Infected Person Coughs Research Articles

A Review on Current Situation of Coronavirus (COVID-19)

Coronavirus disease (COVID-19) is an infectious disease caused by a newly discovered coronavirus. Most people infected with COVID-19 virus will experience mild to moderate respiratory illness and recover without requiring special treatment. Older people and those with underlying medical problem like cardiovascular disease, Diabetes, chronic respiratory disease, and cancer are more likely to develop serious illness. The best way to prevent and solve down transmission is to be well informed it causes and how it spread. Protect yourself and other from infection by washing your hands or using alcohol base rub frequently and not touching your face. The COVID-19 virus spread primarily through droplets of saliva or discharge from the nose when an infected person coughs or sneezes, so it’s important that you also practice respiratory etiquette (for ex. by coughing into a flexed elbow).The COVID-19 is a respiratory illness and the primary transmission of C0VID-19 route is through person to person contact and through when a contact infected person coughs or sneezes with respiratory droplets. No evidence of viruses that causes respiratory illness being transmitted via food or packaging. Corona viruses multiply in animal or human host, they cannot multiply in food.

Pembuatan Automatic Sterilizer Chamber Sebagai Upaya Pencegahan Penyebaran Pandemi Covid-19

The disease caused by the Corona Virus (Covid-19) is a disease that is transmitted through small droplets that are produced when an infected person coughs, sneezes, or exhales. This droplet cannot stay in the air for a long time, so it quickly falls and sticks to the surface of the floor, hands, or others. Besides, it can be transmitted when someone touches the surface of a contaminated object and then touches the eyes, nose, or mouth. A series of government efforts were taken to minimize the spread of this virus, starting with policies to limit activities outside the home, restricting schools, working, and implementing large-scale regional quarantines, all of which were carried out to reduce the spread of Covid-19. Through the community service program carried out by lecturers and students in contributing to solving problems in society by making Automatic Sterilizer Chambers, the existence of this tool is able to help the local community in dealing with its spread, which can be seen from the good response given by the community or local officials. This was evidenced by the enthusiasm of the participants who came to use the tool either at the village hall, school, or in other public places.

TANGGAP COVID – 19 MASYARAKAT DI RT TENGKAN KELUARAHAN MAKALE KABUPATEN TANA TORAJA TAHUN 2020

Corona virus Disease-2019 (COVID-19) is known to cause respiratory tract infections in humans ranging from colds to more serious coughs such as Middle East Respiratory Syndrome (MERS) and Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome (SARS). The spread of the COVID-19 virus is increasing faster through droplets of saliva or out of the nose when an infected person coughs or sneezes.(Prasetyo and Suherlan 2020) However, there is still very little community in RT Tengkan, Lamunan Village, Makale District, Tana Toraja implementing health protocols to avoid the spread of the corona virus. Therefore, there is a need for an understanding of the health protocol for handling COVID-19. Based on these problems, the authors carry out community service through the STIK Makassar Response COVID-19 Real Work Lecture (KKN) activities carried out using methods of supporting public safety against COVID-19. Such as making banners about health protocols, building hand washing stations, distributing masks to break the chain of distribution of viurs, and working together to clean up the environment by applying physical distancing. Hopefully with this program the community can comply with health protocols.
 As a result of this activity, I managed to distribute 20 masks to people who often leave their homes, put up health protocol banners around people's homes, build hand washing stations around Lamunan Village, and invite people to work together to clean the road to the Zion church by implementing health protocols.

SARS-CoV-2 Pandemic in Algeria

Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is an infectious disease caused by a recently discovered coronavirus. The majority of people with COVID-19 will only experience mild or moderate symptoms and will recover without special treatment [1]. The virus that causes COVID-19 is spread primarily through droplets produced when an infected person coughs, sneezes, or breathes out. These droplets are too heavy to stay in the air and fall quickly to the ground or any nearby surface [2]. You can get infected by breathing in the virus, if you are near a sick person, or by touching a contaminated surface and then your eyes, nose or mouth.

Fight against COVID-19: The case of antiviral surfaces.

