Inferiority Research Articles

Prevalence and Nature of Sexist Microaggressions Against Female Medical Students.

Purpose: Sexism and microaggressions against females in the medical field are well-known occurrences. Although there is extensive research on the prevalence and effects of these microaggressions in residency and clinical practice, little research has been done at the level of medical students. 1,2 Medical schools are now composed of > 50% female students; however, gender discrepancies remain in clinical practice, and sexism during medical school training is likely a contributing factor. 3 The purpose of this study is to assess the frequency, nature, and psychological impact of sexist microaggressions against female medical students and relate findings to specialty preferences. Method: Students attending LCME-accredited U.S. medical schools participated in an online survey that was adopted from the Sexist Microaggressions Experiences and Stress Scale. 4 The nature of microaggressions was categorized into 8 domains: (1) leaving gender at the door (LGD) (i.e., downplaying feminine behaviors to succeed), (2) sexual objectification (SOB), (3) environmental invalidations (ENV) (i.e., gender discrimination in the work environment), (4) invalidation of the reality of women (INV) (i.e., denying that gender bias exists), (5) assumptions of traditional gender roles (TGR), (6) expectations of physical appearance (EXP), (7) inferiority (INF) (i.e., when women are assumed to be inferior to men), and (8) physical safety (SAF) (i.e., being pushed out of the way). At the end of the survey, participants indicated whether the microaggressions they experienced influenced their specialty of choice. An independent t test was used to compare the frequency and psychological impact of sexist microaggressions experienced between female and male participants. Results: Data obtained from 93 students (63 [67%] female) from 12 schools were analyzed. A total of 61 (96.8%) female medical students reported experiencing sexist microaggressions, most frequently in the LGD domain. Females reported experiencing significantly higher rate of microaggression than males in LGD (P < .001), INV (P = .013), INF (P < .001), and SAF (P = .017). Although there was no significant difference in rate between females and males for SOB and TGR, females experienced significantly more stress from these events than males (P = .021, P = .019). 24.5% of the participants indicated that the microaggressions they reported in the survey influenced their choice in specialty. Majority of these participants were female (82%) and reported higher frequency of microaggression than those who stated that their specialty choice was not influenced by such experiences (P < .05). Discussion: Gender bias in medicine is frequently manifested as microaggressions and starts as early as medical school, as evidenced by this study. Female medical students reported high rates of microaggressions with high levels of stress related to the events. LGD was the most common and the most stressful domain reported, possibly reflecting pressure to downplay femininity to succeed. Significance: These findings suggest that a high prevalence of microaggressions exists that stigmatize female medical students and contribute to the gender gap in medical specialties. Continued efforts to educate medical professionals on gender bias and the far-reaching effects of microaggressions can improve awareness and ability to respond to such events when they occur. The results from this study can guide efforts to recognize and decrease microaggressions and create a safer, more inclusive learning environment for female medical students.

Short-film adaptations of Munro’s stories in the 1980s. A multimodal stylistic analysis

This paper presents and deconstructs the four cliches regarding the inferiority of adaptations to adapted texts identified by Linda Hutcheon (2013), by examining screen adaptations of Alice Munro’s short stories. It focuses on three short Canadian films released in the 1980s: Boys and Girls (1983), Thanks for the Ride (1983) and Connection (1986). The theory derives from Hutcheon’s reconceptualization of adaptation(s), while the methodology relies on multimodal stylistic analysis. The inspection of the adaptation process reveals lines of narrative continuity and discontinuity that show the distinct narrative potential of audio-visual artefacts. Contrary to what is commonly thought and expressed by the cliches, the three Canadian films manage to negotiate intimacy and distance through point of view; to express interiority; to shape nonlinear, fractured and layered temporality; to give form to metaphors and other figures. In Thanks for the Ride , the representation and negotiation of intimacy and distance in point of view are central and fluid, functional to the intersectional discussion about gender and social class. Interiority is expressed in Boys and Girls through close-ups and eye-angles, with particular attention to the filmic representation of the female protagonist Margaret. Connection deploys and intertwines two diegetic and temporal plans, and the resurfacing past profoundly affects the present time. Ultimately, all three films convincingly depict a mirror scene, a semiotically layered and complex trope, which represents Munro’s concern with introspection.

