Influence Of Diluents Research Articles

Research of influence of diluent on the mechanical behavior of triaxial warp-knitted composites

The composites are prepared by different processes of reinforcement and matrix, which are affected by the properties of reinforcement and matrix. In this study, composite specimens were fabricated using vacuum-assisted resin infusion (VARI) with varying mass fractions (0%, 5%, 10%, and 15%) of a diluent mixed with the resin and curing agent, serving as the matrix. Triaxial warp-knitted glass fabric was employed as the reinforcement material. The impact of the diluent mass fraction on the bending, impact, and creep properties of the composites was investigated. The least squares fitting method was applied to analyze the experimental data, leading to the establishment of a mathematical model correlating the diluent mass fraction with the bending strength. The optimal diluent mass fraction for achieving the best bending properties was determined. Furthermore, the failure mechanisms of the composites were examined through an analysis of their thermodynamic properties, reaction principles, and fracture morphologies. The results show that the epoxy group in the diluent will be connected to the cross-linking network structure of epoxy resin by ring-opening reaction, and excessive addition will lead to the increase of flexible chain segments, which makes the mechanical properties of the specimens increase first and then decrease. The mathematical model was verified by experiments, and the mass fraction of diluent was 9.65% when the bending property was optimal.

Influence of Diluent on Extraction Parameters of Systems for Separation Am(III) and Ln(III) Based on 1,10-Phenanthroline-2,9-Diamide.

A systematic study of extraction systems for the separation of f-elements using the tetradentate N,O-donor diamide of 1,10-phenanthroline-2,9-dicarboxylic acid (L) in various molecular and ionic solvents was performed. It was demonstrated that the nature of a diluent has a significant impact on solvent extraction of Am(III) and Ln(III) and the stoichiometry of formed complexes with f-elements. The mechanism of complexation and forms of complexes in different diluents were investigated by radiometric methods, UV-vis titration, and XRD.

Studies of the diluent, temperature and pressure effect on the lower and upper flammability limits of ammonia in air

Ammonia safety and environmental protection research forms the basis for its role as a clean energy carrier. In this work, an experimental study was conducted in this work to analyze the effect of different inhibitors (nitrogen, argon and water vapor) on the flammability limits (FLs) of ammonia at elevated temperatures and pressures. In addition, the influence of diluents on the compositions and flame temperature changes was evaluated, and the temperature sensitivity coefficients of the elementary reactions and the ROP of free radicals and partial products at the FL concentrations were analyzed. The findings indicated that water vapor provided the strongest flame retardant effect on ammonia in three inhibitors. Within a certain temperature and pressure range, the FLs of ammonia in ammonia/diluent/air can be predicted using the extended Le Chatelier equation. The flame temperature decreased at the lower flammability limit (LFL) concentrations and increased at the upper flammability limit (UFL) concentrations of ammonia with increasing initial pressure. As the initial temperature increases, the flame temperature decreases during ammonia combustion. The influence of ammonia concentration on flame temperature is greater than that of diluents dilution. The elementary reactions H+O2<=>O+OH (R1) and NH2+NO<=>NNH+OH (R82) were the primary reactions that increased the flame temperature at the FL ammonia concentrations in ammonia/diluent/air. Conversely, NH2+NO<=>N2+H2O (R80) and H+O2(+M)<=>HO2(+M)(R15) were the main reactions that decreased the flame temperature. H, OH and NH2 radicals played a crucial role in the combustion reaction process at ammonia FL concentrations. At the LFL concentrations of ammonia, the molar fraction of the OH radical showed the greatest variation, while at the UFL concentrations of ammonia it was NH2 radical. The elementary reaction NH3+OH<=>NH2+H2O (R158) was the primary reaction that consumed OH radical and promoted the formation of NH2 radical. Free radical concentrations decreased with increasing pressure and temperature, while the change rate of free radical ROP accelerated with increasing pressure. In addition to nitrogen and water, the partial products were mainly nitric oxide at the LFL concentrations, while at the UFL concentrations were mainly hydrogen.

