Influence Of Chloroform Research Articles

Crystallization control based on A-site cation strategy for blue FAPbBr3 perovskite nanoplatelets with pure emission

Two-dimensional (2D) lead halide perovskite with attractive properties is considered one of the most promising candidates for preparing blue-emitting materials and corresponding optoelectronic devices. For the formamidinium-based (FA) nanoplatelets (NPLs), despite exhibiting better optical performance compared to their counterparts, it is still challenging to precisely control their emission in the blue region during synthesis and the influence of chloroform on the components of FAPbBr3 have not been investigated thoroughly. Herein, it is revealed that the decomposition of chloroform during the synthesis will introduce Cl into the crystal with the assistance of surface ligands, leading to the mixed-halide perovskite. Further, an A-site cation strategy was introduced for tuning the spectra of FAPbBr3 NPLs. The addition of Cs with a small ionic radius can shrink the arrangement of octahedrons and enhance their interactions, which will promote the seeding growth of perovskite and form uniform crystals. With help of surface ligands, these uniform crystals will further grow to form homogeneous perovskite NPLs. The obtained NPLs show the pure emission from sky-blue to deep-blue. To the best of our knowledge, it is the first report about finely tuning the emission of FAPbBr3 in the blue region. This crystallization control strategy by introducing Cs is beneficial for their further applications in the field of photoelectric devices.

Productionof poly(L-CO-D,L LacticAcid) porous fibers by electrospinning

The production of porous scaffolds has been widely investigated by the scientific community due to its suitability for tissue engineering. Among techniques that allow the fabrication of porous materials, electrospinning is appealing for being robust and versatile. This research investigated the pore formation in poly (L-co-D,L lactic acid) fibers obtained by conventional electrospinning and the influence of chloroform as a single solvent on fiber morphology. Random and highly porous fibers with a mean diameter of 2.373 ± 0.564 µm were collected. Chloroform affects the fiber morphology, mainly for its fast evaporation and low density of charges. The solvent on the surface evaporates quickly, and the low stretch of the jet does not help the polymer to reorganize over the length of the fiber, forming pores. In conclusion, the low dielectric constant and boiling point of chloroform induce pores formation along the PLDLA fibers.

Report on the activities of the society of neuropathologists and psychiatrists at the imperial Kazan University for 1897

By this year, the Society begins the seventh year of its activity, which in the past year was expressed in the following. In 1897, the Society had 8 meetings; including 1 year, 1 emergency and 6 regular. In the next scientific posts, 14 messages were sent on the following subjects: 1) V.P. Kovalevskiy. The volume of changes in the nerve cells of the intervertebral nodes during irritation of the peripheral nerves. 2) M.M. Maevskiy. A case of epidemic insanity on religious grounds. 3) K. A. Arnstein. Remembrance of the volume by I. Kh. Akerblom. 4) V.I. Zhestkov. A case of hysterical aphasia. 5) N.E. Grinstein. To the innervations of the bladder. 6) N.N. Poroshin. The volume of changes in the automatic nerve nodes of the heart under the influence of chloroform. 7) N.M. Popov. A case of erythrophobia. 8) E.A. Genika. Folie deux case. 9) H. M. Popov. To casuistic traumatic neuroses. 10) P.A.Mislavskiy. About bilateral conduction in nerves. 11) K.A. Arnstein. Experience in the taxonomy of nerve endings. 12) D.V. Polumordvinov. Method of coloring Nissl'evskih tel. 13) I.M.Dogel. About the influence of music on the nervous system of man and animals. 14) M. M. Maevskiy. Demonstration of the epileptic brain. In addition, in the last year of D.V. Polumordvinov uttered a rch under the title: "Our information about the processes that lie in the basis of the active state of the nerves".

On anatomical changes caused by the subsequent influence of chloroform in humans

Cases of death from chloroform during anesthesia or immediately after are well known. But even Casper in 1850 claimed that harmful effects after prolonged chloroform anesthesia could affect later (Nachwirkungen) - "to a certain extent, chronic chloroform poisoning".