Who Thinks, Feels. The Relationship Between Emotions, Politics and Populism

There is a tendency both in academia and in popular understandings to posit emotions against rationality and to judge them as an expression of intellectual inferiority. This could not be more evident than in current accounts of populism, which often describe populist supporters as overtaken by passions rather than relying on rational deliberation. However these arguments hardly stand up to scientific scrutiny. As I will show by reviewing the state-of-the-art, advancements in disciplines such as political psychology have now provided systematic evidence of how, contrary to what is traditionally rooted in the public imaginary, emotions and cognition work in concert. If emotionality is an integral part of decision-making and is vital to any type of political engagement, the question we should rather ask is what is peculiar about the relationship between emotions and populism. In the second part of the article, I will explore how the emotional 'supply and demand' intersect in our contemporary societies, where capitalism, individualism and globalisation have created particular affective states that provide fertile ground for the populist appeal to resonate. By examining the emotions-populism relationship based on three broad dimensions - structural, subjective and communicative -, this article provides a multilevel analysis that unpacks the significance of emotions for the emergence, diffusion and success of populism.

Análisis de los estudios acerca de 'lo mexicano' propuestos por Samuel Ramos, Octavio Paz y Roger Bartra

Se describen y analizan críticamente los puntos de vista de Samuel Ramos (El perfil del hombre y la cultura en México, 1934), Octavio Paz (El laberinto de la soledad, 1950) y Roger Bartra (La jaula de la melancolía, 1987) acerca de lo que estos autores perciben e interpretan como ‘lo mexicano’ y los aspectos que afectan su desarrollo. Dichas consideraciones, que a veces se expresan desde una perspectiva externa y otras, a partir de la realidad interna, permiten vislumbrar ciertas construcciones ideológicas y míticas sobre lo nacional, el machismo, la cultura, el sentimiento de inferioridad, la soledad, el clasismo, la imitación de modelos extranjeros y la participación de los pueblos indígenas en la construcción del país.

Analysis on the current situation of psychological stress of residents in the standardized training base

Objective To analyze the status of psychological stress of trainees in the standardized cooperation training base for municipal hospital residents, and to discuss their mental health problems. Methods Cluster random sampling method was used to select the standardized training trainees of resident physicians in a municipal cooperative base as the research object. Self-made psychological stress evaluation scale was divided into two dimensions: psychological stress and emotion. The emotional dimension was given 1 to 10 points respectively. Descriptive statistics and analysis of variance were used to evaluate the general situation and stress status of residents in standardized training. Results The psychological stress of trainees is prominent, and the employment pressure is the biggest source of stress (4.583±2.939). Other source are work pressure (4.269±2.791), study pressure (3.398±2.782), economic pressure (3.167±2.715), interpersonal pressure (1.222±2.088), environmental pressure (1.065±1.906), and emotional pressure (0.824±1.723). There are significant differences between different types of stress (F=44.68, P=0.000). Trainees' mental health problems are quite serious. 59.26% of the standardized training students occasionally feel pressure, 35.19% often feel pressure, and 4.63% always feel pressure. The detection rate of anxiety, depression and inferiority is 64%, 26% and 26%, respectively. There are significant differences in the average scores of various emotions (F=24.19, P=0.000). Conclusion The psychological stress and mental health problems of residents in standardized training are prominent. Positive measures should be taken to deal with the mental health problems in prospective doctors groups in their transformation stage of development. Key words: Standardized training residents; Psychological pressure; Affecting factors

EVAluation of the Non Inferiority of Interpretability of Cardiokin Compared to Holter

EVAluation of the Non Inferiority of Interpretability of Cardiokin Compared to Holter

A Study on the Relationship between Adolescent Inferiority and Self-Encouragement

A Study on the Relationship between Adolescent Inferiority and Self-Encouragement

