported by Bell 1 Preparation of this article was aided by National Institute of Health Grants EY-00321 and NS-10094. 2 Requests for reprints should be sent to Robert Sekuler, Cresap Laboratory of Neuroscience and Behavior, Northwestern University , Evanston , Illinois 60201. and Seva n (1968) . I n Bel l and x Bevan's first experiment, which may be considered as the prototype for all their experiments, 5s judge d th e spatia l organizatio n o f a series of dots arranged on the vertices of an imaginary matrix. Whe n the vertical distances betwee n dots are greater than th e horizontal distances , the dots seem t o be organized in rows. Whe n the vertical distances betwee n dot s ar e les s tha n th e horizontal distances , the dots seem t o be organized in columns. Thes e observation s demonstrate th e operatio n o f the gestal t principle of proximity. Bel l and Beva n used a graded series of dot matrices ranging from extreme rowlike organization through neutral organizatio n (vertica l distance s equal t o horizontal distances) t o extrem e columnlike organization . Eac h stimulu s was judged , usin g th e metho d o f single stimuli, a s rowlik e o r columnlike . Th e point of subjective equality (PSE ) ca n be defined a s th e stimulu s whic h appeare d most nearl y neutra l (i.e. , judged rowlik e with P = .5). Th e PS E was determined for each of three groups. Fo r the column group, every other stimulu s to be judged was extremely columnar in its organization —such a stimulus was virtually certain to elicit a colum n judgment . Fo r th e row group, every other stimulus was extremely rowlike in its organization—being virtually certain t o elici t ro w responses . A fina l