Influence of chloroform on crystalline products yielded in reactions of 5,10,15,20-tetraphenylporphyrin with HCl and copper(II) salts

Chloroform was found to occupy the lattice of the protonated porphyrin and to promote crystallization of a different polymorphic form of a metalloporphyrin. The structure of 5,10,15,20-tetraphenylporphyrin-21,23-diium dichloride chloroform octasolvate, C(44)H(32)N(4)(2+)·2Cl(-)·8CHCl(3), (I), in the solid state is described and compared with related solvates. The porphyrin macrocycle displays a distorted saddle shape, with chloride anions above and below the ring. Seven chloroform molecules are bound via C-H···Cl hydrogen bonds, while the link with the eighth solvent molecule is weaker. A new monoclinic polymorph of (5,10,15,20-tetraphenylporphyrinato)copper(II), [Cu(C(44)H(28)N(4))], (II), crystallized from chloroform, is also presented.

2011 – the Global Year against Acute Pain

In May 1863 the British surgeon, Henry Thompson, departed for Belgium to attend Leopold, King of the Belgians. The King was in agony: he had suffered with bladder stones for months and multiple procedures, without anaesthesia, had failed to relieve his symptoms. Henry Thompson was therefore consulted about the possibility of operating under the influence of chloroform. He could see no objection if the chloroform were given by an experienced administrator such as Mr Clover "who indeed was generally believed at that day to have no equal". History records that the successful operation was performed under chloroform anaesthesia administered by Joseph Clover. But a letter from Henry Thompson, discovered in Clover's personal papers, raises a number of questions about this operation. This was the procedure that made Henry Thompson rich and famous, but was it actually performed under anaesthesia? And if not, why not?

Quantum-chemical calculations of spectroscopic, electric and thermochemical properties of some n-butyltin compounds

Some n-butyltin compounds were studied using DFT and semiempirical methods. The range of the investigated molecules covered various combinations of hydride, halide, alkoxy, carboxylate, and/or sulfonate substituents and at least one n-butyl group, all bonded to Sn(IV). The 119Sn and 1H chemical shifts were determined both in the gas phase and in chloroform, using the B3PW91//IGLO-II/III method and the PCM. It was found that the influence of chloroform on the 119Sn chemical shifts is small, which is in line with the non-coordinating and unreactive nature of this solvent. The gas-phase 119Sn chemical shifts were interpreted in terms of some group properties such as group electronegativity, hardness, and softness. For the majority of the investigated molecules, the group hardness correlates well with the δ( 119Sn) values. Dipole moments, Sn–H vibrational frequencies, and thermochemical properties were calculated for five selected molecules, namely, n-Bu 2SnHX (X = H, Cl, O 2CMe, O 3SMe) and n-Bu 3SnH, by means of B3PW91 and B3LYP combined with two different mixtures of basis sets, as well as by means of the PM6 semiempirical method. It was shown that Gibbs free energy evaluated for the reaction of the homolytic cleavage of the Sn–H bond in these five molecules remains in line with their experimentally observed reactivity.

