Influence Of High-intensity Interval Training Research Articles

Insights into the influence of high-intensity interval training on skeletal muscle clock gene expression in insulin-resistant individuals.

Insights into the influence of high-intensity interval training on skeletal muscle clock gene expression in insulin-resistant individuals.

High-Intensity Interval Training Ameliorates Tramadol-Induced Nephrotoxicity and Oxidative Stress in Experimental Rats.

Tramadol (TRA) is an opioid analgesic widely prescribed for moderate-to-severe pain; however, its abuse and chronic use have been associated with kidney damage. Considering the protective role of exercise training in reducing organ damage, this study aimed to assess the influence of high-intensity interval training (HIIT) on a male rat's kidney following chronic TRA administration. In this experimental study, 30 male Wistar rats were assigned to the following groups: control (CON; animals received normal saline five days a week in the first month and three days a week in the second month), exercise (EXE; animals conducted HIIT training according to exercise protocol five days a week for two months), TRA (animals received TRA 50 mg/kg (i.p.) as described for the CON group), EXE-TRA (animals received TRA and conducted exercise protocol), and EXE-SL (animals received normal saline and conducted exercise protocol). Then, serum IL-6 and IL-10 levels, tissue malondialdehyde (MDA), total antioxidant capacity (TAC), glutathione peroxidase (GPx), superoxide dismutase (SOD), and levels of albumin, urea, and creatinine (CR), along with pathological changes in the kidney, were measured. A p-value of <0.05 was considered significant using GraphPad Prism v.9 (GraphPad Software, La Jolla, California, USA). The inflammatory cytokines IL-6 and IL-10 were significantly increased in the EXE and EXE-TRA groups compared to the TRA group. Chronic administration of TRA in the TRA group decreased antioxidant indicators TAC, GPx, and SOD in kidney tissue while increasing oxidative stress MDA compared to the CON group (p<0.05). In contrast, the EXE-TRA group showed higher levels of TAC, GPx, and SOD, while MDA decreased compared to the TRA group. Additionally, serum levels of urea and CR were increased in the TRA group compared to the CON group, whereas these levels were decreased in the EXE-TRA group compared to the TRA group. The inflammatory effect of HIIT training, due to severe hyperemia and mild inflammatory cell infiltration, was seen in all EXE groups. Pathological findings confirmed TRA-induced kidney damage through moderate hyaline cast presence and severe apoptosis in the TRA group. Other findings were in line with the above results. These findings confirm the nephrotoxicity of chronic use of TRA through biochemical and oxidative markers and pathological outcomes. In addition, the result suggests that HIIT has the potential to mitigate the detrimental effects of TRA through reversing biochemical and oxidative markers, including TRA-induced apoptosis. Consequently, considering its restorative properties, HIIT could be explored as a prospective nephroprotective approach for long-term TRA treatment.

Influence of High-Intensity Interval Training on Neuroplasticity Markers in Post-Stroke Patients: Systematic Review.

Background: Exercise has shown beneficial effects on neuronal neuroplasticity; therefore, we want to analyze the influence of high-intensity interval training (HIIT) on neuroplasticity markers in post-stroke patients. Methods: A systematic review of RCTs including studies with stroke participants was conducted using the following databases (PubMed, LILACS, ProQuest, PEDro, Web of Science). Searches lasted till (20/11/2023). Studies that used a HIIT protocol as the main treatment or as a coadjutant treatment whose outcomes were neural plasticity markers were used and compared with other exercise protocols, controls or other kinds of treatment. Studies that included other neurological illnesses, comorbidities that interfere with stroke or patients unable to complete a HIIT protocol were excluded. HIIT protocol, methods to assess intensity, neuroplasticity markers (plasmatic and neurophysiological) and other types of assessments such as cognitive scales were extracted to make a narrative synthesis. Jadad and PEDro scales were used to assess bias. Results: Eight articles were included, one included lacunar stroke (less than 3 weeks) and the rest had chronic stroke. The results found here indicate that HIIT facilitates neuronal recovery in response to an ischemic injury. This type of training increases the plasma concentrations of lactate, BDNF and VEGF, which are neurotrophic and growth factors involved in neuroplasticity. HIIT also positively regulates other neurophysiological measurements that are directly associated with a better outcome in motor learning tasks. Conclusions: We conclude that HIIT improves post-stroke recovery by increasing neuroplasticity markers. However, a limited number of studies have been found indicating that future studies are needed that assess this effect and include the analysis of the number of intervals and their duration in order to maximize this effect.