Comprehensive kinetic study on ammonia/ethylene counter-flow diffusion flames: influences of diluents

This study aimed to investigate the effects of ammonia addition on ethylene counter-flow diffusion flames with different diluents on the fuel or oxidizer side, using kinetic analyses. A special emphasis was put on assessing the coupled chemical effects of NH3 and CO2 on C2H4 combustion chemistry. The chemical effects could be evaluated by comparing fictitious inert NH3 or CO2 with normal active NH3 or CO2. The results revealed that the addition of NH3 decreased the mole fractions and production rates of key soot precursors, such as acetylene, propynyl, and benzene. When CO2 was used as the dilution gas, the coupled chemical effects of NH3 and CO2 were affected by the chemical effects of CO2 to varying degrees. With the oxidizer-side CO2 addition, the coupled chemical effects of NH3 and CO2 reduced the mole fractions of H, O, OH radicals, acetylene, propynyl, and benzene, while the effects differed from the fuel-side CO2 addition. The coupled chemical effects of NH3 and CO2 also promoted the formation of aldehyde contaminants, such as acetaldehyde, to some extent, particularly with CO2 addition on the oxidizer side.

Influence of diluent on antimicrobial activity of cinnamon bark essential oil vapor against Staphylococcus aureus and Salmonella enterica on a laboratory medium and beef jerky

The influence of chemical diluents on the antimicrobial activity of plant essential oil (EO) vapors was evaluated. We first determined if vapors generated from 22 chemical diluents not containing EO had antimicrobial activities. Ethyl ether vapor retarded the growth of S. aureus. The minimal inhibitory concentrations (MICs) and the minimal lethal concentrations (MLCs) of cinnamon bark EO vapor, which was diluted in and generated from 21 diluents, against S. aureus and S. enterica were determined. Cinnamon bark EO vapor showed significantly (P ≤ 0.05) lower MICs against S. aureus when diluted in dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO), ethanol, ethyl acetate, or jojoba oil, and against S. enterica when diluted in DMSO, ethanol, or jojoba oil, compared to those in other diluents. We compared antimicrobial activities of cinnamon bark EO vapor diluted in DMSO, ethanol, ethyl acetate, or jojoba oil against S. aureus and S. enterica on beef jerky as a food model. Antimicrobial activity was significantly (P ≤ 0.05) higher when vaporized from DMSO. These results indicate that antimicrobial activity of cinnamon bark EO vapor may vary significantly (P ≤ 0.05) depending on the type of diluent from which it is vaporized. These observations provide basic information when developing food and food-contact surface decontamination strategies using EO vapors.

The effect of diluent on the extraction: Amide extracting chromium (VI) as an example

As an essential separation and purification method, solvent extraction was widely used in many fields. In previous studies, extractants had received much attention, while the role of diluents had often been ignored. However, the diluent had a very complex effect on the extraction process. In the study, the influence of diluent on the extraction of chromium with amide as an extractant was discussed in detail. In order to increase the universality of the study, the common organic solvents, including alkanes, aromatic hydrocarbons, and halohydrocarbons, were selected as diluents. The extraction performance, formation of extracted complex, and thermodynamics under different diluents were determined. In addition, FT-IR and UV–Vis spectral analyses have been carried out to investigate the influence of diluent on the spectrum. The results showed that the diluent had an obvious influence on the spectrum of the amide group before extraction, and the influence was weakened after extraction. Based on the analysis of molecular electrostatic potential, the effect of diluent on the reaction site of amide extractant was investigated. Further, the molecular polarity index was used to calculate polarity parameters and deepen the understanding of the effect of diluent on the extraction process. The study provided a theoretical basis for other extraction systems to select appropriate diluents.

