Industrial Solid Waste Research Articles

Factors Influencing Carbon Emission and Low-Carbon Development Levels in Shandong Province: Method Analysis Based on Improved Random Forest Partial Least Squares Structural Equation Model and Entropy Weight Method

Comprehensively clarifying the influencing factors of carbon emissions is crucial to realizing carbon emission reduction targets in China. To address this issue, this paper develops a four-level carbon emission influencing factor system from six perspectives: population, economy, energy, water resources, main pollutants, and afforestation. To analyze how these factors affect carbon emissions, we propose an improved partial least squares structural equation model (PLS-SEM) based on a random forest (RF), named RF-PLS-SEM. In addition, the entropy weight method (EWM) is employed to evaluate the low-carbon development level according to the results of the RF-PLS-SEM. This paper takes Shandong Province as an example for empirical analysis. The results demonstrate that the improved model significantly improves accuracy from 0.8141 to 0.9220. Moreover, water resources and afforestation have relatively small impacts on carbon emissions. Primary and tertiary industries are negative influencing factors that inhibit the growth of carbon emissions, whereas total energy consumption, the volume of wastewater discharged and of common industrial solid waste are positive and direct influencing factors, and population density is indirect. In particular, this paper explores the important role of fisheries in reducing carbon emissions and discusses the relationship between population aging and carbon emissions. In terms of the level of low-carbon development, the assessment system of carbon emission is constructed from four dimensions, namely, population, economy, energy, and main pollutants, showing weak, basic, and sustainable stages of low-carbon development during the 1997–2012, 2013–2020, and 2021–2022 periods, respectively.

Research on the Configuration of Multi-Component Solid Waste Cementitious Materials and the Strength Characteristics of Consolidated Aeolian Sand

Developing green, low-carbon building materials has become a viable option for managing bulk industrial solid waste. This paper presents a kind of all solid waste cementitious material (SWCM), which is made entirely from six common industrial wastes, including carbide slag and silica fume, that demonstrate strong mechanical properties and effectively stabilize aeolian sand (AS). Initially, we investigated the mechanical strength of waste-based cementitious materials in various mix ratios, focusing on their ability to stabilize river sand (RS) and aeolian sand. The results show that it is necessary to use alkaline solid waste carbide slag to provide a suitable reaction environment to achieve the desired strength. In contrast, the low reactivity of coal gangue powder did not contribute effectively to the strength of the cementitious material. Further orthogonal experiments determined the impact of different waste dosages on the strength of stabilized AS. It was found that increasing the amounts of carbide slag, silica fume, and blast furnace slag powder improved strength, while increasing fly ash first increased and then decreased strength. In contrast, higher additions of desulfurization gypsum and coal gangue powder led to a continuous decrease in strength. The optimized mix is carbide slag—desulfurization gypsum—fly ash—silica fume—blast furnace slag powder in a ratio of 4:2:2:3:3. The experimental results using SWCM to stabilize AS indicated a proportional relationship between strength and SWCM content. When the content is ≥20%, it meets the strength requirements for road subbases. The primary hydration products of stabilized AS are C-(A)-S-H, AFt, and CaCO3. Increasing the SWCM content enhances the reaction degree of the materials, thereby improving mechanical strength. This study highlights the mechanical properties of cementitious materials made entirely from waste for stabilizing AS. It provides a reference for the large-scale utilization of industrial solid waste and practical applications in desert road construction.

The strength, reaction mechanism, sustainable potential of full solid waste alkali-activated cementitious materials using red mud and carbide slag

Alkali-activated cementitious material (AACM) is a green building material which effectively utilizes industrial solid wastes, such as red mud (RM), ground granulated blast furnace slag (GGBS). However, there are problems with using conventional alkali activators (NaOH, Na2SiO3), including strong corrosivity and high cost. In order to solve this problem, this study prepares full solid waste cementitious materials (FSWCM) by activating RM and GGBS using carbide slag (CS) instead of traditional alkali activator. Based on the response surface method (RSM), the effects of RM content, CS content and water-binder ratio on the performance of FSWCM were studied. The microstructure changes of FSWCM with different RM contents were analyzed by XRD, TG, FTIR and SEM-EDS. The results showed that the optimized content of RM and CS was 40 % and 20 % respectively, and the 28-d compressive strength reached 14.11 MPa, which met the requirements of road base materials. The regression model established by RSM had high accuracy and could accurately predict the performance response values. The alkaline environment created by CS-RM facilitated the decomposition of active components in GGBS, resulting in the formation of a considerable amount of C-(A)-S-H gel via polycondensation. With the increase of age, Na+ dissolved in RM replaced Ca2+ in C-A-S-H to form N-A-S-H gel. The hydration products N-A-S-H, C-(A)-S-H and CaCO3 were intertwined to form a stable and dense three-dimensional network structure, which provided excellent mechanical properties. Sustainability analysis shows that FSWCM has significant advantages in cost control and environmental friendliness compared with AACM.