The COVID-19 pandemic is the largest global public health outbreak in the 21st century so far. Based on World Health Organization reports, the main source of SARS-CoV-2 infection is transmission of droplets released when an infected person coughs, sneezes, or exhales. Viral particles can remain in the air and on the surfaces for a long time. These droplets are too heavy to float in air and rapidly fall down onto the surfaces. To minimize the risk of the infection, entire surrounding environment should be disinfected or neutralized regularly. Development of the antiviral coating for the surface of objects that are frequently used by the public could be a practical route to prevent the spread of the viral particles and inactivation of the transmission of the viruses. In this short review, the design of the antiviral coating to combat the spread of different viruses has been discussed and the technological attempts for minimizing the coronavirus outbreak have been highlighted.

Nano Silver Coated Surgical Apparels and Phaco Needles for Safety of Ophthalmic Surgeons in View of COVID-19 Pandemic

Background:In view of the recent outbreak of the pandemic caused by novel corona virus 19 (n-covid) which has thrown the overall healthcare system that has created fear, apprehension and anxiety amongst all surgeons. Ophthalmic surgeons are no exceptions. The new corona virus is a respiratory virus of theCoronoviridaefamily containing a single strand of RNA which spreads primarily through droplets generated when an infected person coughs or sneezes or through droplets of saliva or discharge from the nose. A person can get infected by the virus if the person is within 1 meter of a person with COVID 19 or by touching contaminated surface and then touching eyes, nose or mouth.Methods:Standard recommendations to prevent the spread of COVID-19 include frequent cleaning of hands using alcohol based hand rubs or soap and water. Covering the nose and mouth with a proper mask, covering skin, eyes, hair, hands and legs with proper apparel is important.Just like elderly members of the society, the healthcare workers who have some co-morbidity are susceptible to COVID-19 invasion.Asymptomatic carriers who may present with senile or pre-senile cataract can be a potential source of infection to other patients, hospital staff, surgeons and others.Conclusion:It is important that all the microsurgical instruments which will be used for phacoemulsification be properly sterilized. The surfaces of these instruments should remain free of contaminants as these instruments will be used multiple times in other patients as well.

Nurses and COVID-19

The virus which causes COVID-19 is most often transmitted through droplets that occur when an infected person coughs, sneezes or exhales. These droplets are too heavy to fly through the air and fall quickly to the floor and other surfaces. A person can get it by touching his eyes, nose or mouth after touching such contaminated surfaces or by inhaling the virus if he is in the immediate nearness of a person who has COVID-19. The aim of this paper is to draw attention to the hard work of nurses who are faced daily with the most severe forms, but also the most severe consequences for the health of patients during the current pandemic crisis.

SARS COV-2 virus-laden droplets coughed from deep lungs: Numerical quantification in a single-path whole respiratory tract geometry.

When an infected person coughs, many virus-laden droplets will be exhaled out of the mouth. Droplets from deep lungs are especially infectious because the alveoli are the major sites of coronavirus replication. However, their exhalation fraction, size distribution, and exiting speeds are unclear. This study investigated the behavior and fate of respiratory droplets (0.1–4 μm) during coughs in a single-path respiratory tract model extending from terminal alveoli to mouth opening. An experimentally measured cough waveform was used to control the alveolar wall motions and the flow boundary conditions at lung branches from G2 to G18. The mouth opening was modeled after the image of a coughing subject captured using a high-speed camera. A well-tested k-ω turbulence model and Lagrangian particle tracking algorithm were applied to simulate cough flow evolutions and droplet dynamics under four cough depths, i.e., tidal volume ratio (TVR) = 0.13, 0.20. 0.32, and 0.42. The results show that 2-μm droplets have the highest exhalation fraction, regardless of cough depths. A nonlinear relationship exists between the droplet exhalation fraction and cough depth due to a complex deposition mechanism confounded by multiscale airway passages, multiregime flows, and drastic transient flow effects. The highest exhalation fraction is 1.6% at the normal cough depth (TVR = 0.32), with a mean exiting speed of 20 m/s. The finding that most exhaled droplets from deep lungs are 2 μm highlights the need for more effective facemasks in blocking 2-μm droplets and smaller both in infectious source control and self-protection from airborne virus-laden droplets.