Effects of diluents and Ag nanowires on the electrical-optical properties of polymer dispersed liquid crystal films based on aromatic polyurethane acrylate

ABSTRACT Polymer dispersed liquid crystal (PDLC) films have potential applications in many aspects due to unique electrically switching properties, and thus the films with excellent comprehensive properties are highly demanded at present. In this study, aromatic polyurethane acrylate (PUA) was used as polymer-matrix, and effect of diluents [lauryl methacrylate (LMA) and isobornyl acrylate (IBOA)] content on the electrical-optical properties of PDLC films was investigated. The results indicate that increase of PUA/LMA or decrease of LMA/IBOA weight ratio increases threshold and saturation voltages (V th and V sat ), decreases on- and off-state transmittances (T on and T off ) and increases contrast ratio. Under optimised PUA/LMA weight ratio of 31/19 or PUA/LMA/IBOA weight ratio of 31/15/4, the V th and V sat of the films first increase and then decrease with increasing Ag nanowires (NWs) content, and better overall properties are achieved at 0.05 or 0.075 wt.% Ag NWs, respectively. In order to explore essential reasons for the influence of diluents and Ag NWs on the properties of PDLC films, the relationships between film properties (V th or V sat , T on , T off , and response time) and liquid crystal (LC) droplets size were analysed emphatically, and the changes of system viscosity and anchoring force between polymer-matrix and LC droplets were also discussed.

Recent Studies on Degradation Mechanism of Rubber Vulcanizates by Chemorheology

Abstract A critical discussion is presented of the influence of chemical degradation mechanisms on the mechanical properties, especially stress relaxation, of vulcanized rubber. The response of the vulcanizate is interpreted in terms of the kinetic theory of rubber elasticity. Different chemical mechanisms are explored. The influence of diluent is interpreted in terms of the kinetic theory of rubber elasticity. Different chemical mechanisms are explored. The influence of diluent is considered. Comparisons are made to experiments on polyisoprenes and polyurethanes.

Scrutiny of variation of process parameters in the extraction of Eu(III) using [THAH]+[DEHP

Europium is classified as a crucial element by the energy department,USA.Its major applications includes use in phosphors and optical fiber owing to the optical as well as luminescent properties it shows.Europium is found in monazite, bastnaesite and xenotime minerals alongwith other lanthanides.Ionic liquids are known to extract neutral and charged species of metal from the feed which mostly depend on the type of metal ion, nature of the complex formed and composition of the aqueous feed. Bifunctional ionic liquid [THAH]+[DEHP]- in kerosene was employed to extract Eu(III) from aqueous nitrate solution in the presence of NaNO3 by solvent extraction.The process parameters like shaking time variation,salt molarity variation,aqueous phase pH variation, influence of diluent and temperature were examined to find conditions for extremum extraction of Eu(III).With increasing the shaking time between both the phases, the extraction percentage gets improved.Temperature displays unfavorable effect on the distribution ratio.Stripping studies show quantitative results for the recovery of Eu(III) from the loaded organic extract.

Epididymis incision as a method to collect epididymal sperm cells in alpacas.

BackgroundEpididymal sperm can be collected post‐castration or post‐mortem. This method has already been described for alpaca (Vicugna pacos), but little data are available on success rate and the influence of diluent on it.ObjectiveThe aim was to investigate the effectiveness of epididymis incision as an extraction method.MethodPost‐castration epididymides (n = 78) were incised and semen was collected from cut surfaces. Further sperm were flushed with two semen extenders. For the left epididymis, a diluent without animal proteins and for the right, a diluent with egg yolk was utilised. Collected sperms were immediately spermatologically examined.ResultsDue to incorrect measurements, the samples of seven epididymides were not analysed. An evaluation was possible in 58 samples. Average density was 108.80 ± 83.28 million/mL and motility was 53.30 ± 18.17%. On average, 76.70 ± 11.60% of the sperm were vital in eosin‐stained specimens. In the hypoosmotic swelling test, an average of 69.50 ± 10.48% of the sperm had an intact plasma membrane. Semen extender had no effect on spermatological parameters (p > 0.05). Overall success rate of sperm recovery was 83%. Extraction of epididymal sperm was possible in 68.80% of the 2‐year‐old males. The 13 epididymides from which no sperm recovery was possible were histologically examined and for 10, there was no histological evidence of sperm. The corrected success rate was 95.60%.ConclusionTesticular volume (p = 0.0453), but not age (p = 0.62), had an effect on the probability of obtaining sperm.

