Influence Of Reaction Conditions Research Articles

Influence of Reaction Conditions on the Yield of Supercritical Multicomponent Thermal Fluids

Supercritical multicomponent thermal fluid (scMCTF) is a novel medium with great potential for heavy oil thermal recovery. The production rate of scMCTF will affect the injection efficiency of thermal fluid, and then affect the development effect of thermal recovery. However, at present, there are few reports on the production rate of each component of scMCTF, and their understanding is not clear. According to the existing production rate data of supercritical water (scH2O) gasification products, based on the generation mechanism of scMCTF, the production rate of thermal fluid generation products under different generation conditions was calculated, and its influencing factors were identified. The results show the following: (1) The factors affecting the production rate of scMCTF generation products can be divided into three categories: reaction raw material factors, reaction condition factors, and catalytic factors. (2) The hydrocarbon number of raw material, reaction temperature, reaction time, and catalyst concentration were positively correlated with the production rate of the product. (3) The concentration of the reaction raw material is negatively correlated with the production rate of the product. The higher the concentration of the raw material is, the lower the concentration of H2O is, and the steam reforming reaction is inhibited, which leads to the decrease in the production rate. (4) The effect of reaction pressure and catalyst load on the product is not significant. (5) The reaction product production rate increased first and then decreased with the ratio of H2O to oil in the raw material emulsion and the ratio of preheated H2O to raw material discharge. (6) The effect of metal salt catalysts is relatively stable, and the catalytic effect of simple metal catalysts is significantly different under the action of different types of accelerators, so it is necessary to study the degree of synergization of different accelerators on the catalytic effect. The results can lay a foundation for the subsequent experimental and theoretical research design.

Novel Preparation of Two Oxidized Starch Formulations for Removal of Cr (VI) Ions From an Aqueous Solution

AbstractHexavalent chromium (Cr(VI)) has attracted much attention because it is a harmful pollutant. In this study, acid hydrolyzed hydrothermal double modified starch (AHS) and hydroperoxide oxidized starch (HOS) are prepared from natural starch and used for the reduction of chromium (VI) in aqueous systems. The effects of hydrothermal acidolysis and oxidative modification of starch on the reduction rate of Cr(VI) are discussed, including the changes of solubility, swelling power, particle size, content of straight‐chain starch, and carbonyl/carboxylic group content. The results of response surface methodology (RSM) optimization show that the influence of reaction conditions on the reduction rate of Cr(VI) by NS is as follows: reaction time > initial pH of solution > reaction temperature > starch to Cr(VI) mass ratio; and on the reduction rate of Cr(VI) by AHS and HOS is as follows: initial pH of solution > reaction time > starch to Cr(VI) mass ratio > reaction temperature.

Online Compositional Analysis of Complex Oligomers in Biomass Degradation by High-Pressure Flow-Through Reactor Coupled with High-Resolution Mass Spectrometry.

Online analysis of the composition and evolution of complex oligomeric intermediates in biomass degradation is highly desirable to elucidate the mechanism of bond cleavage and study the effect of conditions on the selective conversion of feedstocks. However, harsh reaction conditions and complicated conversion systems pose tremendous challenges for conventional, state-of-the-art analytical techniques. Herein, we introduce a continuous and rapid compositional analysis strategy coupling a high-pressure flow-through reactor with online high-resolution mass spectrometry, which enables the molecular-level characterization of most biomass-related products throughout the conversion for over 2 h. Catalytic depolymerization of one model compound was studied, and temperature-dependent data of over 50 intermediates as well as recondensation dimers and oligomers were obtained, which have rarely been reported in the literature. Thousands of products during the flow-through conversion of birch wood with molecular weights up to 1000 Da were presented, and 8 typical lignin dimers and oligomers with various interunit linkages were identified at the molecular level, demonstrating the potential to analyze more complicated systems far beyond conventional methods, especially for complex oligomers. The continuous evolutions of different components and typical products were unveiled for the first time, providing valuable insights into the investigation of the structure, composition, and decomposition mechanism of lignocellulose as well as the influence of reaction conditions. This method leads to the previously unattained ability to probe and reveal complicated chemical compositions in high-pressure reactions and can be applied to all other high-pressure heterogeneous aqueous reactions.

