Inflammatory bowel disease is increasingly recognized as a significant clinical entity in India, reflecting the country's ongoing epidemiological transition. With a rising incidence and an expanding disease spectrum, the limitations of conventional therapeutic agents, such as corticosteroids and thiopurines, have become increasingly evident. This review examines the transformative role of Janus kinase inhibitors, particularly tofacitinib, in redefining therapeutic goals and bridging the gap between medical innovation and real-world implementation in resource-limited settings. Tofacitinib represents a pivotal advancement in the therapeutic landscape of ulcerative colitis (UC) in India, offering the advantages of oral administration, rapid onset of action, predictable pharmacokinetics, and cost-effective generic formulations-thereby overcoming several longstanding barriers to the adoption of advanced therapies. Accumulating real-world evidence from India supports its clinical utility across various phenotypes of UC, including corticosteroid-dependent or refractory disease, acute severe UC, ulcerative proctitis, elderly-onset UC, and in achieving deeper remission endpoints such as histologic healing. Furthermore, its incorporation into routine clinical practice has contributed to a measurable reduction in corticosteroid reliance, thereby aligning treatment strategies with international standards of care. By combining efficacy, safety, accessibility, and ease of use, tofacitinib has catalyzed a paradigm shift in the management of UC in the Indian context.

Occasionally, pediatric Crohn's disease (CD) may develop after diagnosis of orofacial granulomatosis (OFG), which is characterized by chronic granulomatous lesions of the oral mucosa, lips, and perioral area. This study aimed to clarify clinical characteristics, treatment responses, and potential genetic contributors in pediatric patients with CD complicating OFG. We studied pediatric patients with CD complicating OFG who were treated from 2013 to 2022 at 7 Japanese institutions specializing in pediatric inflammatory bowel disease. Their clinical courses were analyzed retrospectively, and analyses of 71 genes associated with monogenic inflammatory bowel disease were performed. Among 13 patients, 8 were girls. Median ages at diagnosis of OFG and CD were 9.2 (3.8-15.3) and 10.3 (6.4-15.3) years old, respectively. Upper gastrointestinal lesions were frequent in 8 cases (62%), while perianal lesions were present in 7 (54%). OFG failed to improve or relapsed despite remission of intestinal lesions in about half of the patients (n = 7, 54%). During follow-up, OFG went into remission in 7 patients, including 6 of the 9 who were treated with biologics (66%) and 1 of the 4 who were not (25%). In 8 patients, the NCF1 p.Arg90His allele was detected by genetic analysis; 7 were heterozygous and 1 homozygous, a higher prevalence than in the general Japanese population. Clinical features of OFG associated with pediatric CD are diverse, and biologic agents were beneficial for OFG patients. NCF1 p.Arg90His mutation may contribute to the pathogenesis of pediatric CD complicating OFG.

Novel plant-derived compounds modulate gut microbiome dysbiosis in colitis mice: A potential therapeutic avenue for inflammatory bowel disease.

Nicotinamide N-methyltransferase mediates redox regulation and colonic epithelial barrier impairment by SIRT1/PPAR-γ/NLRP6/NRF2 axis in inflammatory bowel disease.

The protective role of intestinal alkaline phosphatase in inflammatory bowel disease-associated non-alcoholic fatty liver disease.

Biomaterial-based therapeutic strategies for inflammatory bowel disease.

Electrochemical biosensors for inflammatory bowel disease.

Isobavachalcone ameliorates TNBS-induced Crohn's disease-like colitis via GPR84-PI3K-AKT axis.

Endometrial regenerative cell exosome-derived Sirtuin 6 alleviates ulcerative colitis by remodeling macrophage polarization.

The emerging role of Interleukin-26 in specific autoimmune diseases: A comparative review.

This report presents a rare case of 5-aminosalicylic acid (5-ASA)-induced colitis in a 76-year-old man with no history of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). The patient, who was undergoing treatment for rheumatoid arthritis, developed persistent diarrhea and fever following sulfasalazine (SASP) administration and later experienced a high fever shortly after taking mesalazine. The drug-induced lymphocyte stimulation test result was positive for mesalazine and weakly positive for SASP, thereby supporting the diagnosis of 5-ASA intolerance. This case emphasizes that 5-ASA-induced colitis may occur in patients without IBD. Clinicians should consider this possibility when unexplained gastrointestinal symptoms appear after starting 5-ASA therapy even in patients without any prior IBD.