PENYULUHAN PROTOKOL KESEHATAN PENCEGAHAN DAN PENGENDALIAN COVID-19 DI PANTI ASUHAN BAITUL ARIEF KOTA BANDUNG

The virus that causes COVID-19 is mainly transmitted through the droplets that are produced when an infected person coughs, sneezes, or exhales. We can be infected when we breathe the air containing the virus, we are too close to people who are already infected with COVID-19. Therefore, it is necessary to conduct outreach to the public regarding health protocols to prevent and control the transmission of covid-19. The Baitul Arief Orphanage, which is located in the middle of the city and a densely populated area, has 85 foster children who have activities both from foster children and activities from guests and donors who come and go. To prevent foster children from contracting COVID-19 by changing their lifestyle in accordance with government regulations, it is necessary to conduct Health Protocol Covid-19 Prevention and Control Counseling. The methods of implementing these activities include location surveys, presenting initiatives, implementing Covid-19 Health Protocol counseling, handing over hand washing equipment from the UBK community service team, 6-step hand washing practice with soap for, ordering the covid task force at an orphanage, and evaluation. Activities are documented and published through social media and mass media and journals. The results of education and evaluation of written tests increase children's knowledge and understanding as prevention and control of Covid-19. The lowest average score for foster children with elementary education level and the highest score for foster children with tertiary education. The existence of the Covid-19 Task Force in the form of an orphanage contributes to changes in behavior and builds self-awareness for foster children at the Baitul Arief orphanage in Bandung City.

Awareness of Facemask and its Usage in the Rural Community of Western Maharashtra during COVID-19 Pandemic: A Cross-sectional Survey

Introduction: The Coronavirus Disease-19 (COVID-19) pandemic caused by 2019 novel coronavirus was first reported in Wuhan, China. It is a disease of the respiratory system with clinical presentation of fever, cough, breathlessness, headache, fatigue etc. Transmission route is through person to person contact and through direct contact with respiratory droplets generated when an infected person coughs or sneezes. In such cases usage of facemasks is very crucial. At the same time awareness regarding the same in the community is very important. Hence, through this survey authors have assessed and recorded the awareness about facemasks and its usage in the community in the Indian population along with the basic hygiene precautions taken by the people. Aim: To conduct a detailed survey regarding the awareness and usage of facemask in the rural population in Maharashtra. Materials and Methods: The study was a three month cross- sectional online survey conducted by Maharashtra Academy of Engineering Education and Research’s (MAEER’s) Talegaon Dabhade Physiotherapy College in the rural community of western Maharashtra, India, from October to December 2020. A self-administered online questionnaire consisting of 20 questions was prepared regarding the awareness about masks usage and proper methods to be considered with reference to the guidelines given by World Health Organisation (WHO), Indian Council of Medical Research (ICMR), Centers for Disease Control (CDC) and Prevention and literature reviews. The forms were shared on social media platforms such as WhatsApp, Facebook, and Instagram using Google forms. Statistical analysis was done by descriptive analysis using percentage. Results: Out of total 390 participants, 210 (53.84%) were males and 180 (46.15%) were females. Considering the knowledge about the types of masks available was 67.1%, self-education was 88%. A 44% of the population thinks that one can wear a facemask up to eight hours if worn properly. Similarly knowledge about disinfecting the mask before throwing was 86%. Active efforts to maintain good hygiene by washing hands was 90%. Also, 55% of the population avoids touching their mask frequently. In practice, 56.1% of the population avoids wearing a mask while walking or jogging. Varieties of masks are being used by the people depending on the cost and availability. Conclusion: The coronavirus pandemic has evoked a sense of awareness about self-care, hygienic habits and being updated about one’s health. Further work can be done on cost effectiveness and availability of the good quality masks.