Tuning physicomechanical properties of PEG-interpenetrated anionically modified semi-IPN cryogels functionalized with carboxylate groups

Anionically modified interpenetrated polymer network (semi-IPN) cryogels containing linear polyethylene glycol chains (PEG) were prepared via in situ synthesis and directed assembly of the negatively charged copolymer poly(acrylamide-co-sodium acrylate) (PAN) network template. The influence of reaction conditions; the concentration of linear PEG chains, and polymerization temperature on the elasticity and swelling of these IPNs was analyzed in detail. The interpenetrating structure of PEG chains and PAN host network have been confirmed by FTIR, TGA and XRD analysis. The equilibrium water content, oscillatory swelling/deswelling kinetics, and water transport mechanism were analyzed as a function of PEG content. The results showed that semi-IPN gels exhibited different swelling behavior as the reaction conditions varied. Addition of 13.9% (w/v) PEG resulted in a 25-fold increase in the swelling ratio of semi-IPN hydrogels. By performing compression tests on semi-IPN gels to determine the change of compression properties, the effective cross-linking density of semi-IPN PAN/PEG was expressed as a second-order polynomial depending on the amount of PEG. The swollen modulus of semi-IPN cryogels was much higher than that of semi-IPN hydrogels for all PEG concentrations. Semi-IPNs showed reversible on-off switching with remarkable sensitivity to external pH stimulus. Structural parameters, degree of swelling, volume fraction of cross-linked polymer in the swollen state, and diffusion coefficients due to pH-induced swelling of semi-IPN gels were determined. The presence of linear PEG chains in the structure promoted swelling by both increasing the swelling rate and significantly reducing the time required to reach the equilibrium-state. The swelling process was Fickian diffusion, and the diffusion coefficients for swelling of PEG-interpenetrated semi-IPNs increased with PEG content. The effectiveness of removing methylene blue (MB) dye from aqueous solutions by semi-IPNs was evaluated. Batch adsorption experiments were performed as a function of the gelation temperature, amount of PEG, contact time, and initial dye concentration. The adsorption isotherm and kinetics were described well by Langmuir isotherm model and pseudo-second-order model, respectively. Adsorption of MB was a multi-step process involving surface adsorption followed by intra-particle diffusion. Semi-IPN PAN/PEG cryogels prepared under cryocondition with high adsorption capacities and fast adsorption rates have been developed as new adsorbents effective in removing dyes and other toxic substances with higher mechanical strength in water and wastewater treatment.

Comprehensive utilization for hydrothermal conversion products of food waste

Hydrothermal conversion technology is a promising technique for resource utilization. In this study, the influence of reaction conditions on the distribution of hydrothermal conversion products was investigated, and the resource utilization methods of all components of hydrothermal conversion products were discussed. The results showed that the highest bio-oil yield was obtained at 310 °C, which was 36.75 %. The higher heating value and energy recovery rate of bio-oil can reach 39.68 MJ/kg and 78.55 % respectively. And it had great potential as an alternative fuel. When wheat seeds cultured by aqueous were diluted 100 times at 310 °C with GI ≥ 80 %, the phytotoxicity disappears. At this time, the contents of total nitrogen, total phosphorus, and total potassium were 1234.80, 150.34, and 1640.36 mg/L respectively, and the heavy metal content was lower than the national standard for foliar fertilizer. The optimal conditions for biochar to adsorb methylene blue were adsorbent dose 2 g/L, 180 rpm, temperature 70 °C, and time 120 min; The gas phase yield increased with the increase of temperature (0.15–7.45 %). The yield at 310 °C was 2.76 %. The main component of the gas phase was CO2, accounting for 93.71–97.92 %. The innovation of this study was that food waste can be converted into bio-oil through high-temperature hydrothermal reaction, achieving energy recovery. The aqueous phase product of hydrothermal conversion was used as water-soluble liquid fertilizer, achieving resource utilization. At the same time, the reaction was carried out under high temperature and pressure, which can completely kill pathogens in food waste and has extremely high biological safety.

