Infinitesimal Counterpart Research Articles

Multiplicative Ehresmann connections

We develop the theory of multiplicative Ehresmann connections for Lie groupoid submersions covering the identity, as well as their infinitesimal counterparts. We construct obstructions to the existence of such connections, and we prove existence for several interesting classes of Lie groupoids and Lie algebroids, including all proper Lie groupoids. We show that many notions from the theory of principal bundle connections have analogues in this general setup, including connections 1-forms, curvature 2-forms, Bianchi identity, etc. In [19] we provide a non-trivial application of the results obtained here to construct local models in Poisson geometry and to obtain linearization results around Poisson submanifolds.

A generalized strain approach to anisotropic elasticity

This work proposes a generalized Lagrangian strain function f_alpha (that depends on modified stretches) and a volumetric strain function g_alpha (that depends on the determinant of the deformation tensor) to characterize isotropic/anisotropic strain energy functions. With the aid of a spectral approach, the single-variable strain functions enable the development of strain energy functions that are consistent with their infinitesimal counterparts, including the development of a strain energy function for the general anisotropic material that contains the general 4th order classical stiffness tensor. The generality of the single-variable strain functions sets a platform for future development of adequate specific forms of the isotropic/anisotropic strain energy function; future modellers only require to construct specific forms of the functions f_alpha and g_alpha to model their strain energy functions. The spectral invariants used in the constitutive equation have a clear physical interpretation, which is attractive, in aiding experiment design and the construction of specific forms of the strain energy. Some previous strain energy functions that appeared in the literature can be considered as special cases of the proposed generalized strain energy function. The resulting constitutive equations can be easily converted, to allow the mechanical influence of compressed fibres to be excluded or partial excluded and to model fibre dispersion in collagenous soft tissues. Implementation of the constitutive equations in Finite Element software is discussed. The suggested crude specific strain function forms are able to fit the theory well with experimental data and managed to predict several sets of experimental data.

Poisson double structures

<p style='text-indent:20px;'>We introduce Poisson double algebroids, and the equivalent concept of double Lie bialgebroid, which arise as second-order infinitesimal counterparts of Poisson double groupoids. We develop their underlying Lie theory, showing how these objects are related by differentiation and integration. We use these results to revisit Lie 2-bialgebras by means of Poisson double structures.</p>

Convex combinations of Pauli semigroups: Geometry, measure, and an application

Finite-time Markovian channels, unlike their infinitesimal counterparts, do not form a convex set. As a particular instance of this observation, we consider the problem of mixing the three Pauli channels, conservatively assumed to be quantum dynamical semigroups, and fully characterize the resulting ``Pauli simplex.'' We show that neither the set of non-Markovian (completely positive indivisible) nor Markovian channels is convex in the Pauli simplex, and that the measure of non-Markovian channels is about 0.87. All channels in the Pauli simplex are P divisible. A potential application in the context of quantum resource theory is also discussed.

Lie groupoids and their natural transformations

We discuss natural transformations in the context of Lie groupoids, and their infinitesimal counterpart. Our main result is an integration procedure that provides smooth natural transformations between Lie groupoid morphisms.

Lie theory of multiplicative tensors

We study tensors on Lie groupoids suitably compatible with the groupoid structure, called {\em multiplicative}. Our main result gives a complete description of these objects only in terms of infinitesimal data. Special cases include the infinitesimal counterparts of multiplicative forms, multivector fields and holomorphic structures, obtained through a unifying and conceptual method. We also give a full treatment of multiplicative vector-valued forms, particularly Nijenhuis operators and related structures.

Some remarks on invariant Poisson quasi-Nijenhuis structures on Lie groups

We study right-invariant (respectively, left-invariant) Poisson quasi-Nijenhuis structures on a Lie group [Formula: see text] and introduce their infinitesimal counterpart, the so-called r-qn structures on the corresponding Lie algebra [Formula: see text]. We investigate the procedure of the classification of such structures on the Lie algebras and then for clarity of our results we classify, up to a natural equivalence, all [Formula: see text]-[Formula: see text] structures on two types of four-dimensional real Lie algebras. We mention some remarks on the relation between [Formula: see text]-[Formula: see text] structures and the generalized complex structures on the Lie algebras [Formula: see text] and also the solutions of modified Yang–Baxter equation (MYBE) on the double of Lie bialgebra [Formula: see text]. The results are applied to some relevant examples.