Moritz Schiff and the history of open-chest cardiac massage

Open chest cardiac massage is still practiced in some instances of cardiac arrest. The historical development of this technique is frequently attributed to Moritz Schiff [ [1] Pike F.H. Guthrie C.C. Stewart G.N. Studies in resuscitation: I. The general condition affecting resuscitation, and the resuscitation of the blood and of the heart. J. Exp. Med. 1908; 10: 371-418 Crossref PubMed Scopus (19) Google Scholar ], one of the most distinguished physiologists of the latter half of the 19th century [ [2] Obituary—Moritz Schiff. Lancet 1896;2:1198–9. Google Scholar ]. In 1874, Schiff was in charge of the physiology laboratory at the Institute of Advanced Studies in Florence in Italy. Doctor G. Hake joined him while he was investigating the comparative effects of ether and chloroform and in one of their articles published in The Practitioner in 1874, Hake described how Schiff practiced open-chest cardiac massage after cessation of heart function produced while using chloroform [ [3] Hake T.G. Studies on ether and chloroform from Prof. Schiff's physiological laboratory. The Practitioner. 1847; 12: 241-250 Google Scholar ] and Green addressed the matter again later in 1906[ [4] Green T.A. Heart massage as a means of restoration in cases of apparent sudden death. Lancet. 1906; 2: 1708-1713 Abstract Scopus (8) Google Scholar ].“The heart is in a vital state favorable to its renewed action when paralyzed by the influence of chloroform on the vaso-motor nerves, is demonstrated by Professor Schiff's practice of artificial circulation. He lays open the thoracic cavity, and, compressing the passive heart with his fingers, imitates in it the periodic movements of the organ. The circulation is restored, the nerves of the heart recover their force, and the organ finally resumes its spontaneous action. Before long, signs of returning sensibility become apparent, the reflex action of the eyelid return and the animal is now capable of being brought back to the cerebral consciousness.” [ [3] Hake T.G. Studies on ether and chloroform from Prof. Schiff's physiological laboratory. The Practitioner. 1847; 12: 241-250 Google Scholar ].

Cecilio Plá's The discovery of anesthesia: the contribution of a painting to anesthesia history.

Cecilio Plá's The discovery of anesthesia: the contribution of a painting to anesthesia history.

Solvent-induced allylic rearrangements in poly(trichlorobutadiene) chains

It was established by Fourier-transform IR and1H NMR spectroscopy that a portion of the units of poly(1,1,2- and 1,2,3-trichlorobuta-1,3-diene) chains rearrange with migration of the allylic chlorine (1–4%) and allylic hydrogen (3–10%) under the influence of chloroform. Rearrangement with the migration of hydrogen under the influence of CDCl3, CCl4, and THF was also observed.

The gas sensitivity of device and emission currents in an electroformed MIM device

It has been found that dosing an electroformed device with chloroform leads to an increase in device current at voltages above a critical voltage of about 6 V. It is postulated that chloroform molecules help to release trapped charge which otherwise inhibits the regeneration of conducting filaments in the device. It is also found that the emission current increases more sharply than the device current upon exposure to chloroform and hence it is postulated that the emission of `hot' electrons is linked to filament regeneration (rather than filament rupture as previously believed). The influence of chloroform upon the voltage-dependences both of the device and of the emission characteristics has also been investigated. We discuss the possible exploitation of these effects in gas sensing.

Effect of acute stress on the absorption and distribution of zinc and on zn-metallothionein production in the liver of the chick

A study has been made of the effects of chloroform inhalation, Escherichia coli endotoxin injection and hydrocortisone injection on the absorption of a single intragastric dose of 65Zn by the chick. Injection of hydrocortisone increased the absorption of the 65Zn by 30–55% in both Zn-deficient and Zn-supplemented chicks. The influence of chloroform and endotoxin was less consistent; the former treatment only increased 65Zn absorption in Zn-supplemented chicks fed ad libitum whereas endotoxin only increased that in Zn-supplemented chicks on a restricted food intake. Injection of endotoxin increased the hepatic uptake of the absorbed 65Zn in both Zn-deficient and Zn-supplemented chicks, whereas hydrocortisone had a similar effect in the Zn-supplemented birds only. Chloroform inhalation increased hepatic 65Zn uptake in Zn-deficient chicks only. The increase in hepatic Zn concentrations in the stressed chicks was mainly associated with a protein in the cytosol identified as metallothionein. Both endotoxin and hydrocortisone decreased total plasma Zn concentrations in Zn-supplemented and Zn-deficient chicks; chloroform decreased plasma 65Zn content only.