Acid-resistant polyamide-sulphonamide nanofiltration membrane with positive charge for efficient removal of dyes/metal ions in acidic wastewater

The selection of separability and surface positive charge is of significant importance for treating acidic industrial wastewater with acid-resistant nanofiltration (NF) membranes. In this work, polyvinylidenefluoride (PVDF) flat membrane was used as the base membrane material, with polyethyleneimine (PEI) as the aqueous monomer and trimesoyl chloride (TMC)/benzene-1,3-disulfonyl chloride (BDSC) as the organic phase monomers, to prepare PEI-polyamide-sulphonamide (PASA) NF membrane through interfacial polymerization (IP). The influence of reaction conditions on membrane separation performance and corrosion resistance were studied, and the performance differences of the membrane under different ratios of TMC and BDSC were explored. PEI-PASA NF membrane was characterized by FTIR, XPS, SEM, contact angle tester, and mechanical strength tester. The results showed that the PEI-PASA NF membrane prepared under optimal conditions had a strong positive charge on the surface, with a water flux of 17.54 L·m−2·h−1 at 5 bar, and after static assessments in 10 % H2SO4 solution at 55 °C for 24 h, the methyl orange rejection remained kept over 95 %; after dynamic filtration in 1 % HCl for 120 h, the rejection performance of the membrane remained stable (FeCl3 96.88 %, CuCl2 93.72 %), indicating the potential application inharsh conditions, especially acid wastewater treatment.

The Influence of Reaction Conditions on the Properties of Graphene Oxide

The present study focuses on correlations between three parameters: (1) graphite particle size, (2) the ratio of graphite to oxidizing agent (KMnO4), and (3) the ratio of graphite to acid (H2SO4 and H3PO4), with the reaction yield, structure, and properties of graphene oxide (GO). The correlations are a challenge, as these three parameters can hardly be separated from each other due to the variations in the viscosity of the system. The larger the graphite particles, the higher the viscosity of GO. Decreasing the ratio of graphite to KMnO4 from 1:4 to 1:6 generally leads to a higher degree of oxidation and a higher reaction yield. However, the differences are very small. Increasing the graphite-to-acid-volume ratio from 1 g/60 mL to 1 g/80 mL, except for the smallest particles, reduced the degree of oxidation and slightly reduced the reaction yield. However, the reaction yield mainly depends on the extent of purification of GO by water, not on the reaction conditions. The large differences in the thermal decomposition of GO are mainly due to the bulk particle size and less to other parameters.

Effect and mechanism of iron-carbon micro-electrolysis pretreatment of organic peroxide production wastewater.

The wastewater from organic peroxide production has high chemical oxygen demand (COD) concentration and poor biodegradability, so it is necessary to find a cost-effective treatment method. The iron-carbon microelectrolysis (IC-ME) technology was used to pretreat the organic peroxide production wastewater, and the influence of reaction conditions on the removal effect of pollutants and the degradation mechanism were studied. The effects of initial pH, iron filings, iron-carbon ratio, and reaction time on the wastewater treatment were investigated by single-factor and response surface optimization experiments, and the degradation mechanism was analyzed by three-dimensional fluorescence spectroscopy, UV-Vis, and gas chromatography mass spectrometry (GC-MS). The experimental results showed that the COD removal efficiency was 35.67% and the biodegradability of wastewater was increased from 0.113 to 0.173 under the conditions of initial pH of 3.1, the dosage of iron filings of 30.5g/L, the ratio of iron-carbon of 1.01, and the reaction time of 122.8min, and the process of IC-ME for degrading COD of wastewater from the production of organic peroxide was consistent with the secondary reaction. The IC-ME process could decompose macromolecular organic compounds such as tyrosine proteins and aromatic proteins, and improve the biodegradability of wastewater. It provides a theoretical reference for the practical application of IC-ME to treat this type of wastewater.

The application of bacteria-derived dehydrogenases and oxidases in the synthesis of gold nanoparticles.

In this work the green synthesis of gold nanoparticles (Au-NPs) using the oxidoreductive enzymes Myriococcum thermophilum cellobiose dehydrogenase (Mt CDH), Glomerella cingulata glucose dehydrogenase (Gc GDH), and Aspergillus niger glucose oxidase (An GOX)) as bioreductants was investigated. The influence of reaction conditions on the synthesis of Au-NPs was examined and optimised. The reaction kinetics and the influence of Au ions on the reaction rate were determined. Based on the kinetic study, the mechanism of Au-NP synthesis was proposed. The Au-NPs were characterized by UV-Vis spectroscopy and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). The surface plasmon resonance (SPR) absorption peaks of the Au-NPs synthesised with Mt CDH and Gc GDH were observed at 535nm, indicating an average size of around 50nm. According to the image analysis performed on a TEM micrograph, the Au-NPs synthesized with Gc GDH have a spherical shape with an average size of 2.83 and 6.63nm after 24 and 48h of the reaction, respectively. KEY POINTS: • The Au NPs were synthesised by the action of enzymes CDH and GDH. • The synthesis of Au-NPs by CDH is related to the oxidation of cellobiose. • The synthesis of Au-NPs by GDH was not driven by the reaction kinetic.