Experimental analysis of animal spinal cord injury models

Objective To establish reliable spinal cord injury (SCI) models in rodents for pathological/physiological changes after spinal cord injury to formulate standard models and provide reasonable prospects for new treatment strategy. Methods Sixty female SD rodents were randomly divided into model group and fake-operation group. In model group, SCI models were established in SD rodents at T10 segment via Hatteras PCI3000 instruments. At 1st, 3rd, 7th, 14th and 28th days after operation, spinal tissue analysis for neural necrosis rate and NF-200 expression were performed and analyzed after evaluating movement of posterior limbs by basso beattie bresnahan (BBB)scale in 6 rodents from 2 groups. Results In model group, BBB scale decreased greatly after operaton along with inferiority in comparison with fake-operation group (P=0.000). In fake-opeation group, necrosis index was inferior yet NF-200 expression was higher than model group (P=0.000). Conclusion Hatteras PCI3000 instruments contributes to establishing reliable SCI models by accurate and metrizable, controllable and repeatable punching. Key words: Rodent; Spinal cord injury; Model

An Architect as an Anthropological Issue

An architect is an anthropological issue, because we don’t know what architecture is and whether a human being is able to create it. Inferiority of existence of architecture as a profession always leads architects, on the one hand, to delusion of grandeur and infallibility, and, on the other hand, to despair and self-conceit. This part of the matter is never covered in criticism, polemics or memoirs. A new, not yet born branch of architectural studies, the professional anthropology of the architect, can reveal the hidden sides of the profession and help architects in their self-determination.

PERFORMA KESANTUNAN BERBAHASA INDONESIA DARI SEGI PENGGUNAAN PRINSIP KESANTUNAN WALI KOTA DI SUMATERA BARAT

This study aims to describe the performance of the principles of politeness by the Mayor in West Sumatra. Data are collected in the following manner. (1) downloading a video of a Mayor's speech in West Sumatra either from an official dialogue or when the Mayor went to the field, the researchers collected data from July 4, 2017 to July 18, 2017; (2) transcribes all downloaded videos; (3) observing and determining the data that includes the performance of the use of language-based pronunciation principles. The examination of data validation in this study uses a detailed description technique. After the data collected, then analyzed with the following steps. (1) identify and transcribe data, (2) classify, (3) calculate data using formulas; (4) interpret the data; and infer the data. The conclusion of this research is the performance of language politeness by the Mayor in West Sumatra is very good. This is evidenced from the 275 sentences of speech, found sentence according to the principle of language politeness as much as 259 sentences (94.2%), the corresponding sentence consists of in accordance with the maxim of wisdom, generosity, praise, humility, and inferiority, while the unfit ones is in the use of 16 sentence language (5.8%), the inappropriate sentence consists of the maxim of praise, the maxim of humility and the maxim of agreement.Keywords: politeness, oral communication, mayor

Representation of Inferiority Complex in the Protagonist of the novel “Woman at Point Zero” by Nawal El Saadawi

رمان «امرأة عند نقطة الصفر» نوشته نوال السعداوی، روان‌پزشک و نویسنده پرکار ادبی و سیاسی مصر، روایتگر ناکامی، شکست و حقارت‌هایی است که «شخصیت» قهرمان داستان، در سطح خرد روایت و جامعه معاصر مصر، در سطح کلان روایی بدان مبتلا گشته است. بر این اساس در این نوشتار تلاش شده است تا با تکیه‌بر رویکرد «روان‌شناختی فرد نگر آلفرد آدلر»، یکی از مهم‌ترین موتیف‌ها و درون‌مایه‌های این نظریه بنام « عقدۀ حقارت» در پرداخت هزارتوهای «شخصیت» قهرمان داستان به روش توصیفی- تحلیلی مورد تحلیل و بررسی قرار گیرد. از این‌رو و در پی پاسخ به سؤال اصلی پژوهش مبنی بر چیستی مهم‌ترین عوامل مؤثر در شکل‌گیری «عقدۀ حقارت» و چگونگی بازتاب آن در منش و رفتار «فردوس» قهرمان داستان، یافته‌های تحقیق نشان می‌دهد که با در نظر گرفتن نقش دوران کودکی و روابط اجتماعی قهرمان داستان، شدت احساس حقارت وی از «به خود رهاشدگی کودک و محرومیت او از محبت و تربیت» نشأت گرفته است و این امر او را نه به‌سوی برتری‌جویی که به سمت کمتری و عدم تلاش برای «جبران» و درنهایت به خودکشی سوق داده است.