PREMATURE CONTRACTION, STAIRCASE, SUPERPOSITION OF CONTRACTIONS AND OPTIMAL RHYTHM IN THE MAMMALIAN HEART, WITH SPECIAL REFERENCE TO THE VENTRICLES

1. Under experimental conditions, with the use of various anaesthetics, the ventricular muscle of the cat and rabbit exhibits different kinds of behaviour in regard to the effects on contraction force of variations in the length of the intervals between the beats—these may be provisionally termed types I., II., and III.2. Type I. is the normal, showing smaller premature curves and enlarged delayed beats, the optimal response being obtained after very long intervals. In type II. beats delayed to a sufficient extent are markedly reduced, there being an early decline in contractility beyond a certain interval, which may be very short. When the existing rhythm is too slow a certain degree of prematurity is often associated with enlarged so‐called “supernormal” excursions; these are not really supernormal but represent a return towards the normal from a depressed level of strength. The influence of the optimal length of the interval is very pronounced. Bigeminus with a regular succession of enlarged premature contractions is often seen. Type III. is essentially a modification of type I., although showing, under the influence of chloroform and the like, some features suggestive of those of type II., such as superposition of contractions.3. A staircase of beats is seen under certain conditions, whether the beats result from artificial stimulation or occur spontaneously.4. Superposition of contractions, more or less complete, may often be obtained in types II. and III. The superposed contraction may equal or exceed the primary beat in height.5. The influence of certain (optimal) rates of rhythm may be strikingly demonstrated in type II., the beats showing much larger excursions than at rates that are either much slower or quicker. The arterial pressure may be either raised or lowered during these phases of optimal rhythm. With certain ventricular rates during auricular fibrillation the ventricle excursions may be greatly altered without parallel changes in arterial pressure.6. The specific characters of the different types are not necessarily evidenced by the arterial pulse record, although enlarged premature contractions of the ventricular record are sometimes associated with (higher) premature curves in the aortic records.7. One type can often be converted into another by appropriate treatment with drugs, experimental procedures, etc., without there being any constant relation to altered physical conditions.8. Type I. has been constantly found in the auricle of both cat and rabbit. The ventricle of the cat frequently shows type II., while type I. is also common; type I. is often changed to type II. after an asphyxial phase (from interruption of artificial respiration), injection of adrenaline, etc. In decerebrated cats type II. is commonly strongly marked. In the ventricles of the rabbit the normal type I. may be converted into type II. by treatment, e.g. injection of adrenaline following depression by a potassium salt given intravenously, asphyxia, and so on.9. The essential features of the different types may be recognised in the heart temporarily emptied by closure of the venae cavae.10. In the different types the influence of variations in the length of the diastolic intervals upon the size of the beats comes into consideration when the rate of the heart is increased or diminished through the vagi or the cardiac augmentor nerves, as results of section or stimulation of these nerves. The same applies to the effects of alteration in the heart's rhythm from any cause, e.g. from change in the rate of the pacemaker or from artificial excitation of the auricle or ventricle at regular rates.11. Irregular spacing of the ventricular beats, whether due to irregular impulses from the auricles along the A‐V bundle (as in auricular fibrillation) or to direct stimulation of the ventricles, or the occurrence of extra‐systoles, is attended by much greater and more complex disturbances in the ventricular record in type II. than in type I.12. Evidence of various kinds is available to show that the specific characters of the types described are due to differences in the dynamic conditions of the muscle and are not explicable on mechanical grounds, such as variations in the fullness of the ventricles at the beginning of systole, changes in the arterial resistance, and the like.13. The special phenomena of type II. are dependent on altered dynamic conditions associated with rapid “recuperation” the early establishment of conditions favouring optimal mechanical response being succeeded after the optimal phase by a speedy decline to conditions involving a less effective response to excitation. The brief duration and early occurrence of the optimal period in type II. are in contrast to what is present in the normal type I.

XXXII.—On the Effects on the Metabolism of Chloroform Administered by Different Channels.

DEATH under the administration of chloroform as an anæsthetic is an accident which, although fortunately rare, is well known to all; but the occurrence of a late poisoning, sometimes manifesting itself several days after the administration of the drug, is less well recognised. This too is rare, but its occurrence indicates the very profound effect which such a drug may exercise upon living tissues.A very large amount of work has been done upon the immediate influence of chloroform upon the nervous system and upon the circulatory and respiratory mechanisms, but few observations on its more lasting effects upon the general metabolism have been recorded.