Nano-ZnS photocatalytically active both under UV and solar radiation: A comparison of conventional and microwave-assisted hydrothermal syntheses with various reaction conditions

Influence of reaction conditions on properties of nano-ZnS was investigated. The nano-ZnS was synthesized from ZnCl2 and Na2S via conventional hydrothermal (H) and microwave-assisted hydrothermal (M) method with reaction times 90, 150, 210 min and 10, 20, 30 min, respectively. For all reaction times, three nZn:nS molar ratios (1:1; 1.5:1; 2:1) were tested. Samples were characterized by XRPD, FTIR, Raman microspectroscopy, UV–VIS and SEM. Photocatalytic activity (PA) was determined on Acid orange 7 under UV radiation (λ = 365 nm), and for selected samples also under the sunlight. After 360 min of UV radiation, PA 96% (H; 210 min; 1:1, 1.5:1 or 2:1) and 92% (M; 30 min; 1.5:1 or 2:1) was reached. Under the sunlight, PA 96% (H; 210 min; 2:1) and 92% (M; 20 min; 2:1) was achieved after 120 and 540 min, respectively. M-synthesized nano-ZnS is promising for outdoor applications not requiring a fast PA effect.

Decolourization and degradation of azo-dyes by the NaClO/NiOOH catalytic oxidation system

ABSTRACT Azo dyes are highly toxic and difficult to degrade. Decolourization of acid red 18 (AR18) and reactive yellow 4 (RY4) dye wastewater by the NaClO/NiO x (OH) y catalytic system was studied. The influence of reaction conditions was investigated. Their degradation mechanism was discussed by free radical scavenging experiment, and the degradation pathways were proposed. The continuous flow experiment was conducted. The results showed that the catalytic oxidation has a good decolourization effect on AR18, but it is not ideal for RY4. The continuous flow experiment of 3000 min showed that the decolourization effect was stable. The concentration of Ni2+ in the effluent from the reactor was always up to the standard, and the catalyst was not deactivated. The decolourization mechanism of the two dyes is different: AR18 is mainly decolourized by atomic oxygen/singlet oxygen, while RY4 is mainly decolourized by NaClO. The catalysts were characterized by XPS and XRD. The surface contains the largest proportion of chemisorbed oxygen. With the extension of the catalyst service time, chemisorbed oxygen decreased slightly and was converted into atomic oxygen/singlet oxygen, which was consumed in the decolourization process. Compared with the used catalysts, the β-NiOOH crystallinity of the fresh catalyst is better. The quantitative structure–property relationship analysis based on the decolourization data shows that there is a good linear correlation between the decolourization rate of azo dyes and their molecular structure descriptors. The inorganic–organic properties balance (IOB) value was determined as the main molecular descriptor that affected the decolourization of dyes.

Peroxymonosulfate activation with CuOX/MnFe2O4 for the regeneration of granular activated carbon after adsorption of organic pollutants

Adsorption is a cost-effective technology for the removal of refractory organic pollutants, and the regeneration of the spent adsorbent is crucial in terms of environmental and economic aspects. Herein, CuOX/MnFe2O4 was synthesized by a two-step precipitation method and investigated as a peroxymonosulfate (PMS) catalyst for the regeneration of granular activated carbon (GAC) saturated with ofloxacin. The influences of reaction conditions on the regeneration of GAC with CuOX/MnFe2O4-PMS and the possible mechanism were explored. The results showed that CuOX/MnFe2O4 exhibited high catalytic activity for the regeneration of GAC via the high mineralization of the adsorbed ofloxacin. Singlet oxygen was the dominant reactive species for organics removal, while O2•− and SO4•− also made a contribution to the degradation of organic intermediates. Under the optimized conditions, the regeneration efficiency of the spent GAC reached 98%, 89%, 87% and 85% for ofloxacin, ciprofloxacin, Orange II and methylene blue, respectively. Moreover, CuOX/MnFe2O4 and GAC exhibited high stability and good reusability in this process, suggesting the potential application of this regeneration technology for removing refractory organic pollutants.