A Mythoanalysis Study on Women in the Novel of Mice and men by John Steinbeck

This research aims to deconstruct the essential images of women during the period of Puritans that reside in the deeply mythologized text of John Steinbeck (Of Mice and Men) and this paper will also analyze how biblical texts are paradigms of inferiority, inasmuch as sacred texts that define women as bodies of sexuality. Henceforth, this research can elucidate the vague side of women in comparison with religious texts in “Of mice and Men” .We will analyze Steinbeck’s collective consciousness from his texts in order to understand his personal background on women that means we will also grasp the position of women that lived harshly during the momentum of Great Depression. Key terms: Women, Steinbeck, Images, Sexuality, BibleÂ

A qualitative research on sexual experience in infertile patients

Objective To explore the sex experience of infertile women and provide feasible basis for clinical nursing measures. Methods Thirteen subjects from April to October 2016 were recruited and investigated by a qualitative research design. The data were analyzed, sorted and induced the theme. Results There were 5 categories: normal sexual needs and sexual repression, sexual behavior changes and reduced satisfaction; inferiority, self blame and guilt; uncertainty in marital relationship; desire for information and emotional support. Conclusions Nurses should focus on female infertility patients attitude to sex, to strengthen health education, to develop personalized nursing intervention measures, corrective psychological deviation, promote the improvement of patients' spouses sexual health education knowledge, providing effective family, social, emotional support, to promote patients to improve the quality of life of both partners. Key words: Infertility; Sexuality; Qualitative research

The correlation between 5-serotonin transporter gene polymorphism and the first episode major depressive disorder and cognitive function in adolescents

Objective To study the correlation between 5- serotonin transporter (5-HTT) gene polymorphism and the first episode major depressive disorder(MDD) and cognitive function in adolescent. Methods 5-HTT genotype and allele were detected by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) amplification of 76 patients with first episode of MDD and 73 normal controls.Case control method was used to analyze the correlation between different genotypes and the onset, the clinical features, and cognitive function. Results There was no significant difference between 5-HTTLPR genotype frequencies for the 41 cases of type S/S(53.9%), 27 cases of type L/S(35.5%), 8 cases of type L/L(10.5%)of case group and 5-HTTLPR genotype frequencies for the 38 cases of type S/S(52.1%), 18 cases of type L/S(24.7%), 17 cases of type L/L(23.3%) of control group(P>0.05). Patients with S/S type, L/S type had significantly higher sleep scores than those of patients with type L/L(P=0.005, P=0.001). Agitation score in patients with S/S type group was significantly higher than that in patients with S/L, L/L(P=0.000, P=0.001); patients with S/S inferiority scores were significantly lower than those of patients with S/L, L/L(P=0.002, P=0.006). There was no significant difference in cognitive function among three groups. Conclusions In Chinese Han population, there may be no direct association between 5-HTTLPR gene polymorphism and susceptibility to MDD and its cognitive function in adolescents. S/S and L/S patients may be prone to sleep problems, type S/S patients may be prone to irritability and type L/L patients may be prone to inferiority. Key words: Adolescents; Major depressive disorder; Serotonin transporter; Gene polymorphism; Cognitive function

COMPARING THE AUTOMATIC THOUGHTS AND FEELINGS OF INFERIORITY AMONG INTRAVENOUS DRUG USERS WHO ARE LEAVING WITH METHADONE, HIV +, SUFFERING FROM HEPATITIS C AND CONTROL

Background and Objective: According to the hepatitis and AIDS both are chronic and important disease in the last century it was decided to investigate the feelings of inferiority and automatic thoughts in three groups of injecting drug users who are leaving with methadone that a group was developed to HIV-positive and the other with hepatitis c and control group that included intravenous drug users treated for leaving with methadone that was the Negative HIV and was not developed to hepatitis C. Methodology: In this cross-sectional analytical study, automatic thoughts and feeling of inferiority were investigated in three groups of injecting drug users who were leaving with methadone. The first group with hepatitis C, second group infected to HIV and the third group (control group) who were free of these diseases. 120 intravenous drug users were mentioned who were leaving with methadone that 40 people infected with HIV, 40 people with hepatitis C and 40 were lack of both diseases and referred to the clinics for leaving drug and behavioral counseling of Yazd, were selected and studied in purposive sampling method. Results: The mean score of inferiority feeling in patients HIV+ and in patients with hepatitis c was 2.25 ± 5.33 2.59 ± 4.55 and in control group has obtained 2.32 ± 3.63. Average difference of Inferiority feeling score in the group 3 was investigated by variance test and was obtained significant relationship (p-value =0.008) The average of automatic thoughts in patients of HIV + was obtained 2.17 ± 4.78, in patients with hepatitis c 1.9 ± 5.1 and in the control group was obtained 2 ± 4.8. The average difference of automatic thoughts was investigated in group 3 by variance test and was obtained no significant relationship (p-value=0.764). Conclusion: In this study the average of feeling of inferiority among intravenous drug users are leaving with methadone that were HIV + was higher than the control group that showed the importance of psychology and psychotherapy counseling and, if necessary, drug therapy in reducing the feeling of inferiority in the treatment of injecting drug users are leaving with methadone