Influence of high-intensity interval training on the level of development of cadets’ physical qualities

The article examines the influence of high-intensity interval training (HIIT) on the level of development of physical qualities of cadets, i.e. future officers of the Air Assault Forces of the Armed Forces of Ukraine. The study was conducted at the Odesa Military Academy in 2022-2023. 60 male cadets took part in the study. Two groups were formed: EG (n=30), whose cadets were engaged in HIIT, and CG (n=30), whose cadets were engaged in current forms of physical training. Research methods: theoretical analysis and generalization of literature sources, pedagogical observation, pedagogical testing, the methods of mathematical statistics. The level of cadets’ physical qualities development of was assessed based on the results of their performance of the following physical exercises: 100 m run, pull-ups on the crossbar, power lifting on the crossbar, push-ups on the parallel bars, 3 km run. The positive influence of HIIT on the level and dynamics of the development of physical qualities of paratrooper cadets has been established. At the end of the experiment, the results of EG cadets in most of the studied exercises turned out to be significantly better than those of CG cadets. The most pronounced influence of HIIT was found on the level of development of strength qualities and endurance of cadets: the difference between the results of EG and CG cadets at the end of the experiment in pull-ups on the crossbar is 2.7 times, in power lifting on the crossbar – 2.1 times, in push-ups on the parallel bars – 5.1 times, in the 3 km run - 20.2 s. The obtained results confirm the effectiveness of HIIT in modern conditions of training of future specialists of the Air Assault Forces of the Armed Forces of Ukraine. The high level of development of the physical qualities of paratrooper cadets will ensure the formation of their physical readiness to perform tasks as assigned in the future.

A Systematic Review of the Influence of High-Intensity Interval Training on Body Composition and Synthesizing Evidence from Scientific Literature

INTRODUCTION AND OBJECTIVE&#x0D; High-intensity interval training (HIIT) involves performing a series of intense exercises interspersed with periods of passive or active rest. HIIT provides changes in body composition and physical fitness. The aim of this study is to determine the impact of HIIT on changes in body composition and compare the results of HIIT with moderate-intensity continuous training (MICT) and resistance training (RT).&#x0D; REVIEW METHODS&#x0D; The PubMed and Google Scholar databases were searched for studies examining the impact of HIIT on changes in body composition. Articles published up to 31.03.2023 were included, with a particular focus on the most recent publications.&#x0D; STATE OF KNOWLEDGE&#x0D; The classification of HIIT considers the intensity, duration and number of bouts during training session, as well as the length of the intervention period. Body composition describes qualitive and quantitative elements in the human body. Improving body composition benefits health and enables better training results. HIIT promotes weight loss, reduces BMI and decreases the content of adipose tissue, including visceral fat. HIIT is equally or more effective than MICT in burning fat tissue. Resistance exercises added to HIIT protocols have a favorable effect on changes in body composition.&#x0D; SUMMARY&#x0D; The assessment of HIIT effects on changes in body composition is complicated due to various interpretations of its definition. Further analyses are needed to systematize knowledge of the benefits of different HIIT protocols. Research optimizing them for reducing adipose tissue based on age, gender, body mass and presence of metabolic disorders are necessary.

The influence of high-intensity interval training on the health-related physical fitness components of children who are currently enrolled in school

The influence of high-intensity interval training on the health-related physical fitness components of children who are currently enrolled in school

Influence of High-Intensity Interval Training on IGF-1 Response, Brain Executive Function, Physical Fitness and Quality of Life in Sedentary Young University Women-Protocol for a Randomized Controlled Trial.

