Influence Of Diluents Research Articles

Diluent Influence on the Extraction of some Transition Metalchloride Complexes with Triïsoöctylamine

AbstractRecently, chlorinated high density hydrocarbons have been proposed as diluent or as additive to more common solvents for the liquid‐liquid extraction of some base metals (1,2,3).In this communication the extraction curves of some transition metals from chloride solutions with a currently used anionexchanger (triisoöctylamine) solved in perchloroethylene are presented. The results are compared with those obtained for more commonly used solvents in liquid‐liquid extraction: SHELLSOL K (an aliphatic diluent) and SOLVESSO 150 (an aromatic diluent).

Extraction of cobalt(II) and nickel(II) with mixtures of 1-phenyl-3-methyl-4-benzoyl-pyrazol-5-one (HPMBP) and tri-n-octylamine (TOA)

The extraction of Co(II) with mixtures of 1-phenyl-3-methyl-4-benzoyl-pyrazol-5-one ((H)PMBP) and tri-n-octylamine (TOA) is investigated in order to explore the influence of diluents and inorganic anions with synergistic acidic extractant + liquid anion exchanger systems. Although it is proved that the same species [HTOA]+ [Co(PMBP)3]− is extracted from various inorganic media, with toluene as the diluent, the presence of ClO4− SO42− or Cl− anion modifies the distribution of the anions which are associated to (HTOA)+ in the organic phase, leading to different synergistic equilibria; with Cl− or SO42−: CO(PMBP)2 + (HTOA+,PMBP−) ⇄(HTOA+,Co(PMBP)3− (log K = 6.10) and with ClO4− : Co(PMBP)2 + HPMBP + (HTOA+,ClO4− ⇄ (HTOA+,Co(PMBP)3− + H+ + ClO4− (log K = 2.34) The same synergistic equilibrium is observed for the extraction of Ni(II) from ClO4− medium, with a comparable value of the constant (log K = 2.45). The synergistic effect is cancelled in n-octanol.

Influence of diluent on the synergic extraction of divalent cobalt by the thenoyltrifluoroacetone-tribenzylamine perchlorate system

The effect of ten pure diluents and different mixtures of nitrobenzene and toluene on the synergic extraction of Co2+ by the thenoyltrifluoroacetone (HTTA)-tribenzylamine (TBA) mixture is studied. The logarithm of the extraction constant of Co(TTA)2 increases with increasing dielectric constant of the diluent, whereas the logarithm of the formation constant of the extracted adduct Co(TTA)2TBA decreases with increasing dielectric constant of the diluent. This behaviour is explained by changes in the hydrophobic character of the extracted species. The theory of regular solutions is successfully applied to the extracted adduct. Consideration of the self-association of the amine salt is necessary in the treatment of the equilibria involved.

Behaviour of V2O5 — catalyzed CO oxidation in the presence of inert, diluent gases

AbstractA study was conducted on the oxidation of CO over an industrial potassium‐promoted V2O5 catalyst in order to study the influence of He, Ar, Kr, SF6 and C4F8 diluents on the reaction rate. A differential flow reactor was used between 400° and 440°C with partial pressures of CO2, O2 and diluents varied from approximately 7 to 150 kPa. All the diluents inhibited the reaction rate to varying degrees. Experiments were also performed in which one diluent gas was displaced by another in the reaction mixture. These experiments indicated that the diluents could be arranged in the following increasing order of sorptive interaction with the catalyst:He or Ar < Kr < SF6 or C4F8It was concluded that conventional site‐blockage was unable to explain the influence of the diluents. An adsorption interaction between the diluent and the surface complex of the rate limiting step was postulated to explain the inhibition of diluents in CO oxidation and the enhancement of diluents in SO2 oxidation on the same catalyst.