Naturality properties and comparison results for topological and infinitesimal embedded jump loci

We use augmented commutative differential graded algebra (▪) models to study G-representation varieties of fundamental groups π=π1(M) and their embedded cohomology jump loci, around the trivial representation 1. When the space M admits a finite family of maps, uniformly modeled by ▪ morphisms, and certain finiteness and connectivity assumptions are satisfied, the germs at 1 of Hom(π,G) and of the embedded jump loci can be described in terms of their infinitesimal counterparts, naturally with respect to the given families. This approach leads to fairly explicit answers when M is either a compact Kähler manifold, the complement of a central complex hyperplane arrangement, or the total space of a principal bundle with formal base space, provided the Lie algebra of the linear algebraic group G is a non-abelian subalgebra of sl2(C).

Invariant Poisson–Nijenhuis structures on Lie groups and classification

We study right-invariant (respectively, left-invariant) Poisson–Nijenhuis structures ([Formula: see text]-[Formula: see text]) on a Lie group [Formula: see text] and introduce their infinitesimal counterpart, the so-called r-n structures on the corresponding Lie algebra [Formula: see text]. We show that [Formula: see text]-[Formula: see text] structures can be used to find compatible solutions of the classical Yang–Baxter equation (CYBE). Conversely, two compatible [Formula: see text]-matrices from which one is invertible determine an [Formula: see text]-[Formula: see text] structure. We classify, up to a natural equivalence, all [Formula: see text]-matrices and all [Formula: see text]-[Formula: see text] structures with invertible [Formula: see text] on four-dimensional symplectic real Lie algebras. The result is applied to show that a number of dynamical systems which can be constructed by [Formula: see text]-matrices on a phase space whose symmetry group is Lie group a [Formula: see text], can be specifically determined.

RANK TWO TOPOLOGICAL AND INFINITESIMAL EMBEDDED JUMP LOCI OF QUASI-PROJECTIVE MANIFOLDS

We study the germs at the origin of $G$-representation varieties and the degree 1 cohomology jump loci of fundamental groups of quasi-projective manifolds. Using the Morgan–Dupont model associated to a convenient compactification of such a manifold, we relate these germs to those of their infinitesimal counterparts, defined in terms of flat connections on those models. When the linear algebraic group $G$ is either $\text{SL}_{2}(\mathbb{C})$ or its standard Borel subgroup and the depth of the jump locus is 1, this dictionary works perfectly, allowing us to describe in this way explicit irreducible decompositions for the germs of these embedded jump loci. On the other hand, if either $G=\text{SL}_{n}(\mathbb{C})$ for some $n\geqslant 3$, or the depth is greater than 1, then certain natural inclusions of germs are strict.

The infinitesimal counterpart of tangent presymplectic groupoids of higher order

Let $\left(G, \omega \right)$ be a presymplectic groupoid. In this paper we characterize the infinitesimal counter part of the tangent presymplectic groupoid of higher order, $(T^{r}G, \omega ^{\left(c\right)})$ where $T^{r}G$ is the tangent groupoid of higher order and $\omega ^{\left(c\right)}$ is the complete lift of higher order of presymplectic form $\omega $.

Obstructions to the integrability of $\mathcal{VB}$-algebroids

VB-groupoids can be thought of as vector bundle objects in the category of Lie groupoids. Just as Lie algebroids are the infinitesimal counterparts of Lie groupoids, VB-algebroids correspond to the infinitesimal version of VB-groupoids. In this work we address the problem of the existence of a VB-groupoid admitting a given VB-algebroid as its infinitesimal data. Our main result is an explicit characterization of the obstructions appearing in this integrability problem as the vanishing of the spherical periods of certain cohomology classes. Along the way, we illustrate our result in concrete examples. Finally, as a corollary, we obtain computable obstructions for a $2$-term representation up to homotopy of Lie algebroid to arise as the infinitesimal counterpart of a smooth such representation of a Lie groupoid.

On Higher Dirac Structures

We study higher-order analogues of Dirac structures, extending the multisymplectic structures that arise in field theory. We define higher Dirac structures as involutive subbundles of $TM+\wedge^k TM^*$ satisfying a weak version of the usual lagrangian condition (which agrees with it only when $k=1$). Higher Dirac structures transversal to $TM$ recover the higher Poisson structures introduced in [8] as the infinitesimal counterparts of multisymplectic groupoids. We describe the leafwise geometry underlying an involutive isotropic subbundle in terms of a distinguished 1-cocycle in a natural differential complex, generalizing the presymplectic foliation of a Dirac structure. We also identify the global objects integrating higher Dirac structures.

