Dendritic cells (DCs) have been used to treat cancer for many years and are now being used as immunomodulatory agents to treat auto immune diseases. This issue of Immunotherapy highlights advances in these fields. Interest has been growing rapidly in immuno therapy of cancer. The range of types of immuno therapy being tested in clini cal trials is growing and their effectiveness is improving [1]. The use of leukocyte reduction therapy prior to the administration of tumor infiltrating lymphocytes to patients with mela noma has improved clinical response rates [2] and improvements in the methods used for the culture and expansion of tumor infiltrating lymphocytes have made tumor infiltrating lymphocyte therapy more practical and widely available [3]. T cells are being genetically engi neered to express chimeric antigen receptors and the adoptive transfer of T cells expressing chimeric antigen receptors specific for CD19 antigen has, in preliminary studies, been found to be effective in inducing clinical responses in patients with B cell lymphomas and leukemias [4]. DC vaccines represent another promising immune therapy for cancer.