Neutrophil lymphocyte ratio (NLR) is inversely proportional to cycle threshold value of orf1a gene in RTPCR may be used as biomarker in Covid19 patients

Corona virus disease (COVID-19) is an infectious disease caused by a newly discovered corona virus. The virus that causes COVID-19 is mainly transmitted through droplets generated when an infected person coughs, sneezes, or exhales. These droplets are too heavy to hang in the air, and quickly fall on floors or surfaces. A person can be infected by breathing in the virus if the person is within close proximity of someone who has COVID-19, or by touching a contaminated surface and then your eyes, nose or mouth. This study was conducted to find the correlation between Neutrophil Lymphocyte Ratio (NLR) and Cycle Threshold Values of RTPCR in Covid-19 infected patients. This study was conducted in a Diagnostic Centre, located in Kolkata. Data was collected from patients of Covid-19 between October’20to December’20, positive for Covid-19 Infection. Basic demographic data was collected from Laboratory Information System (LIS) of the diagnostic centre. Whole blood EDTA sample were collected to analyze the features of WBC (Neutrophil and Lymphocyte) Total 500 patients were studied for hematological parameters (NLR). Demographic data revealed age range from 10 years to 80 years. Males constituted 360(72%) and females 140(28%). Leukocyte Count showed Leucocytosis was observed in 60% of patients, high absolute neutrophil count in 5%, high Neutrophil Lymphocyte Ratio (NLR) in 55% patients.

COVID-19 and Cancer Comorbidity: Therapeutic Opportunities and Challenges.

The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is a viral disease caused by a novel severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) that affects the respiratory system of infected individuals. COVID-19 spreads between humans through respiratory droplets produced when an infected person coughs or sneezes. The COVID-19 outbreak originated in Wuhan, China at the end of 2019. As of 29 Sept 2020, over 235 countries, areas or territories across the globe reported a total of 33,441,919 confirmed cases, and 1,003,497 confirmed deaths due to COVID-19. Individuals of all ages are at risk for infection, but in most cases disease severity is associated with age and pre-existing diseases that compromise immunity, like cancer. Numerous reports suggest that people with cancer can be at higher risk of severe illness and related deaths from COVID-19. Therefore, managing cancer care under this pandemic is challenging and requires a collaborative multidisciplinary approach for optimal care of cancer patients in hospital settings. In this comprehensive review, we discuss the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on cancer patients, their care, and treatment. Further, this review covers the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic, genome characterization, COVID-19 pathophysiology, and associated signaling pathways in cancer, and the choice of anticancer agents as repurposed drugs for treating COVID-19.

COVID-19 AND CANCER COMORBIDITY: THERAPEUTIC OPPORTUNITIES AND CHALLENGES (RUSSIAN TRANSLATION)

The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is a viral disease caused by a novel severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) that affects the respiratory system of infected individuals. COVID-19 spreads between humans through respiratory droplets produced when an infected person coughs or sneezes. The COVID-19 outbreak originated in Wuhan, China at the end of 2019. As of 29 Sept 2020, over 235 countries, areas or territories across the globe reported a total of 33,441,919 confirmed cases, and 1,003,497 confirmed deaths due to COVID-19. Individuals of all ages are at risk for infection, but in most cases disease severity is associated with age and pre-existing diseases that compromise immunity, like cancer. Numerous reports suggest that people with cancer can be at higher risk of severe illness and related deaths from COVID-19. Therefore, managing cancer care under this pandemic is challenging and requires a collaborative multidisciplinary approach for optimal care of cancer patients in hospital settings. In this comprehensive review, we discuss the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on cancer patients, their care, and treatment. Further, this review covers the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic, genome characterization, COVID-19 pathophysiology, and associated signaling pathways in cancer, and the choice of anticancer agents as repurposed drugs for treating COVID-19. <br><b>Original article:</b> Pathania AS, Prathipati P, Abdul BAA, et al. COVID-19 and Cancer Comorbidity: Therapeutic Opportunities and Challenges. Theranostics. 2021;11(2):731-753. DOI: 10.7150/thno.51471. <br><i>The article was translated into Russian and published under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 license.</i>