ZrO2-MoO3/modified lotus stem biochar catalysts for catalytic aquathermolysis of heavy oil at low-temperature

Aquathermolysis is one of the thermochemical reactions in the heavy oil thermal recovery process. The key issue, i.e., the high temperature required by aquathermolysis, can be reduced by the involvement of catalysts. However, the effective working temperature of catalysts is still above 240 ℃, which needs to be further reduced to enhance energy efficiency. Considering that biochar has a high specific surface area, abundant functional groups, a wide temperature window, and can be easily modified, a series of ZrO2-MoO3-based catalysts loaded on raw or three modified lotus stem biochar were studied to investigate heavy oil catalytic viscosity reduction at low temperatures. Physicochemical properties of catalysts were investigated by a variety of characterization methods. The performance of four kinds of catalysts and the influence of reaction conditions (temperature and time) on aquathermolysis were evaluated. The results showed that silane coupling agent KH570 modified biochar (KH570-MLSB) has a higher specific surface area and more functional groups, which help the loading of active components and the dispersion in heavy oil. ZrO2 can form coordination compounds with S atoms in C-S, which greatly weakens the bond energy of C-S and reduces the activation energy of the aquathermolysis. The coordination bonding energy with S of Mo is weaker than that of Zr. The main role of MoO3 is to inhibit the formation of coke. Therefore, catalyst Ⅳ, which consists of KH570-MLSB, ZrO2, and MoO3, has the best catalytic effect at 200 ℃. In addition, the optimum reaction time of the catalyst is 24 h.

The Influence of the Reaction Conditions on the Photocatalytic Gas‐Phase Conversion of Methanol with Water Vapor over Pt/SrTiO3 in a Continuously Operated Flow Reactor

AbstractContinuous methanol photooxidation in the gas phase is a promising method to produce valuable chemicals like formaldehyde or methyl formate in addition to hydrogen under mild conditions. The influence of the reaction conditions on the selectivity of methanol oxidation to formaldehyde is studied using a heated flat‐plate flow photoreactor illuminated by an LED array (λmax = 368 nm) and Pt‐modified SrTiO3. A combination of online analytical methods allowed to quantify all gaseous products during extended time‐on‐stream (> 48 h TOS). The selectivity to formaldehyde is found to be primarily determined by the residence time and the process temperature. At a low methanol to water ratio, methanol conversion and evolution of CO2 are favored, whereas the light intensity primarily influenced the apparent quantum yield from 5.1 to 1.8% at 9.36 to 52.93 mW cm−2, respectively, and the methanol conversion thus determining the economic efficiency of the process. Operation temperatures higher than 110 °C resulted in a strong deactivation of the catalyst while simultaneously the formation of CO at the expense of formaldehyde selectivity is favored. This study demonstrates the importance of understanding the influence of relevant reaction conditions and the potential of selective photocatalytic gas‐phase oxidation of small molecules.

Microchannel reactors for Fischer-Tropsch synthesis: Experimental investigation and mathematical modeling

The Fischer-Tropsch synthesis is a significant technology for converting coal, natural gas, and biomass into synthetic fuels. In recent years, the use of microchannel reactors for the Fischer-Tropsch synthesis has attracted significant attention. Fischer-Tropsch synthesis experiments were carried out in a microchannel reactor and the influences of reaction conditions on the experimental results were investigated in this study. Based on the experimental data, a dynamic multi-component pseudo-homogeneous variable-volume flow model of microchannel reactors for the Fischer-Tropsch synthesis was built to determine the pressure-, velocity-, conversion- and (component-wise) concentration-distributions in reaction channels. The model takes into account the combined effects of gas volume expansion caused by the frictional pressure drop and gas volume contraction caused by reaction consumption. A novel effective method for calculating the pressure and superficial gas velocity values in microchannel reactors was proposed in the model. Besides that, two sets of experimental data were selected from references to evaluate the validity and accuracy of the model. The reaction performances in the microchannels were analyzed carefully based on the calculated results.