AB069. Effect of osteogenesis imperfecta on children and their families

Osteogenesis imperfecta (OI) is a heterogeneous genetic disorder, with features that include increased bone fragility, pathological fractures, blue sclera, dentinogenesis imperfecta and conductive or mixed hearing loss. Clinical variability is wide from children with few fractures and normal stature to children with multiple fractures, long bone deformity, scoliosis and extreme short stature. Although there is no curative treatment, there are several therapeutic tools capable of improving the course of the condition and patient quality of life. We aim to evaluate the effect of OI on the well-being of children with the disorder and their families through a family-centered questionnaire. Sixty children with OI from the Vietnam National Hospital of Pediatrics and/or their parent(s), who attended the first annual family support group in 2011, completed a child and parent questionnaire. Sixty patients participated, 26 female and 34 male. The median age was 6.0 years [interquartile range (IQR), 0.25-18 years]. Of these, 36 (60%) had dentinogenesis imperfect and 23 (38.3%) had a scoliosis. The median number of fractures was 6.0 (IQR 0-30) and median number of hospitalizations due to OI was 5.0 (IQR 0-30). Among patients of school age, 9 (15%) could not go to school due to OI. Almost all parents (93.7%) worried about school social communication of the patients. Among these parents, 100% fear of inferiority with friends and 98.3% fear of broken bones. Most parents (76.2%) were significantly concerned about their child’s health. The parents’ themselves reported psychological concerns, with feelings of desperation (58.4%), anxiety (81.7%) and depression (56.7%). OI appeared to have a significant deleterious effect on the life of the patients and their families. These data provide a baseline from which to evaluate the effectiveness of interventions to improve the medical and psychological needs of this cohort and their families.

Les méthodes de recherches qualitatives dans la recherche en soins de santé : apports et croyances

Aujourd’hui, les méthodes de recherche qualitative (MRQ) sont largement utilisées dans la recherche en santé et ont beaucoup à offrir aux institutions qui s’en chargent. Parce que ces méthodes ont été traditionnellement utilisées principalement par des chercheurs en sciences sociales, les professionnels en soins de santé ou les chercheurs d’autres disciplines engagées dans la recherche en santé peuvent ne pas être familiers avec ce type de recherche. Cet article présente dans un premier temps une rapide introduction aux méthodes de recherche qualitative et vise à montrer comment elles peuvent être utilisées de manière appropriée et fructueuse pour répondre à des questions de recherche relatives aux soins de santé. Dans un second temps, nous mettons en exergue les fausses croyances relatives aux MRQ selon lesquelles ces méthodes seraient inférieures aux méthodes quantitatives et entachées de subjectivité ; et ce, en expliquant les objectifs et les méthodes liées à une approche qualitative.