Adsorption ability of sugar scum as industrial waste for crystal violet elimination: Experimental and advanced statistical physics modeling

Recycling solid industrial waste into useful resources is the most critical aspect of managing waste. Herein, for detoxifying poisonous crystal violet dye (CV) in aqueous media, sugar scum (SS) as an underutilized industrial discard has been tested as a promising adsorbent.The SS was thoroughly analyzed beforehand and after the adsorption process through various characterization techniques. Several operational factors, including pH, biosorbent dosage, dye concentration, and temperature, were optimized, reaching 24 mg.g-1 at (pH 10, 2 g.L−1 of SS, 10 mg.L−1 of CV and 25 °C). The bioadsorbent's performance was assessed through a range of studies involving kinetic, equilibrium (using both conventional and statistical physics models), and thermodynamic investigations.Based on the results, the equilibrium curves best fit the Freundlich model, indicating that multilayer adsorption occurs on a heterogeneous active sites surface. The statistical physics models provided detailed physiochemical insights, the double-layer with two energies model was most accurately describing the data, with a high saturation capability of 371 mg.g−1. Most interactions occur at a single adsorption site (70 %), with the remaining 30 % at two sites, involving both parallel and non-parallel orientations. The mesoporous structure of the SS surface provides an optimum size for CV adsorption. Pore filling, Van der Waals forces, hydrogen bonding, π-π and electrostatic interactions are proposed as the possible mechanisms in the CV-SS system. Thermodynamic measurements indicate that CV adsorption is spontaneous (ΔG° < 0) and exothermic ΔH° (− 41.390 kJ mol−1).The SS recyclability was assessed, exhibiting encouraging sustainability with a slight fall in effectiveness (∼7 %) after 5 sequential usages. Altogether, this study makes a substantial contribution to the promotion of ecological water treatment strategies, which highlights the utility of using SS as an environmental alternative to water contaminant remediation.

Environmental Implications of Fly Ash Management and Utilization: A Review of Laws, Policies, and Practices.

In the environmental realm, ‘fly-ash’ refers to the byproduct of burning pulverized coal in thermal power stations. One of India's most resource-intensive and polluting industries, coal-fired power generation, contributes considerably to atmospheric pollution. Public power stations that use coal or lignite to generate energy account for 77% of the nation's total electricity production. This sector is responsible for over 65% of India's total coal use. This study employs a multifaceted approach combining theological, exploratory, analytical, and descriptive methods. It relies on secondary sources from diverse web resources to analyze fly ash's ecological and health impacts, explore utilization methods, and discuss potential legislation to prevent careless disposal. The coal-based power industry has added 32 GW, or over 64% of the new massive capacity, to its operations in the last decade, leading to a rise in coal consumption. There was a greater than 71% increase in annual coal usage, from 367 million tonnes in 2009–10 to almost 629 million tonnes in 2018–19. The increasing usage of coal in India has led to fly ash being one of the country's most significant industrial solid wastes. Fly ash is a residue or byproduct made when coal is burned; it is harmful to both humans and the environment. The problem is particularly acute in India because of the poor calorific value, high ash content, and low grade of the coal used there.