Breastfeeding During the COVID-19 Pandemic

Breastfeeding can offer many perks, especially during the COVID-19 pandemic. You can even breastfeed if you test positive for COVID-19 or are not fully vaccinated, as long as you take extra safety precautions to protect your baby.If you’re fully vaccinated against COVID-19, you do not need to take any special precautions when feeding your baby at the breast or expressing milk. However, if you have symptoms of COVID or have had close contact with someone who has the illness, the U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) recommends wearing a mask.COVID-19 vaccines are considered safe for breastfeeding mothers and babies. Many lactating people have received the COVID-19 vaccine. Recent studies have demonstrated COVID-19 mRNA vaccine antibodies in the breastmilk of vaccinated lactating mothers, which can potentially pass along protection to the breastfed infant. More studies are needed to determine how these antibodies protect the baby.SARS-CoV-2 (the virus that causes COVID-19 disease) spreads during close contact between people when an infected person coughs, sneezes, or talks. People without symptoms of or confirmed COVID-19, who have not been in close contact with someone with COVID, do not need to take special precautions. So far infectious SARS-CoV-2 virus has not been found in breastmilk. Breastfeeding has been shown to be safe when a mom has other viral illnesses like influenza.Yes, babies can still receive breast milk even if you test positive for COVID-19. The breast milk is safe and important for the baby.If you and your family decide to keep your baby in the same room as you, try to keep a reasonable distance away when possible. Wear a face mask and wash your hands whenever you directly care for your baby.Continue taking these precautions until you have been fever-free for 24 hours without taking any fever medicines (acetaminophen or ibuprofen); at least 10 days have passed since your COVID-19 symptoms first started; and all your symptoms have improved. If you tested positive but have no symptoms, wait until at least 10 days after the positive test result.Hand pumping and hand expressing breast milk is especially helpful in the first few days after your baby is born to get the milk supply going. Frequent pumping (or breastfeeding if you have chosen to directly breastfeed and are following the strict precautions noted above) should line up with your infant’s feeding demands, about 8-10 times in a 24-hour period.Most medications are safe to take while breastfeeding, but always check with your doctor. While this may be a stressful time, try to stay optimistic and practice healthy habits to reduce stress as much as possible. This includes getting enough sleep, eating plenty of healthy foods, and getting regular exercise.Ask your pediatrician for help with getting your baby to latch on again once you can restart breastfeeding. Do not hesitate to ask for help if you have trouble with feeding, nipple pain, low milk supply, or with any other concerns.After leaving the hospital, it is important that your baby’s first follow-up visit happen within 1-2 days in person so your baby can be examined, measured, and weighed. Many doctors are scheduling newborn visits during specific times (such as first thing in the morning) to limit exposure to sick patients. Your pediatrician also can help if you need more breastfeeding support, a lactation consultant, or help from local groups and resources.The best way to protect your baby is to get the COVID-19 vaccine. If you aren’t fully vaccinated or test positive for COVID, it is still a good idea to breastfeed your baby if you can. Just be sure to take steps to minimize COVID-19 infection. Talk with your pediatrician about how to keep your baby healthy and what resources might be available in your community to help you.The information contained in this publication should not be used as a substitute for the medical care and advice of your pediatrician. There may be variations in treatment that your pediatrician may recommend based on individual facts and circumstances. Source: HealthyChildren.org (Temitope Awelewa, MBCHB, MPH, FAAP, IBCLC; 9/10/21)