Sedentary lifestyles have become a social problem, mainly among women. A sedentary lifestyle has been associated with poorer health in this population, negatively affecting physical and mental health. Physical exercise, in particular high-intensity interval training (HIIT), has been shown to be a neuroprotective tool. The present study provides a protocol design for a parallel-group Randomized Controlled Trial (RCT), whose aim will be to compare the effect of two physical interventions, HIIT and physical activity (increasing daily steps), on Insulin Growth Factor-1 (saliva IGF-1 concentrations), executive functions, quality of life, body composition, physical fitness, and physical activity in young sedentary women. At least 77 women will be recruited and randomly assigned to either a HIIT group (12-week exercise HIIT intervention, 3 sessions/week), the HIIT + PA group (12-week exercise HIIT intervention, 3 sessions/week, plus 10,000 steps/day), or a control group (usual care). The primary outcome measure will the chronic change in IGF-1 concentration levels measured in saliva. Secondary outcome measures will be: (i) executive functions; (ii) body composition; (iii) physical fitness; (iv) physical activity; and (v) quality of life. All outcomes will be assessed at the beginning of the study, after the intervention, and after three months of follow-up. After this intervention, we will be able to determine whether HIIT together with increased physical activity could be more effective than HIIT alone in IGF-1 stimulation. Furthermore, by comparing both intervention groups, we will be able to determine the differential effects on numerous health-related variables. Consequently, the conclusions of this study could help better understand the effects of a training program on IGF-1 concentration levels and executive functions. In addition, various strategies could be proposed through physical exercise to improve cognition in this age group, as well as to improve the health status of this sedentary population.

The high-intensity interval training mitigates the cardiac remodeling in spontaneously hypertensive rats

AimTo evaluate the influence of high-intensity interval training (HIIT) on cardiac structural and functional characteristics and myocardial mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) signaling in hypertensive rats. MethodsMale rats (12 months old) were divided into three groups: Wistar Kyoto rats (WKY, n = 8); sedentary spontaneously hypertensive rats (SED-SHR, n = 10), and trained spontaneously hypertensive rats (HIIT-SHR, n = 10). Systolic blood pressure (SBP), functional capacity, echocardiography, isolated papillary muscle, and gene expression of MAPK gene-encoding proteins associated with Elk1, cJun, ATF2, MEF2 were analyzed. Key findingsHIIT decreased SBP and increased functional capacity, left ventricular diastolic diameter, posterior wall thickness-left ventricle, relative wall thickness-left ventricle, and resting tension of the papillary muscle. In hypertensive rats, we observed a decrease in the gene-encoding ATF2 protein; this decrease was reversed by HIIT. SignificanceThe influence of HIIT in the SHR model in the compensated hypertension phase generated an increase in cardiac hypertrophy, attenuated myocardial diastolic dysfunction, lowered blood pressure, improved functional capacity, and reversed the alteration in gene-encoding ATF2 protein.

Six HIT Sessions Improve Cardiorespiratory Fitness and Metabolic Flexibility in Insulin Resistant and Insulin Sensitive Adolescents with Obesity.

To evaluate the effect of high-intensity interval training (HIT) on the cardiorespiratory performance and substrate oxidation pattern in insulin-resistant and insulin-sensitive obese adolescents. Methods: We recruited 25 obese adolescents in three schools, and trained them in six HIT sessions, comprising of six series at 100% and recovery at 50% peak velocity (Vpeak). For the evaluation, the participants were divided into two groups: insulin-resistant (IR, n = 12; HOMA index ≥3.16) and insulin-sensitive (IS, n = 13). All participants underwent cardiopulmonary and indirect calorimetry testing. We compared the effects of HIT before and after the intervention among the two groups. The data were analyzed using Student’s t and Mann–Whitney (intergroup comparisons) and Student’s t and Wilcoxon (pre- and post-training comparisons) tests; and Cohen’s d (influence of HIT). Results: There was a significant post-training increase in Vpeak, oxygen consumption (VO2), velocity (V), and heart rate (HR) at the exertion intensity at the first ventilatory anaerobic threshold (VAT1) in both groups (p < 0.05; d < 0.02). The exercise promoted changes in substrate oxidation rates of the groups, with an increase in carbohydrate oxidation (CHOox) for both IR (p = 0.064) and IS (p = 0.034). Conclusion: Six HIT sessions improved cardiorespiratory performance in both groups and increased CHOox in insulin-sensitive obese adolescents, suggesting its utility for increasing physical fitness and controlling glycemia in these population groups.