Conversion of an Industrial Solid Waste to a Magnetic Material for Wireless Charging Devices of Electric Vehicles

Conversion of an Industrial Solid Waste to a Magnetic Material for Wireless Charging Devices of Electric Vehicles

A Study on the Mechanisms of Coal Fly Ash to Improve the CO2 Capture Efficiency of Calcium-Based Adsorbents

Utilizing calcium-based adsorbents for CO2 adsorption through cyclic calcination/carbonization is one of the most cost-effective methods for carbon emission reduction. In order to improve the cycle stability of the adsorbents and the capture efficiency of CO2, this study used industrial solid waste coal fly ash for the hydration treatment of calcium-based adsorbent to explore the variations in the cyclic adsorption performance of the adsorbent under different doping ratios and hydration conditions. By means of various characterization techniques, the microscopic mechanism for improving the performance of the modified adsorbent was analyzed from the perspectives of chemical composition, physical structure, and surface functional groups of the adsorbents. The results demonstrated that the modification of coal fly ash could significantly enhance the carbonation performance and cycle stability of the adsorbent in multiple CO2 capture processes. The modified material doped with 5% coal fly ash had the highest total CO2 adsorption capacity, which increased by 13.7% compared to before modification. Additionally, the modified material doped with 10% coal fly ash exhibited the strongest cyclic adsorption capacity, which was 14.0% higher than that before modification, and the adsorption attenuation rate decreased by 32.2%. The characterization results showed that the reaction between calcium oxide and coal fly ash formed CaSiO3 and Ca12Al14O33 during the modification process, which was the primary reason for the improvement in the CO2 capture performance of the modified materials. This study provided a new perspective on the resource utilization of solid waste fly ash and efficient CO2 capture.

Advancing the performance characteristics of rubber asphalt mixtures through the integration of Basic Oxygen Furnace (BOF) slag: A focus on static and dynamic mechanical enhancements.

To investigate the advantageous effects of incorporating industrial solid waste basic oxygen furnace (BOF) slag on the mechanical characteristics of warm-mixed rubber asphalt (WMRA) and hot-mixed rubber asphalt (HMRA) mixture, varying proportions of BOF slag were substituted for limestone coarse aggregates (0%, 25%, 50%, and 75%). Additionally, a 1.5% dosage of Sasobit warm-mixed modifier was introduced to prepare the rubber asphalt. Subsequent to preparation, both static mechanical tests (including Marshall and indirect tensile tests) and dynamic mechanical tests (including dynamic creep and elastic modulus tests) were conducted to evaluate the influence of BOF slag on the mechanical behavior of WMRA and HMRA mixtures across different substitution levels. Following testing, a two-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) was employed to dissect the impact of BOF slag content and Sasobit warm-mixed modifier on the static and dynamic mechanical properties of the rubber asphalt mixtures. The findings reveal that BOF slag exhibits commendable engineering aggregate properties, enabling substantial substitution of coarse aggregates in both HMRA and WMRA mixtures. As the proportion of BOF slag increases, it enhances the resistance of asphalt mixtures to permanent deformation and cracking under static and dynamic loading conditions, while broadening the range of elastic deformation for both WMRA and HMRA mixtures subjected to repeated loading. Moreover, a synergistic enhancement in the resistance of rubber asphalt mixtures to dynamic load-induced deformation is observed when employing both BOF slag and Sasobit warm-mixed modifier. The findings offer valuable insights for enhancing the performance of WMRA and HMRA mixtures, as well as broadening the utilization of BOF slag and waste rubber.

Synergistic hydration mechanism of steel slag-metakaolin based on ionic dissolution properties combined with industrial CT analysis

Replacing cement with solid waste materials is a key approach to preserving natural resources and mitigating carbon dioxide emissions. In this research, we explored elemental complementation as an eco-friendly and low-carbon approach to develop composite cementitious materials (CCMs) by partially substituting cement with steel slag (SS) and metakaolin (MK), thereby overcoming the low reactivity of SS and facilitating its broader application. We scrutinized the synergistic effects of SS-MK CCMs on parameters such as solubility, water demand, setting time, compressive strength, the formation of hydration products, and microstructure. Employing a suite of analytical techniques, including Inductively Coupled Plasma Optical Emission Spectrometer (ICP-OES), X-ray Diffraction (XRD), Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FT-IR), Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM), measurement of hydration heat, and X-ray computed tomography. The findings revealed that the alkaline environment produced by SS-cement powder promoted the breakdown of Si-O and Al-O bonds within MK, facilitating both the early hydration process and the development of strength.MK compensates for the lack of strength caused by the slow hydration of SS in the early stage, while the SS accelerated a pozzolanic reaction of MK, leading to a 28d compressive strength of 54.77 MPa for the composite, while the 28d strength of SS20 was 39.74 MPa; MK effectively utilized portlandite, enhancing the hydration of SS and increasing the production of calcium silicate hydrate, which optimized the pore structure and improved sphericity. Furthermore, the SS-MK CCMs addressed the issues of f-CaO excess and prolonged setting times in the SS-cement system, while also ameliorating the high calcium demand and reduced fluidity in the MK-cement system. Additionally, its lower cumulative heat release from hydration enhances the material’s volumetric stability. This study presents a strategy for the large-scale application of SS and contributes to the value-added, eco-friendly use of industrial solid wastes.