Experimental and numerical studies of the diluent influence (N2, Ar, He, Xe) on stable premixed methane flames in micro-combustion

This work focuses on the diluent influence on stable methane flames in a fused silica micro flow reactor (MFR). Experimental and numerical investigations are performed. The first part presents the method of performing experiments and extracting data from an MFR in order to increase the reliability of the experimental results necessary for subsequent numerical simulations. Those methods are applied to premixed stoichiometric methane flames diluted by nitrogen, argon, helium and xenon. Methods to point out the influence of mixture thermodynamic and transport properties influence is presented. A numerical study of the influence of diluent on stable flames is also undertaken to support the experimental observations difficult to realize in such micro-devices.

Solvent Effect on the Extraction of Cobalt(II) Using Bis(2-ethylhexyl) Phosphoric Acid

The solvent extraction of cobalt(II) from sulfate medium using bis(2-ethylhexy1) phosphoric acid has been investigated. The influence of the following parameters was studied: the equilibrium pH, the concentration of the extractant and the nature of diluent. Influence of diluent using several polar solvents as diluents in addition to non-polar solvents in the extraction of cobalt(II) is discussed. The extractable species has been identified as CoL2 in 1-octanol and methyl isobutyl ketone and CoL2.2HL in toluene, dichloromethane, chloroform, carbon tetrachloride and cyclohexane. Equilibrium formulations were determined for various diluents.

The influence of N2/CO2 blends on the explosion characteristics of stoichiometric methane–air mixture

In this study, the explosion parameters of stoichiometric methane–air diluted with nitrogen (N2)/carbon dioxide (CO2) blends, that is, maximum explosion pressure ( Pmax), laminar burning velocity ( SL), and activation temperature ( Ta), were investigated in a closed cylinder vessel. The concentrations of the dilution blends were 10% and 20%. The explosion pressure history was recorded by a pressure transducer. The results indicated that the dilution effect of CO2 is more sensitive than that of N2. For a given dilution concentration, both the maximum explosion pressure and the laminar burning velocity decrease with the increase of CO2. In addition, the activation temperature is higher for increased CO2 blends, demonstrating again that the diluent influence of CO2 is more prominent. © 2018 American Institute of Chemical Engineers Process Saf Prog 38: e12015, 2019

Analytical correlation to model diluent concentration repercussions on the burning velocity of biogas lean flames: Effect of [formula omitted] and [formula omitted

The application of alternative and more sustainable fuels such as biogas or diluted natural gas can dramatically decrease greenhouse gas emissions and their impact on global climate. To do so, a knowledge on its typical combustion characteristics is crucial so that it can be burned in an efficient way in safe conditions. Simulations using CANTERA with the latest USC-Mech chemical-kinetic mechanism were conducted to assess the influence of diluents (CO2 and N2) on the laminar burning velocity of lean CH4/air flames, as biogas behaves fundamentally as a CH4/diluents blend. Equivalence ratios tested ranged from 0.7 to 1.0 and diluent mass fractions (ydil) from 0 to 0.38. A new analytical correlation relating SL and ydil, SL/SL,ref=(p/pref)σ(Tu/Tu,ref)γ(1+αydil+βydil2) was obtained from the simulations and validated with experimental results available in the literature. Good agreement was found between the correlation predictions and the experimental results indicating that it can be used to predict SL in the ranges of this work: up to yCO2,dil=0.38 and yN2,dil=0.28, 298K<Tu<500K and 1atm<p<10atm. It was verified that N2 and CO2 produce noticeably different effects when reducing SL, with the latter exhibiting a characteristic contribution for small diluent concentrations, mainly due to a chemical impact.

Computational study of small-scale laminar coflow diffusion flames: influences of fuel dilution on the negative buoyant flame

The effects of adding H2O and CO2 on the hydrodynamic structure of laminar diffusion hydrocarbon flame was investigated at atmospheric pressure, focusing on the recirculation zone in the vicinity of nozzle exit with buoyancy force applied to the fuel. H2O and CO2 diluent were used to dilute the propane fuel focusing on how these diluents affect the vortices inside the recirculation zones. To clarify the influence of diluents, H2O and CO2content (in mole basis %) in the fuel mixture was gradually increased from 0 to 20%. The numerical computations were performed using one-step gas-phase chemistry, thermal, and transport properties. The computational results of non-diluent propane fuel found to be in good agreement with available experimental data. The results showed that the fuel dilution notably influences the flow-field. In particular, the dilution of fuel with H2O and CO2 weakens the vortices formation. With increasing the diluents ratio, the scale of vortices structure becomes smaller. The results also showed that H2O -diluent was more effective in reducing the vortex scale compared with CO2-diluent.