Physical Fitness Recovery of Athletes Based on High-Intensity Sports Intermittent Training.

Baseball itself is a new sport. In the process of training, teachers often use traditional training methods, which leads to unsatisfactory training results. High-intensity intermittent and intensive interval training can better improve the efficiency of athletes' oxidation and energy supply and ultimately play a positive role in improving athletes' performance. This paper takes the influence of high-intensity and intensive interval training on the special endurance of baseball players as the research object. A series of functional training programs are developed through adaptive training, testing, coordination training, and recovery training. Through the use of experimental means to understand the influence of high-intensity interval training and intensive interval training on the physical fitness of baseball players, the paper is aimed at providing ways and means to improve the physical fitness level of baseball players in the future. Based on the experimental test data, functional training is different from traditional training methods to make up for the lack of training research. It is to improve the competitive ability of our baseball players and promote the development of our baseball. It plays an active role in improving the specific endurance, speed, and intermittent endurance of baseball players.

Narrative review of the influence of high-intensity interval training on adolescents' bone health: commentary and perspectives.

Although several benefits have been associated to high-intensity interval training (HIIT), there is a lack of clarity on the HIIT effects in adolescents, especially on bone health outcomes. To address this gap, our research aimed to perform a systematic review, which focus on the influence of HIIT on adolescents’ bone health. Our search strategy was conducted on three databases (PubMed, SCOPUS, and Embase). For our review, we included articles with the following characteristics: (I) sample consisting of adolescents (10–19 years old), (II) HIIT interventions; and (III) assessment of bone health outcomes. Longitudinal and clinical trials studies with no language and year of publications restrictions were eligible to be included. A total of 63 eligible studies were identified. After removing the duplicates and screening the titles and abstracts, six articles remained to be read in full text. However, none of the articles met our criteria. Studies in which no article meets the eligibility criteria are also essential and need to be shared with the academic community because it may stimulate appropriate future investigations in this field. This lack in the review results highlights the need for further epidemiological research focusing on this topic, including high quality, large scale, and longitudinal studies, as well as randomized controlled trials to confirm or refute efficacy.

Influence of high-intensity interval training and intermittent fasting on myocardium apoptosis pathway and cardiac morphology of healthy rats

AimTo evaluate the influence of intermittent fasting and high-intensity interval training (HIIT) on myocardial apoptosis signaling and cardiac morphological characteristics in healthy rats. MethodsMale Wistar rats (n = 60) were divided into four groups: sedentary control (SED-C), intermittent fasting (SED-IF), high-intensity interval training (HIIT-C), and high-intensity interval training plus intermittent fasting (HIIT-IF). SED-C and HIIT-C groups were treated daily with ad libitum chow; SED-IF and HIIT-IF received the same standard chow every other day. HIIT-C and HIIT-IF rats were submitted to an HIIT protocol five times a week for 12 weeks. At the end of the experiment, functional capacity, cardiac morphology, and expression of apoptosis signaling pathways-related proteins were analyzed. Key findingsHIIT increased cardiomyocyte cross-sectional area, collagen interstitial fraction, and the pro-apoptotic proteins AIF and caspase-3 expression, and reduced pro-apoptotic protein CYTC expression and the cleaved-to-non-cleaved PARP-1 ratio in myocardium. Intermittent fasting reduced cardiomyocyte cross-sectional area, collagen interstitial fraction, and expression of Bax, CYTC and cleaved PARP-1, and increased expression of the anti-apoptotic protein BCL-2. SMAC, ARC, and caspase-8 expression was not changed by HIIT or intermittent fasting. SignificanceHIIT promotes cardiomyocyte hypertrophy and interstitial fibrosis, and modulates the apoptosis signaling pathway in healthy rat myocardium. Intermittent fasting reduces pro-apoptotic and increases antiapoptotic signaling, besides attenuating HIIT-induced cardiomyocyte hypertrophy and myocardial interstitial fibrosis.