1426. Increased Visits to Respiratory Protection Webpages during COVID-19

BackgroundCOVID-19 transmission is thought to occur mainly via respiratory droplets produced when an infected person coughs or sneezes. Respiratory protection devices, when properly fitted and used, can prevent this type of illness transmission.MethodsThe Centers for Disease Control and Prevention’s National Personal Protective Technology Laboratory (NPPTL) within the National Institute of Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH) is responsible for the certification and approval of respirators for use in occupational settings. NPPTL maintains webpages with information on respiratory protection devices. We monitored the number of webpage views for several NPPTL webpages from January 1, 2020 to May 8, 2020. The number of webpage visits was then compared to significant events during the COVID-19 outbreak as well as the previous year’s webpage visits.ResultsThe landing page for NIOSH-approved N95 respirators received the most visits. This page received a total of 1,637,250 webpage visits with a peak of 63,715 on February 26, 2020, a 38,989% increase from the average daily page visits for that same month in 2019. This occurred on the same day as the White House gave its first televised briefing on COVID-19. The page providing general information on filtering facepiece respirators, including N95 respirators received 834,186 webpage visits with a peak of 20,520 on April 3, 2020, a 13,659% increase from the average daily webpage visits for that same month in 2019. This occurred on the same date as new CDC recommendations were provided for using cloth face masks in public places. The counterfeit respirator page maintained a steady, but small number of webpage visits, but increased from 4,261 on March 27, 2020 to 68,145 on March 29, 2020. This occurred as the first reports of fraudulent respirators were being published in the media. It then fell to 18,562 on March 30, 2020 and 13,093 on March 31, 2020. While most webpage visits were from the United States, visits from China, and Canada were higher than previous years.ConclusionDuring COVID-19 there was a large increase in the number of webpage visits for respiratory protection information which coincided with major events and media reports. Accurate, accessible respiratory protection information is an important resource during public health emergencies.Disclosures All Authors: No reported disclosures

Primary Prevention of COVID 19

Coronavirus disease - 19 is caused by a newly discovered virus called coronavirus. Coronavirus is a spherical ,enveloped particle with a single stranded RNA which causes acute mild respiratory illness. The transmissionis via airborne droplets. It multiplies in the nasal mucosa causing cell damage and inflammation. COVID19 has been increasing exponentially as it spreads very fast and in a country like India with a population of135 crore it is difficult to curtail the spread of the virus. The steps taken to control this spread such as socialdistancing, nation-wide lockdown were important to restrict the geographical spread of coronavirus. Thevirus is transmitted by droplets which can travel in air when an infected person or carrier coughs or sneezes.Therefore, primary preventive measures like practicing hygiene with soap and water for at least 60 secondsor using alcohol-based hand rub, social distancing and lockdown were implemented. This article covers themethod of hand washing, steps of hand washing and gives information about the do’s and don’ts of alcoholbased hand rubs. It also covers the importance of social distancing and lockdown with the social distancingmethods adopted in India.

Covid-19 Pandemic in Nigeria: The Essential Roles of Biomedical Engineers & Technologists

COVID-19 is a pandemic and dreadful viral disease affecting numerous countries globally including Nigeria. The virus that causes COVID-19 is mainly transmitted through droplets generated when an infected person coughs, sneezes, or exhales. These droplets are too heavy to hang in the air, and quickly fall on floors or surfaces one can be infected by breathing in the virus if he/she is within close proximity of someone infected with the Virus, or by touching a contaminated surface and then your eyes, nose or mouth. It has been discovered that the COVID-19 virus spreads primarily through droplets of saliva or discharge from the nose when an infected person coughs or sneezes. The most common symptoms are fever, cough, shortness of breath, and breathing difficulties. Biomedical Equipment manpower and engineers greatly Fabricate and Design workable Infrared Thermometers, Ventilators and Respirators to detect feverish conditions, monitor and alleviate COVID-19 Patients difficulty in breathing respectively; as during the coronavirus break, some hospitals, isolation centers and healthcare providers have faced a shortage of Infrared thermometers, respirators and ventilators, three critical tools in fighting the infection. During this Pandemic, Nigerian Biomedical Personnel have been highly committed in the mitigation, alleviation and expertise fighting of the Scourge and its geometric confirmed cases; they, aside from design, fabrication and maintenance of vital medical equipment they provide prompt, high quality and professional engineering support in all activities related to the research, commission and installation of medical equipment during this dreadful Pandemic; their dogged determination, zeal and diligence as essential health workers cannot be over-emphasized.