Statistical evaluation of the epoxidation of esters from vegetable oils and optimization of reaction conditions

The increasing glycerol consumption will result in an issue for further applications of methyl esters, which are produced together with glycerol by transesterification of vegetable oils/animal fats on industrial scale. One possibility is the formation of bio-epoxides, which can be used for bio-lubricants, precursors for chemicals or CO2 capture, and so they can replace products from crude oil. Therefore, the mathematical models describing epoxidation of methyl esters, i.e., the influence of reaction conditions (time, temperature, etc.) on the properties of epoxides (iodine and epoxide values, relative conversion to oxirane, etc.) were created/calculated to decrease the production cost. It was found that (i) higher initial iodine value of esters, (ii) higher reaction temperature, (iii) higher concentration of formic acid and (iv) longer reaction time caused more formed epoxides. In contrast, a higher concentration of hydrogen peroxide caused epoxide ring opening and the formation of side products. The catalyst (H2SO4) and the intensity of stirring were statistically insignificant. The drying of epoxides was carried out by distillation and improved by the addition of a small amount of methanol. The models allow the synthesis of epoxides with desired properties, which are biodegradable and nontoxic with variety of applications.

Influence of reaction conditions on synthesis and applications of lignin nanoparticles derived from agricultural wastes

Lignin, due to the presence of a significant number of phenolic chemicals, its non-polluting nature, and cost-competitiveness when compared to other synthetic polymers, has attracted a considerable deal of interest for its possible application as bio-polymers over the years. However, as lignin exhibits some special qualities at the nanoscale, several attempts are being made to use it in nano form to accelerate its growth. The current review paper offers a thorough overview in recent development of Lignin Nanoparticles production, particularly produced from agro-industrial industries. In light of this, a thorough morphological examination was carried out to determine how the factors such as temperature, pH, the choice of solvent used, and the morphology of the feedstock affected the properties of LNPs. LNP application is also studied across a variety of industries, including the biomedical engineering, pharmaceutical, skincare, and food sectors. With an eye towards futuristic advances, the study concludes by exploring numerous difficulties related to synthesis, modification, and development. The readers of this review article will gain a thorough understanding of LNPs, their multiple synthesis procedures, as well as their diverse applications.

Preparation of hierarchically porous PVP/ZIF-8 in supercritical CO2 by PVP-induced defect-formation method for high-efficiency gas adsorption

The fabrication of structural stable metal organic frameworks (MOFs) with large pore size by facile, rapid and environmentally friendly synthetic method remains a serious challenge. Herein, it is the first time to develop a novel synthetic strategy that rapidly enlarges the pore size of microporous ZIF-8 by employing polyvinyl pyrrolidone (PVP) as a modulator to induce defect formation in environmentally friendly supercritical CO2 (scCO2). Notably, the high solubility and low mass transfer resistance of reactants in scCO2 and low surface tension nature of scCO2 are the key factors for the rapid preparation of structural stable PVP/ZIF-8 with hierarchically pores. And the PVP modulator as a weak ligand not only facilitates pore size but also perturbs coordination to form coordination defects, exposing more coordination metal sites. These characteristics are beneficial to fast diffusion and adsorption of CO2 molecules. In addition, the influences of reaction conditions on the morphology, pore parameter and CO2 adsorption performance of PVP/ZIF-8 are investigated. The result indicates that the PVP/ZIF-8 prepared with 1:1 of Zn/PVP mass ratio at 90 °C and 30 MPa in supercritical environment have the highest CO2 adsorption equilibrium capacity (2.02 mmol CO2/g sorbent) and great cycle stability, which should be attributed to hierarchically porous structure with interconnected macropores and micropores.

Catalytic Pyrolysis of Polystyrene Waste in Hydrocarbon Medium.

The fast catalytic pyrolysis of polystyrene in the hydrocarbon medium (light and heavy cycle oil) over zeolite catalysts at 450-550 °C was investigated. The influence of reaction conditions (medium, temperature, vapor residence time, polystyrene concentration) on polymer conversion and product distribution was studied. It was found that the polymer conversion is close to 100%, while ethylbenzene, benzene, and toluene are the main products of its transformation. The maximum yield of ethylbenzene (80%) was achieved at 550 °C, vapor residence time 1-2 s, polystyrene concentration 10%, and heavy cycle oil as the medium. The influence of zeolite topology on product distribution was explored. The possible mechanism of polystyrene pyrolysis was proposed.

Influence of reaction conditions on kumada catalytic transfer polymerization for synthesis of poly(p-phenylene) for organic semiconductors

Influence of reaction conditions on kumada catalytic transfer polymerization for synthesis of poly(p-phenylene) for organic semiconductors