DISCOVERY AND DEVELOPMENT OF BARDOXOLONE METHYL, AN ANTIOXIDANT INFLAMMATION MODULATOR (AIM) TARGETING THE KEAP1-NRF2 PATHWAY Colin J. Meyer, W. Christian Wigley, Deborah A. Ferguson, J. Warren Huff, Robin Kral, Karen T. Liby, Michael B. Sporn Reata Pharmaceuticals, Inc., Irving, TX, USA; Dartmouth Medical School, Hanover, NH, USA. Bardoxolone methyl and related analogs in the AIM class are the most potent known inducers of the Keap1-Nrf2 pathway. AIMs were discovered through an approach to identify novel molecules to inhibit inflammation-induced carcinogenesis. Oleanolic acid, a triterpenoid natural product, was selected as the initial scaffold due to its weak antiinflammatory and anti-carcinogenic activity. Synthetic derivatives were evaluated by measuring suppression of NO production in activated macrophages; bardoxolone was one of the most potent analogs (IC50=0.11 nM). Biochemical assays established that bardoxolone directly interacts with regulatory cysteine residues on Keap1. Activation of Keap1 promotes accumulation of Nrf2 in the nucleus, inducing transcription of genes that increase antioxidant capacity, induce glutathione synthesis, and conjugate and export potentially harmful molecules from the cell. In addition, Keap1 activation suppresses the pro-inflammatory activity of NF-κB. Bardoxolone protects against pro-inflammatory stimuli in vitro and in vivo in an Nrf2-dependent manner. Bardoxolone and related analogs have also been shown to improve endothelial dysfunction, suppress mesangial cell contraction, and increase inulin clearance in preclinical studies. Open-label clinical trials of bardoxolone resulted in substantial improvements in measures of kidney function in most patients. In a recent double-blind, randomized trial, placebo-controlled trial, treatment with bardoxolone for 24 weeks in patients with Stage 3b/4 chronic kidney disease and type 2 diabetes resulted in a large increase in eGFR of 10.1±1.1 mL/min/1.73m relative to no change in the placebo group (p<0.001). Significant improvements were also noted in other measured of kidney function, including blood urea nitrogen, serum phosphorus, and serum uric acid relative to placebo. Bardoxolone has been well tolerated to date. A Phase 3 study (BEACON) is being initiated in the same population to measure time to a composite of 50% decline in eGFR, renal replacement therapy, or death.