Thomas G. Fox (1921‐1977)

Thomas G. Fox (1921‐1977)

Influence of diluents on mechanical relaxation behavior of nylon 6 and polyimide

Abstract The mechanical relaxation behavior of nylon 6 and of a polyimide have been investigated as a function of water content. In addition, tests have been carried out on nylon 6 samples of both low and high monomer content. Both diluents, water and monomer, act as a plasticizer in nylon 6. They lower the modulus values in the temperature range above 300°K and shift the αa transition to lower temperatures. Water is the more effective plasticizer, the average shift for 1% added diluent being about 20°K as compared to about 2°K for added monomer. Both diluents act like antiplasticizers at low temperatures, raising the modulus and decreasing the intensity of the γ relaxation. As either water or monomer is added, a β relaxation rises in the vicinity of 250°K (103 Hz). It is concluded that the β-relaxation process may arise from reorientational motions of CH2 segments containing nonbonded amide groups as well as from combined motions of such units and associated water molecules. In polyimide water has almost...

The effect of diluents on the extraction of rare earth elements by methyl-n-diheptylamine nitrate

The extraction of microquantities of rare earth elements (REE) by methyl-n-diheptylamine solution in mesitylene, p-xylene, toluene, benzene and nitrobenzene has been examined. The parameter measuring the solvation of extractant in aqueous and organic phases has been suggested to describe quantitatively the influence of diluents on the extraction of REE. It was found that in spite of the considerable influence of diluents under investigation on the extraction of REE by methyl-n-diheptylamine nitrate the stoichiometry of the extracting reactions of these elements has been the same for all diluents. It has been shown that in general the consideration of the interaction of the extractant and diluents only is not sufficient to explain the regularities of their influence on the efficiency of the separation of REE nitrates.

The Influence of Inert, Diluent Gases on the Rates of Heterogeneous (Gas-Solid) Catalytic Reactions

Abstract Our purpose is to review current and past research on the unusual influence of inert, diluent gases on the observed rate of heterogeneous and catalytic reactions. This is a subject that has received little attention in the literature since Forestier's review of 1958 [1]. However, unlike Forestier's article, our main concern will be with the influence of diluent gases on catalytic reactions rather than simply on heterogeneous reactions and phase changes.

Influence of diluent mobility on the plasticization of polymers

In an attempt to formulate a general picture of the influence of diluents on the physical properties of polymers without invoking specific molecular characteristics of the diluents, a systematic study has been undertaken of the mobility of both the polymer and the diluent in polymer-diluent systems, and of the resulting effects on the physical properties of these systems. In dynamic mechanical and dielectric loss studies of polymer-diluent systems, the influence of the mobility of the diluent on the background loss as well as on the loss associated with subsidiary relaxation transitions has been followed as a function of temperature and correlated with the temperature dependence of the modulus, over temperature ranges which include the low-temperature γ and β transitions. The temperature ranges of plasticization and antiplasticization have been established for bisphenol A polycarbonate and atactic polystyrene plasticized with various phthalates and chlorinated biphenyls and terphenyls, which were selected to have a wide range of glass transition temperatures and plasticizing efficiencies.

Influence of Diluents at the Time of Polymerization of Crosslinked Poly (vinyl alcohol) Gels on the Ability of Gel Permeation Chromatography

The suspension copolymerization of vinyl acetate with glycidyl methacrylate in the presence of diluents produced porous hydrophobic gels. By subsequent hydrolysis of the gels, porous hydrophilic gels suitable for use in gel permeation chromatography were made. The permeabilities were revealed by eluting water soluble materials, such as ethylene glycol oligomer and dextran covering a wide range of molecular weights, through a column packed with the gels. When alcohols and esters were used as diluents, excluded molecular weights increased gradually with the amounts of the diluents, and peaks of the elution curve were sharp. When hydrocarbons were used as diluents, a maximum value was obtained approximately at 50 percents by volume of diluents to the monomer by plotting excluded molecular weights against amounts of diluents, and peaks of elution curve were broader than those using alcohols and esters as diluents. By using small amounts of diluents, for example 10-20 percents by volume to the monomer, gels suitable to separate low molecular weight materials were obtained