Influence Of High-intensity Interval Training On Fatigue, Depression And Anxiety In People With Multiple Sclerosis

Sport and Exercise have been described to promote positive effects on psychosocial symptoms of multiple sclerosis (MS) such as fatigue, depression and anxiety. However, detailed recommendations for intervention programs in the rehabilitation of MS have not been proposed yet. PURPOSE: The present study aims to compare the influence of high intensity interval (HIIT) on fatigue, depression and anxiety in people with relapsing remitting and secondary progressive MS. METHODS: Within the framework of a single- blinded randomized controlled trial, 73 patients with MS conducted 3x/week for three weeks either HIIT (5×1.5 minutes at 95-100% of participants’ maximal heart rate (HRmax)) or moderate continuous aerobic exercise (MC) (24 minutes continuous cycling at 65% of HRmax) on a bicycle ergomete. Before (t0) and after (t1) the training period, fatigue, depression and anxiety were assessed using the multidimensional fatigue scale for motor and cognitive functions (FSMC) and the Hospital and anxiety scale (HADS). Effects of within (t0 vs. t1) - and between (HIIT vs. MC, relapsing remitting type vs. secondary progressive type) - subjects have been analyzed by baseline- adjusted analysis of variance (ANCOVA). RESULTS: At the time of allocation, 68 patients were identified to have mild fatigue (sum score ≥ 43) and were included in the analysis of FSMC. ANCOVA revealed significant time effects for the FSCM sum score (F(1)= 7.188, p= .009). While people with relapsing remitting type of MS improved in both HIIT (p≤.001) and MC (p= .012), no alterations were observed for people with secondary progressive type of MS. However, neither significant group nor interaction effects were revealed for all FSMC outcomes. Regarding HADS, 38 patients with mild depression or anxiety (HADS-TS ≥ 8) at the time of allocation were analyzed. No significant time, group and interaction effect for any outcome was observed. CONCLUSION: There are no differences in the impact of HIIT vs. MC on fatigue, depression and anxiety in people with MS. However, people with relapsing remitting MS tend to react more sensible for positive effects of aerobic exercise in general regarding fatigue than people with secondary progressive MS. Nonetheless, results need to be taken with caution, since no main effect for group and MS type was detected.

Efectos del entrenamiento por intervalos de alta intensidad sobre capacidad aeróbica en personas con enfermedad de las arterias coronarias

The aim of this review was to know the influence of high-intensity interval training (HIIT) on aerobic capacity in people with coronary artery disease. We conducted a review of systematic reviews and meta-analyzes in PubMed up to 4 June 2019. A total of 23 articles were identified, of which 3 were finally selected for this review. The quality of the included studies was high (AMSTAR-2). The HIIT presented significant improvements in aerobic capacity in this population. The HIIT with duration between 7-12 weeks and intensity higher than 90% HRpeak - 80% VO2peak reported greater improvements in aerobic capacity. Further studies are necessary to establish consistent conclusions about the effects of other elements of HIIT prescription in this population.

High-Intensity Interval Training Does Not Induce Anti-Inflammatory Changes in Healthy Men