Influence of diluents on combustion and emission characteristics of a GDI engine

Exhaust gas recirculation (EGR) and lean burn are two common examples of dilution combustion that have been widely applied to improve the performance of gasoline direct injection (GDI) engines. This paper studied influences of air and EGR gas components (CO2, N2, and Ar) on combustion and emission characteristics of a GDI engine, in order to understand their independent effect and provide bases for optimal control of diluents. The results indicated that CO2 dilution showed the strongest influence on combustion process, while Ar showed the weakest. As increasing CO2 addition ratio, the flame development and combustion duration were extended, the combustion center was delayed and the cycle-by-cycle combustion variations was deteriorated significantly. Under the same addition ratio, Ar dilution gave the best fuel economy, while CO2 dilution could more effectively suppress NOx, HC and particulate matter emissions. Moreover, Ar dilution offered the best relationship between fuel economy and NOx emission, followed by N2 and then CO2, and it got the lowest brake specific fuel consumption at the same NOx level. However, CO2 dilution is the most effective method in suppressing particles at the same level of fuel economy.

Strong Microcapsules with Permeable Porous Shells Made through Phase Separation in Double Emulsions.

Microcapsules for controlled chemical release and uptake are important in many industrial applications but are often difficult to produce with the desired combination of high mechanical strength and high shell permeability. Using water-oil-water double emulsions made in microfluidic devices as templates, we developed a processing route to obtain mechanically robust microcapsules exhibiting a porous shell structure with controlled permeability. The porous shell consists of a network of interconnected polymer particles that are formed upon phase separation within the oil phase of the double emulsion. Porosity is generated by an inert diluent incorporated in the oil phase. The use of undecanol and butanol as inert diluents allows for the preparation of microcapsules covering a wide range of shell-porosity and force-at-break values. We found that the amount and chemical nature of the diluent influence the shell porous structure by changing the mechanism of phase separation that occurs during polymerization. In a proof-of-concept experiment, we demonstrate that the mechanically robust microcapsules prepared through this simple approach can be utilized for the on-demand release of small molecules using a pH change as exemplary chemical trigger.

Inkjet-Printed CdTe Quantum Dots-Polyurethane Acrylate Thin Films

We demonstrated the inkjet-printed CdTe quantum dots-polyurethane acrylate thin films and their potential application in the display devices. The water soluble CdTe QDs were synthesized through the wet chemistry and the emission wavelengths can be freely tuned during the preparation process. Combining with the UV curable resin polyurethane acrylate, the QDs inks were prepared and the influence of diluent and water content on the performance of resultant films was studied. The tensile stress of the films cured from the QDs inks with diluent increased from 10.6 MPa to 27.5 MPa and the low water content led to uniform polymer matrix. Furthermore, the existence of diluent and low water content would all improve the fluorescence stability of the thin films. Finally, the thin films can be deposited on different substrates and well controlled to meet the RGB color standard, which will pave the way to a simple, low-cost, large-scale, and highly reliable method for the application of flexible displays.

Extraction of U(VI) with N,N,N′,N′-tetraoctyl diglycolamide from nitric acid solution

The extraction of U(VI) from nitric acid solution with N,N,N′,N′-tetraoctyl diglycolamide (TODGA) has been investigated. The influence of diluents, nitric acid concentrations, TODGA concentration and salting-out agents on the extraction distribution ratio was studied. The extraction mechanism was established and the stoichiometry of the main extracted species was confirmed to be UO2(NO3)2·2TODGA. The extraction of UO22+ varies with the nature of diluents, sulfonated kerosene and dodecane gave high extraction distribution ratio.

Influence of Diluents on Release Properties of Curcumin-Hydroxy Propyl &amp;#946; Cyclodextrin Bioadhesive Vaginal Tablet

Influence of Diluents on Release Properties of Curcumin-Hydroxy Propyl &amp;#946; Cyclodextrin Bioadhesive Vaginal Tablet