Influence of inert gases on the catalytic oxidation of SO2

A study was made of the influence of diluent gases on the reaction rate and activation energy of the oxidation of sulfur dioxide over vanadium pentoxide catalyst, an effect noted by Baron, Manning, and Johnstone in 1952. Results confirmed the occurrence of the effect in a still lower temperature range (350–470 °C). Using non-adsorbing gases, helium and argon, the effect was demonstrated to be free from chemisorption of the diluents.Data on activation energy vs. molecular weight of the gas phase, using helium and argon, were in qualitative agreement with predictions based on a momentum-exchange model of Baron etal. However, comparison of rates obtained with argon (monatomic) and nitrogen (diatomic) as diluents, combined with independent study of the rate controlling steps, casts doubt on the adequacy of the explanation offered by Baron etal.

Influence of diluents and processing times after ejaculation on the survival of deep-frozen ram spermatozoa.

Samples of semen were cooled to 5�C over 2 hr and stored for 1� 5, 5� 0, or 16�7 hr prior to freezing. Best revival was obtained after the 16�7 �hr period.

The influence of diluents and processing time after ejaculation on the revival of deep-frozen bull spermatozoa

For highest revival rates in experiments on the deep-freezing of bull spermatozoa to – 79° C., a period of incubation of the undiluted semen at 30° C. did not eliminate the need for overnight equilibration at 5° C. The addition of 1·25% fructose or arabinose to the diluent improved revival rates of non-equilibrated spermatozoa but these rates still did not equal those of equilibrated spermatozoa.Glycerol apparently penetrated spermatozoa rapidly and spermatozoa survived in glycerol solutions as high as 2·0m if 0·1m buffered citrate was also present. Omission of the citrate solutions caused immediate death of the spermatozoa.A one-ninth replication of a 37 factorial experiment showed that, by all scoring criteria, 40° C. was superior to 0° C. as a thawing bath temperature. A diluent containing 8% (v/v) glycerol was superior to either 4% or 6% if activity of spermatozoa after thawing was the scoring criterion, but there was no difference in the percentage of spermatozoa stained by congo-red-nigrosin when frozen in diluents containing these levels of glycerol.In the range of tonicity 80, 100 and 120% (0·9% NaCl = 100% tonicity), using the diluent composed of a mixture of fructose and citrate, there were more motile spermatozoa than in buffered citrate or fructose alone. Increasing tonicity had an adverse effect on revival rates of spermatozoa in the buffered citrate diluent. Spermatozoa stored chilled at 5· C. for periods up to 36 hr. prior to freezing survived best in the mixture of fructose and citrate.The investigation of the equilibration phenomenon showed that an improvement in survival after deep-freezing occurred if diluted semen was stored for up to 12 hr. after dilution, but this was not dependent on the presence of glycerol in the diluent during this ageing process.

The influence of diluent on the extraction of iron(III) from hydrochloric acid solutions by tertiary amines

A study has been made of the extraction of iron(III)—from hydrochloric acid solutions with tertiary amines in a series of diluents. From the experimentally determined extraction coefficients of iron, k, and the thermodynamic activities of the amines in the organic phase, a 0, the activity coefficients of the complex, y c, have been calculated. The effect of diluent on a 0, y c and k has been discussed from the point of view of intermolecular interactions.

The influence of diluent on extraction of europium and thorium nitrates by tri- n-butylphosphate

The partition coefficients of europium and thorium extracted from 4 M NaN 3 into 5% (by volume) TBP in a number of diluents have been determined. Using the values of the partition coefficients and of the activity of TBP in the same diluents activity coefficients of the metal complexes in the organic phase have been calculated. It has been shown that both the activity coefficient of the complex in the organic phase and the activity of TBP are related to the solubility parameter of the diluent used. The influence of diluent on the partition coefficient is relatively small since both the activity of TBP and the activity coefficient of the complex change into the same direction with diluent.

119. The Ullmann biaryl synthesis. Part III. The influence of diluents on the reaction between iodobenzene and copper

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