Therapeutic effects of Zuojin Pill on intestine and liver in a mouse model of acute and chronic colitis induced by dextran sulfate sodium.

Calprotectin (S100A8/A9) constitutes approximately 60% of the cytosolic protein content of neutrophils and serves as a marker of leukocyte activation and migration, providing valuable insight into the intensity and pattern of inflammation. This study aimed to evaluate the tissue expression and quantification of calprotectin in anorectal samples from patients with inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) using immunochemiluminescence and immunohistochemistry. Anti-calprotectin antibodies were conjugated with acridine ester for chemiluminescent detection and applied to tissue extracts. In parallel, indirect immunohistochemistry was performed on paraffin-embedded anorectal sections from patients with Crohn’s disease and ulcerative colitis, and from non-IBD controls. Quantitative and semiquantitative analyses were compared between groups. Calprotectin levels were significantly elevated in IBD tissues compared with controls (p < 0.05) in both detection methods. The chemiluminescent assay demonstrated higher analytical sensitivity, enabling quantification even in samples with mild histological inflammation. Increased tissue calprotectin reflects enhanced neutrophil infiltration and activation within the intestinal mucosa, corroborating its role as a local biomarker of inflammatory activity in IBD.

Adult stem cell (ASC)-derived organoid cultures have become an important model system for studying mammalian epithelial tissues in health and disease, including autoimmune conditions. Somatic stem cells are isolated and embedded into basement membrane-like matrix to allow for the in vitro outgrowth of miniature versions of functional epithelium in the presence of supportive growth factor niche. Organoids derived from tissues affected by autoimmune diseases, such as the intestine in inflammatory bowel disease or salivary glands in Sjögren's disease, may provide an invaluable platform for exploring disease mechanisms, immune-epithelial interactions, and therapeutic interventions. Here, we describe the basic establishment and maintenance principles of mouse intestinal organoid cultures, suitable for many downstream applications, including for disease modeling, drug discovery, and regenerative medicine.

Targeting sialic acid catabolism with polyvalent sialidase inhibitors to mitigate bacterial inflammation in the gut.

Standard treatments of inflammatory bowel diseases frequently demonstrate limited long-term efficacy and are associated with significant side effects, necessitating the exploration of safer therapeutic alternatives. This study aimed to compare the therapeutic efficacy of vitamin C (VitC) administered alone or in combination with either zinc (Zn) or selenium (Se) in a murine dextran sodium sulfate (DSS)-induced colitis model. Sixty male BALB/c mice were randomly allocated into five groups (n = 12): Control, DSS, and three DSS-treated groups receiving VitC monotherapy (100 mg/kg), VitC plus Zn (100 mg/kg + 30 mg/kg), or VitC plus Se (100 mg/kg + 0.5 mg/kg). Treatments were administered daily from day 19 to 28 post-DSS exposure. Body weight, temperature, serum TNF-α and IgG2a levels, and colonic histopathology were assessed. DSS-induced weight loss, hypothermia, cytokine elevation, and colonic damage were significantly reduced in all treatment groups compared with DSS-only controls (p < 0.05). By day 28, the VitC plus Se group achieved the highest body weight (22.8 ± 0.3 g), followed by VitC plus Zn (22.0 ± 0.5 g). However, the VitC plus Zn combination demonstrated superior efficacy in temperature stabilization, TNF-α suppression, and histological preservation of mucosal integrity compared to both monotherapy and the Se combination. These findings indicate that VitC combined with Zn exhibits potent anti-inflammatory and tissue-protective effects mediated primarily through immunomodulatory mechanisms rather than nutritional restoration. Furthermore, Zn-containing micronutrient formulations may represent promising adjunctive strategies for managing inflammatory bowel disease, warranting further translational investigation.

An antioxidant metal-organic framework with functional coatings for oral anti-TNF-α antibody delivery in inflammatory bowel disease treatment.

Phycocyanin oral delivery system obtained by spray-drying with soy proteins for the treatment of inflammatory bowel diseases: in vivo evaluation.

Multistage oral astaxanthin targeted delivery system: Increasing serotonin levels with a dual therapeutic effect for alleviating inflammatory bowel disease and psychiatric disorders.

Differential therapeutic implications of the OSM-OSMR signaling pathway in cancer and inflammatory diseases.