Low-grade inflammation is associated with the risk of various chronic diseases, and the protective effects of a physically active lifestyle may be partially ascribed to the anti-inflammatory effects of exercise. The impact of moderate intensity exercise training on circulating pro-inflammatory molecules has received much attention in recent years. However, there are very few well designed and adequately powered studies on the influence of high-intensity interval training (HIIT) on circulating markers of inflammation. PURPOSE: The purpose of this study was to examine potential changes in plasma concentrations of C-reactive protein (CRP), interleukin-6 (IL6), and soluble interleukin-6 receptor (sIL6r) following four (4w) and eight weeks (8w) of HIIT in healthy men. METHODS: Healthy, sedentary men participated in a HIIT program three days/week for eight weeks. Training bouts were modeled after the traditional Wingate test, consisting of repeated, 30-second bouts of maximal intensity cycling separated by 4.5 minute rest intervals. Training began with three bouts per day and an additional bout/day was added to the regimen every two weeks, progressing up to six bouts per day in the final two weeks. Plasma concentrations of CRP, IL6, and sIL6r were assessed by ELISA at baseline, 4w, and 8w. Statistical comparisons across the three time points were done using repeated measures ANOVA. Variables that deviated from normality were log transformed prior to analysis. Significance was set to p<0.05. RESULTS: 21 men (age: 25± 5 yrs, BMI: 26.7± 6.2 kg/m2) completed the study. No significant changes were observed for CRP during training (baseline: 1.5 ± 2.3, 4w: 1.0 ± 1.4, 8w: 2.2 ± 3.0 mg/L, p>0.05). Likewise, IL6 (baseline: 1.4 ± 1.6, 4w: 1.6 ± 1.7, 8w: 1.2 ± 2.2 pg/ml) and sIL6r (baseline: 36.2 ± 23.9, 4w: 27.8 ± 22.0, 8w: 32.6 ± 22.2 ng/ml) did not change with training (all p>0.05). CONCLUSION: Though it has been suggested that HIIT may reduce inflammation, results of the present study do not indicate HIIT influences specific inflammatory mediators in healthy young men. Future research should explore the potential anti-inflammatory benefits of HIIT in different populations and disease states.

The influence of high-intensity interval training on anthropometric variables of adults with overweight or obesity: a systematic review and network meta-analysis.

The goal of this study was to evaluate the influence of high-intensity interval training (HIIT) on anthropometric variables in adults afflicted with overweight or obesity and to compare the effects with those of moderate-intensity continuous training. A computer literature search was performed for HIIT intervention studies that evaluated anthropometric variables in adults afflicted with overweight or obesity. Of the 857 articles retrieved in the electronic search, 48 met the inclusion criteria. The analyses demonstrated that HIIT was effective in decreasing body mass (-1.45kg [95% CI: -1.85 to -1.05kg]), body mass index (-0.44kgm-2 [95% CI: -0.59 to -0.30kgm-2 ]), waist circumference (-2.3cm [95% CI: -3.1 to -1.4cm]), waist/hip ratio (-0.01 [95% CI: -0.02 to -0.00]), body fat percentage (-1.29% [95% CI: -1.70% to -0.87%]) and abdominal visceral fat area (-6.83cm2 [95% CI: -11.95 to -1.71cm2 ]). When considering equalization between the two methods (energy expenditure or workload matched), no differences were found in any measure except body mass (for which HIIT was superior). High-intensity interval training and moderate-intensity continuous training results were similar, particularly when equalization between the two methods was considered. Thus, HIIT can be used as a secondary method for the treatment of obesity in adults.

The influence of high-intensity interval training on spatial memory ability in rats

High-intensity interval training (HIIT) has been shown to enhance the expression of brain-derived neurotrophic factor. This study was aimed to clarify the influence of HIIT on spatial memory ability. Eighteen male Sprague–Dawley rats were used in this study, and 9 rats were kept in a breeding room for 2 months (control). Remaining 9 rats were forced to run on a treadmill at a speed corresponding to 80% of the maximal speed for 2 min and then at a speed equal to 50% of its maximum for 3 min (HIIT). These trials repeated three consecutive times. HIIT performed three times a week for 2 months. After HIIT, a treadmill endurance test, which rats forced to run on the treadmill with a stepwise increase of speed, was conducted. Spatial memory ability for each rat was estimated using Morris water maze test, which were determined from the time to reach the hidden goal stage in the circular pool. Morris water maze test were conducted 4 times per a day for 4 days. After these tests, extensor digitorum longus muscle and soleus muscle were isolated, and weight per body weight (MW/BW) of each muscle was measured. No significant improvement was revealed in time for reaching goal using Morris water maze test between the control group and the HIIT group. Running time evaluated by a treadmill endurance test was significantly longer in the HIIT group ( P < 0.05). Significant increases were not detected in the MW/BW of extensor digitorum longus muscle by HIIT. The MW/BW of soleus muscle was significantly heavier in the HIIT group compared to the control group ( P < 0.05). This study revealed that HIIT improved endurance capacity and increased soleus muscle weight per body weight, however, significant improvement of spatial memory ability could not be found out.