Toward Viable Industrial Solid Residual Waste Recycling: A Review of Its Innovative Applications and Future Perspectives

Industrial solid residual waste (ISRW) generated during and/or due to the making of energy, heat, and raw materials poses a major threat to a sustainable future due to its large production quantities and complex characteristics. Especially improper disposal of ISRW (e.g., coal ashes, municipal waste residue, and biomass ashes) not only threatens human health but can also cause environmental hazards such as water, soil, and air pollution, upsetting the global balance. Given the environmental impacts as well as increasingly stringent disposal regulations, lack of landfills, and economic constraints, more sustainable and naturally friendly management strategies are being adopted for ISRW. While numerous studies in the literature have considered various characteristics of ISRW, a complete appraisal of the entire practice, from making to disposal, is still lacking. This paper presents an overview of the making, features, and traditional and innovative managing tactics of ISRW within the context of a general legal framework. This paper provides a scientific review of the various production types, global production quantities, and characteristics of ISRW. Additionally, the orthodox management strategies of ISRWs are scrutinized from a sociological and ecological standpoint, and diverse techniques for more viable and secure management are elucidated. This review culminates in an examination of the global impact and advantages of ISRW management policies based on legislation and regulations. Consequently, this paper seeks to elucidate the extant practices and a few recent advancements pertaining to ISRWs. Additionally, it underscores the ecological, sociological, and economic issues engendered by ISRWs and proposes innovative applications and production technologies.

Characteristics of Bacterial Community Structure and Function in Artificial Soil Prepared Using Red Mud and Phosphogypsum.

The preparation of artificial soil is a potential cooperative resource utilization scheme for red mud and phosphogypsum on a large scale, with a low cost and simple operation. The characteristics of the bacterial community structure and function in three artificial soils were systematically studied for the first time. Relatively rich bacterial communities were formed in the artificial soils, with relatively high abundances of bacterial phyla (e.g., Cyanobacteria, Proteobacteria, Actinobacteriota, and Chloroflexi) and bacterial genera (e.g., Microcoleus_PCC-7113, Rheinheimera, and Egicoccus), which can play key roles in various nutrient transformations, resistance to saline-alkali stress and pollutant toxicity, the enhancement of various soil enzyme activities, and the ecosystem construction of artificial soil. There were diverse bacterial functions (e.g., photoautotrophy, chemoheterotrophy, aromatic compound degradation, fermentation, nitrate reduction, cellulolysis, nitrogen fixation, etc.), indicating the possibility of various bacteria-dominated biochemical reactions in the artificial soil, which can significantly enrich the nutrient cycling and energy flow and enhance the fertility of the artificial soil and the activity of the soil life. The bacterial communities in the different artificial soils were generally correlated with major physicochemical factors (e.g., pH, OM, TN, AN, and AP), as well as enzyme activity factors (e.g., S-UE, S-SC, S-AKP, S-CAT, and S-AP), which comprehensively illustrates the complexity of the interaction between bacterial communities and environmental factors in artificial soils, and which may affect the succession direction of bacterial communities, the quality of the artificial soil environment, and the speed and direction of the development and maturity of the artificial soil. This study provides an important scientific basis for the synergistic soilization of two typical industrial solid wastes, red mud and phosphogypsum, specifically for the microbial mechanism, for the further evolution and development of artificial soil prepared using red mud and phosphogypsum.