On cosymplectic groupoids

This Note is concerned with cosymplectic groupoids and their infinitesimal counterparts. Examples of cosymplectic groupoids include those obtained by integrating the 1-jet bundle of some Poisson manifolds endowed with an infinitesimal automorphism.

Poly-symplectic Groupoids and Poly-Poisson Structures

We introduce poly-symplectic groupoids, which are natural extensions of symplec- tic groupoids to the context of poly-symplectic geometry, and define poly-Poisson struc- tures as their infinitesimal counterparts. We present equivalent descriptions of poly-Poisson structures, including one related with AV-Dirac structures. We also discuss symmetries and reduction in the setting of poly-symplectic groupoids and poly-Poisson structures, and use our viewpoint to revisit results and develop new aspects of the theory initiated in Iglesias et al. (Lett Math Phys 103:1103-1133, 2013). Mathematics Subject Classification. 53D17, 53D20.

Homological finiteness in the Johnson filtration of the automorphism group of a free group

We examine the Johnson filtration of the (outer) automorphism group of a finitely generated group. In the case of a free group, we find a surprising result: the first Betti number of the second subgroup in the Johnson filtration is finite. Moreover, the corresponding Alexander invariant is a non-trivial module over the Laurent polynomial ring. In the process, we show that the first resonance variety of the outer Torelli group of a free group is trivial. We also establish a general relationship between the Alexander invariant and its infinitesimal counterpart.

Symmetries and reduction of multiplicative 2-forms

This paper is concerned with symmetries of closed multiplicative 2-forms on Lie groupoids and their infinitesimal counterparts. We use them to study Lie group actions on Dirac manifolds by Dirac diffeomorphisms and their lifts to presymplectic groupoids, building on recent work of Fernandes-Ortega-Ratiu [11] on Poisson actions.

Multiplicative forms at the infinitesimal level

We describe arbitrary multiplicative differential forms on Lie groupoids infinitesimally, i.e., in terms of Lie algebroid data. This description is based on the study of linear differential forms on Lie algebroids and encompasses many known integration results related to Poisson geometry. We also revisit multiplicative multivector fields and their infinitesimal counterparts, drawing a parallel between the two theories.

Snyder Space-Time: K-Loop and Lie Triple System

Different deformations of the Poincare symmetries have been identified for various non-commutative spaces (e.g. $\kappa$-Minkowski, $sl(2,R)$, Moyal). We present here the deformation of the Poincare symmetries related to Snyder space-time. The notions of smooth "K-loop", a non-associative generalization of Abelian Lie groups, and its infinitesimal counterpart given by the Lie triple system are the key objects in the construction.

Infinitesimal non-crossing cumulants and free probability of type B

Free probabilistic considerations of type B first appeared in the paper of Biane, Goodman and Nica [P. Biane, F. Goodman, A. Nica, Non-crossing cumulants of type B, Trans. Amer. Math. Soc. 355 (2003) 2263–2303]. Recently, connections between type B and infinitesimal free probability were put into evidence by Belinschi and Shlyakhtenko [S.T. Belinschi, D. Shlyakhtenko, Free probability of type B: Analytic aspects and applications, preprint, 2009, available online at www.arxiv.org under reference arXiv:0903.2721]. The interplay between “type B” and “infinitesimal” is also the object of the present paper. We study infinitesimal freeness for a family of unital subalgebras A 1 , … , A k in an infinitesimal noncommutative probability space ( A , φ , φ ′ ) and we introduce a concept of infinitesimal non-crossing cumulant functionals for ( A , φ , φ ′ ) , obtained by taking a formal derivative in the formula for usual non-crossing cumulants. We prove that the infinitesimal freeness of A 1 , … , A k is equivalent to a vanishing condition for mixed cumulants; this gives the infinitesimal counterpart for a theorem of Speicher from “usual” free probability. We show that the lattices NC ( B ) ( n ) of non-crossing partitions of type B appear in the combinatorial study of ( A , φ , φ ′ ) , in the formulas for infinitesimal cumulants and when describing alternating products of infinitesimally free random variables. As an application of alternating free products, we observe the infinitesimal analogue for the well-known fact that freeness is preserved under compression with a free projection. As another application, we observe the infinitesimal analogue for a well-known procedure used to construct free families of free Poisson elements. Finally, we discuss situations when the freeness of A 1 , … , A k in ( A , φ ) can be naturally upgraded to infinitesimal freeness in ( A , φ , φ ′ ) , for a suitable choice of a “companion functional” φ ′ : A → C .