A CASE OF DOUBLE UTERUS AND VAGINA.Read in the Section of Obstetrics and Diseases of Women, at the Forty-second Annual Meeting of the American Medical Association, held at Washington, D. C., May, 1891.

Mrs. A., 28 years of age, married six years, well developed. First pregnancy four years after marriage—there was nothing unusual during her term of pregnancy. Dr. Langan and I delivered her on February 6, 1889, under the influence of chloroform, of a living female child. It was a breech presentation, and never entered the inferior strait, and followed by a complete inversion of the uterus, which I reported to the St. Louis Medical Society. On April 25, 1890, I was summoned again to deliver her the second time. Upon examination I found it another breech presentation. Labor progressed favorably until entering the inferior strait, and then it became firmly lodged. I sent for Dr. Langan and my son to assist me. Under the influence of chloroform and in position, I proceeded to deliver her. I introduced my fingers in the vagina, but to my surprise I could not detect any

The Effects of Anæsthetics Modified by Altitudes.

To the Editor: —The case which I desire to report caused much unfavorable comment in the community where it occurred, namely, one of the high mountain cities of Colorado—elevation 10,000 feet. Surgeons use chloroform at these extreme elevations almost exclusively. For some occult reason ether, or any of the anaesthetic mixtures do not act well, and are considered by common professional consent dangerous; not because they have frequently produced death, but because of the enormous quantity necessary to produce anaesthesia. For this reason chloroform, which causes complete insensibility very speedily, and in small quantity, is mostly used. On January 18 of the present year a man of 37 years of age was placed under the influence of chloroform for operation for organic urethral stricture in the spongy urethra. The stricture was of small calibre and the individual had had several attacks of retention following debauches. In the course of the

DEATH DURING CHLOROFORM ADMINISTRATION.Read before the Medico-Legal Society of Chicago, Dec. 6, 1890.

The case which I desire to report to-night is rather a notorious one, and I have concluded to report it at the request of the President, without preparation, because it is of great interest to the profession, and because I am quite sure there is no one who will better remember the circumstances attending the case or who will be less likely to forget them. It is a case of death which resulted in a child under the influence of chloroform during the month of November last. These cases are always doubly unfortunate. They are unfortunate in the first place, and beyond all other reasons, on account of the death of the individual, and the terrible news which is so suddenly brought to the bereaved friends. They are unfortunate because they remind the profession of the fact, which cannot be disproved, that physicians have not found an absolutely safe anæsthetic.

Chloroform Delusions

A surgeon's assistant, named George Howard, was tried at the Midland Circuit on Nov. 9th, for rape on a Mrs. Child, to whom he had administered chloroform for the purpose of taking out a tooth. Mrs. Child seems only to have been put partially under the influence of the anæsthetic, and was stupid and speechless afterwards for a time. She affirmed that it was while in this state, being quite conscious, but having no power of motion, that the crime was committed. This was proved to have been merely a delusion on her part, no doubt due to perverted sensations and sexual excitation during partial anaesthesia, the delusion persisting afterwards. Dr. Richardson said that he had known persons in the second stage of chloroform inhalations subject to delusions as to what had taken place under the influence of chloroform. He mentioned one case, in which a lady had had an exactly similar delusion to that of Mrs. Child, although her father and several other persons were present when Dr. Richardson had administered the chloroform, and persisted in her belief long after the influence of the anaesthetic had passed off. Mr. Mills said that patients of the fair sex frequently had delusions of an erotic nature under such circumstances.

Remarks on a Case of Sudden Death in Ovariotomy While the Patient was under the Influence of Chloroform

Remarks on a Case of Sudden Death in Ovariotomy While the Patient was under the Influence of Chloroform

On the Influence of Chloroform in Promoting Cutaneous Absorption

On the Influence of Chloroform in Promoting Cutaneous Absorption