Dabigatran in the secondary prevention of stroke: an evidence-based evaluation

Objective To evaluate the efficiency, safety and indications of dabigatran for the secondary prevention of stroke. Methods Taking dabigatran, stroke, ischemia, hemorrhagic, TIA, transient ischemic attack, prevention, secondary prevention, treatment as search terms, retrieve in databases such as PubMed, ScienceDirect and Cochrane Library, assisted by manual searching, in order to collect relevant literatures including clinical guidelines, systematic reviews (including Meta-analyses), randomized controlled trials (RCTs), retrospective case analyses, case-observation studies and reviews. Jadad Scale was applied for scoring clinical researches while PRISMA statement was for evaluating the quality of systematic reviews (including Meta-analyses) and reviews. Results A total of 23 articles were selected out of 1067 search results, in which 2 clinical guidelines, 6 systematic reviews (including Meta-analyses) and reviews, 8 RCTs, 3 retrospective case analyses, and 4 case-observation studies were enrolled. According to the Jadad Scale, 8 clinical studies were evaluated as high-quality literature (score ≥ 4), and the remaining 7 were low-quality literature (score < 4). All of systematic reviews (including Meta-analyses) and reviews were of high quality. The results were as follows: 1) the use of dabigatran in stroke patients, especially Asian patients, with non-valvular atrial fibrillation showed no inferior efficiency and lower risk for major bleeding for the secondary prevention of stroke than warfarin, while the elder should be given lower dosage and blood concentration of drug might be in need of monitoring. 2) Applying dabigatran for the secondary prevention of stroke in patients with mechanical valve replacement must be cautious. Insufficient evidence had shown its inferiority in both efficiency and safety when compared to warfarin. 3) Large-scale clinical trials are needed to provide evidence for the application of dabigatran in valvular heart disease, cardiomyopathy, myocardial infarction, and other diseases in need of anticoagulants for secondary prevention of stroke. 4) Current evidence is limited for the regular usage of dabigatran for secondary prevention of stroke. Conclusions Critical findings have been demonstrated in the evidence-based evaluation on dabigatran in the secondary prevention of stroke. Decision making on the clinical application of dabigatran in the secondary prevention of stroke should be cautious. DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1672-6731.2015.03.006

Selection criteria of partner: comparison between transnational and homogamous couples in Italy

The transnational couples growth notably in Italy during the recent past. Bearing in mind the relevant literature, we aim at analysing the patterns of mate selection of such unions in comparison with homogamous ones. We also seek to verify if the exchange theory fit to the Italian context, examining some elements of heterogeneity between the partners (age and occupational differences). Lastly, we try to identify who “gains” and who “loses” in the union and how the distribution of “power” is defined. We perform descriptive and multivariate analysis mostly using individual data coming from the 2012 Births and Mothers Sample Survey. Main results show the presence of distinctive mate selection patterns of transnational couples, and that a “variant” of the exchange theory can be suitable the case of Italy. In fact, a “bargain” occurs between the partners, but it involves different aspects with respect to the ones quoted in the “classical” hypotheses. The foreign partner “offers” his/her relative youth, while the Italian one “counterbalances” with his/her “ethnic status”, and better occupational characteristics. This “bargaining” can produce a state of inferiority of the foreign partner, even if there is a risk that the latter has been adapted to solutions of convenience. Giuseppe GABRIELLI, Researcher, Department of Political Sciences, University of Naples Federico II, Italy. E-mail: giuseppe.gabrielli@unina.it . Anna PATERNO, Professor of Demography, Department of Political Sciences, University of Bari, Italy. E-mail: Anna.paterno@uniba.it .

Coping ways and influence factors of the migrant workers of the generation after 90s in Shenzhen

Objective To analyze the coping ways and influence factors of the migrant workers of the generation after 90s in Shenzhen.Methods By cluster sampling, 614 migrant workers of the generation after 90 s were surveyed with demographic data and the Simplified Coping Style questionnaire （ SCSQ ） .Results Among 614 participants the score of coping ways was （1.85 ±0.44）, higher than the norm, and the negative coping score was （1.14 ±0.52）, lower than the norm.The differences were statistical significant （t =-3.87,-21.34, respectively;P〈0.01）.There were 487 participants （79.3%） in the normal state of positive coping ways,and 376 participants （61.2%） in the normal state of negative coping ways .The education level and gender were the influence factors of coping ways , within which the education level had a significant positive effect on the coping ways （F=4.015, P=0.019）, and the influence factors had a significant negative effect on the coping ways （t=3.230, P=0.001）.Conclusions Most of the employee of the generation after 90 s are at a normal state of coping , and have preferable coping ways .The education level and gender are the factors that influence the ways of the behavior and reaction .The inferiority, timidity, atresia and loneliness were found among these employee during the investigation . Key words: Negative coping; Positive coping; Setback; Migrant workers of the generation after 90 s