Deposition distribution of the new coronavirus (SARS-CoV-2) in the human airways upon exposure to cough-generated droplets and aerosol particles

The new coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) has been emerged as a rapidly spreading pandemic. The disease is thought to spread mainly from person-to-person through respiratory droplets produced when an infected person coughs, sneezes, or talks. The pathogen of COVID-19 is the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). It infects the cells binding to the angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 receptor (ACE2) which is expressed by cells throughout the airways as targets for cellular entry. Although the majority of persons infected with SARS-CoV-2 experience symptoms of mild upper respiratory tract infection, in some people infections of the acinar airways result in severe, potentially fatal pneumonia. However, the induction of COVID-19 pneumonia requires that SARS-CoV-2 reaches the acinar airways. While huge efforts have been made to understand the spread of the disease as well as the pathogenesis following cellular entry, much less attention is paid to how SARS-CoV-2 from the environment reach the receptors of the target cells. The aim of the present study is to characterize the deposition distribution of SARS-CoV-2 in the airways upon exposure to cough-generated droplets and aerosol particles. For this purpose, the Stochastic Lung Deposition Model has been applied. Particle size distribution, breathing parameters supposing normal breathing through the nose, and viral loads were taken from the literature. We found that the probability of direct infection of the acinar airways due to inhalation of particles emitted by a bystander cough is very low. As the number of viruses deposited in the extrathoracic airways is about 7 times higher than in the acinar airways, we concluded that in most cases COVID-19 pneumonia must be preceded by SARS-CoV-2 infection of the upper airways. Our results suggest that without the enhancement of viral load in the upper airways, COVID-19 would be much less dangerous. The period between the onset of initial symptoms and the potential clinical deterioration could provide an opportunity for prevention of pneumonia by blocking or significantly reducing the transport of viruses towards the acinar airways. Therefore, even non-specific treatment forms like disinfection of the throat and nasal and oral mucosa may effectively keep the viral load of the upper airways low enough to avoid or prolong the progression of the disease. In addition, using a tissue or cloth in order to absorb droplets and aerosol particles emitted by own coughs of infected patients before re-inhalation is highly recommended even if they are alone in quarantine.

Awareness on Preventive Measures taken by Health Care Professionals Attending COVID-19 Patients among Dental Students.

Objectives Coronavirus disease is an infectious disease caused by a newly discovered coronavirus. This virus primarily spreads through droplets of saliva or discharge from the nose when an infected person coughs or sneezes. This virus was named after its shape, which takes the form of a crown with protrusions around it. The World Health Organization has recommended personal protective equipments (PPE) to doctors and health care workers attending COVID-19 patients. PPE generally includes masks, goggles, respirators, gloves, face shields, and isolation gowns. The principle aim of this study is to create awareness among dental students about the preventive measures taken by health care professionals while attending patients affected with COVID-19. Materials & Methods A questionnaire comprising 15 questions was created using an online Google forms website and was circulated among 100 dental students. The survey was conducted within a week in the months of April to May 2020. The results and observations were recorded in the form of pie charts. Results Ninety-three percent of the participants have stated that health care professionals must clean their hands often, cover their nose and mouth, and maintain safe distance from everyone in order to prevent the virus from affecting them. Sixty-three percent of the participants are familiar with the term PPE. Majority assume that health care professionals are given enough safety precautions while treating a patient with coronavirus. Conclusion Hence, to conclude, health care professionals play a vital role in improving access and quality health care for the population, and hence, they must be protected as well. Since dental students treat patients, they are vulnerable to infection as well, and must take proper safety measures.

FUZZY Inference System using Python

Most common symptoms of COVID-19 are fever, dry cough, and tiredness but affects different people in different ways. The virus that causes COVID-19 is mainly transmitted through droplets generated when an infected person coughs, sneezes, or exhales. These droplets are too heavy to hang in the air, and quickly fall on floors or surfaces. You can be infected by breathing in the virus if you are within close proximity of someone who has COVID-19, or by touching a contaminated surface and then your eyes, nose or mouth. This paper is about classification of fuzzy logic application in an infectious disease like COVID-19. Fuzzy logic methods are vastly used for diagnosis of diseases and the key fuzzy logic methods used for the infectious diseases are the fuzzy inference system, rule- based fuzzy logic. This paper using python programming language and developed a Fuzzy logic based expert system to indentified possible COVID-19 cases base on symptoms. Python offers an amazingly powerful and free open-source alternative to traditional techniques and applications. Python have libraries for data analysis and visualization like Pandas, numpy etc. as well as for data visualization like matplotlib.