The influence of high-intensity interval training and moderate-intensity continuous training on sedentary time in overweight and obese adults.

High-intensity interval training (HIIT) elicits health benefits but it is unclear how HIIT impacts sedentary behaviour. In this preliminary study, we compared the effects of supervised HIIT or moderate-intensity continuous training (MICT) on sedentary time in overweight/obese adults. In both groups, percentage of time spent in sedentary activities was significantly reduced during the supervised exercise intervention (time main effect, P = 0.03), suggesting that both HIIT and MICT replaced time spent previously being sedentary.

Influence of high-intensity interval training on ventilatory efficiency in trained athletes

The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of 3 weeks high-intensity interval training (HIIT) on ventilatory efficiency (VE/VCO2 slope) in endurance athletes. Sixteen male well-trained (67.72 ml kg min−1) athletes participated in this study. Each participant performed an incremental exercise test with gas analysis (i.e. VE, VO2) and a 400 m running field test (T400m) before and after the 3 weeks intervention period. HIIT group (HIITG) performed 11 HIIT sessions consisting of four 4-min interval bouts at an exercise intensity of 90–95% of the VO2max, separated by 4-min active recovery periods (work/rest ratio = 1:1). No significant differences were found in the parameters studied. Ventilatory efficiency (up to VT2 and up to exhaustion) did not show any change in HIITG after training intervention (ES = 0.24 HIITG; ES = 0.21 CG). No significant changes were observed on ventilation (VEmax; ES = 0.38). VO2max and T400 m did not show a significant improvement after the training period (no interaction time × group, p < .05) (ES = 0.43 and ES = 0.75 respectively). These results do not support the hypothesis that 3 weeks of HIIT could modify the ventilatory efficiency response in well-trained athletes. Furthermore, they show the lack of relationship between ventilatory efficiency and sport performance.

Influence of high-intensity interval training on peripheral and central blood pressure at rest and during a cold pressor test

Despite the progress of antihypertensive drug treatment, only about 30% of the treated patients achieve blood pressure control. These poor results could be partially due to the fact that the selection of antihypertensive agents is often done regardless of the hemodynamic profile of the patient. The purpose of our study is identification of the hemodynamic modulators (volemia, inotropy and vasoactivity) and hemodynamic status (medium arterial pressure MAP and stroke index SI) in uncontrolled hypertensive patients. We enrolled 25 uncontrolled hypertensive patients with essential hypertension treated with at least 2 antihypertensive drugs prescribed at optimal dose amounts. We implemented a thoracic electrical bioimpedance device (HOTMAN ) for noninvasive assessment of hemodynamic modulators and evaluation of the hemodynamic status of the patients. Systolic and diastolic BP averaged 155.62/93.04 mmHg. Among the whole study group, 52% were diagnosed as normodynamic, while 28% as hyperdynamic and 20% as hypodynamic. Modulators distribution: one abnormal hemodynamic modulator for 24%, two for 36% and three for 40% of the patients. Different combinations of hemodynamic modulators were present, the most common being concomitant hypervolemy, hypoinotropy and vasoconstriction in 32% of the patients. Two hemodynamic states correspond to this subgroup: hypodynamic in 50% and normodynamic in the other 50%. Antihypertensive drug distribution was: 68% used beta -blockers, 64 ACEI, 56% diuretics, 28% dihydropyridine CCB, 24% ARB. Careful analysis of all hemodynamic modulators should precede pharmacological treatment modification in order to achieve a normohemodynamic status. The clinical benefits potentially offered by a larger use of this technique in the daily management of patients require testing in future longitudinal outcome studies.