Research Progress on the Resource Utilization of Sodium Sulfide in Industrial Solid Waste

Research Progress on the Resource Utilization of Sodium Sulfide in Industrial Solid Waste

Integrated multi-dimensional assessment of red mud recycling technologies: Insights from industrial waste treatment and life-cycle management

A large stock of red mud (RM), with certain resource values and potential environmental hazards, places higher requirements on the selection and optimization of recycling technology. A multi-dimensional performance assessment method combined with life cycle assessment was established to address this issue. In this study, eight typical RM recycling technologies were screened and sorted into three categories, 18 assessment indicators covering technological, resource, environmental, economic, and social dimensions were defined, and the integrated performance assessments of different categories and technologies were analyzed and compared. For the building material preparation category, the environmental dimension mainly focused on reducing the consumption of chemical reagents and sintering temperatures. In the material adsorption and modification category, improvements primarily targeted the technological and societal dimensions by increasing technological readiness and social feasibility. For the metal extraction category, the technology dimension focused on improving applicability and competitiveness and optimizing process parameters. Electricity, the primary energy source, significantly affected environmental performance and constrained industrial scalability. Thus, integrated performance assessment method for RM recycling technologies offers a methodology for researchers, provides a scientific basis and guidance for technology selection for industrialized applications, and promotes the optimal management of industrial solid waste for governments.

Optimizing carbonation reaction parameters of calcium carbide slag in acidic/alkaline environment enhancing CO2 mineralization efficiency

Carbide slag (CS) is a typical alkaline solid waste with Ca(OH)2 as its main component, exhibiting a high capacity for CO2 mineralization. Currently, the methods for CS mineralization of CO2 include direct and indirect mineralization which the initial pH of the reaction system plays a crucial role in the mineralization process. In this study, we explored the effects of alkaline and acidic environments on the carbonation reaction between CS and CO2 and optimized the related reaction parameters. The alkaline system involved dissolving CS followed by introducing CO2, while the acidic system involved introducing CO2 first, followed by either one-time or intermittent addition of CS. We studied the dissolution behavior and reaction processes of CO2 and CS in both systems. The results showed that the carbonation reaction could be completed in the alkaline system. However, in the acidic system, the carbonation reaction is uncompleted with one-time addition of small amount of CS (solid–liquid ratio of 1:100) especially intermittent addition of CS. On the contrary, one-time addition of sufficient CS into acidic solution forming high solid-to-liquid ratio suspension (solid–liquid ratio of 5:100 and 10:100) resulted in thoroughly completion of the carbonation. More importantly, the CO2 fixation capacity, reaction rate, Ca2+ extraction, size distribution and phase structure of obtained calcite was superior to that of the alkaline system. This study demonstrates that although the acidic environment is unfavorable for the dissolution of CS and the leaching of Ca2+, the reaction can still proceed to completion at a faster rate under optimized conditions. This finding might promote the practical utilization of industrial solid waste for CO2 sequestration and enhance its scale-up application.

Monetizing and selection of sustainable tannery sludge-to-energy technology using a simulation-based novel integrated MCDM model along with life cycle Techno-Economic-ESG analysis

Tannery sludge (TS) is a harmful, hazardous byproduct of the leather processing industry. This industrial solid waste generally undergoes uncontrolled landfilling and pollutes the surrounding environment, including water, air, and soil. Thus, to protect the environment and promote sustainable development goals (SDGs), an innovative TS valorization process design is urgently necessary. Nonetheless, the previous literature mainly focused on the physicochemical characteristics of TS and entirely ignored developing innovative processes for energy recovery. Further, there is a lack of study on developing life cycle techno-economic, environmental, social, and governance (T-E-ESG) frameworks for the TS-to-energy recovery scheme selection in an uncertain environment. To address these gaps, this study, for the first time, develops a simulation-based data-driven life cycle T-E-ESG framework for assessing TS-to-energy recovery schemes. A comprehensive fuzzy Delphi and hybrid weighting method (fuzzy-based best-worst method and level-based weight assessment) integrated with the fuzzy Bonferroni combined compromise solution (CoCoSo) model are proposed for evaluating TS-to-energy recovery schemes based on the T-E-ESG framework. The extended literature review identified thirty T-E-ESG factors, further verified using the fuzzy Delphi technique. The findings of the hybrid weighting method confirmed that the two most important factors are ‘Revenue per day with subsidy’ and ‘Energy efficiency’. The fuzzy Bonferroni CoCoSo analysis indicated ‘TS to power generation with carbon capture’ as the optimal solution for TS valorization as it received the highest relative significance score value of 2.2655, which ensured its’ suitability for real-time implication. The study findings may be used as a benchmark for the policymakers to establish optimal TS-to-energy recovery plant in developing countries.

A waste Kuznet curve: The negative shadows of tourism industry in West Nusa Tenggara, Indonesia using fully modified and dynamic ordinary least squares

This empirical study investigates the relationship between the tourism industry and municipal solid waste (MSW) creation in West Nusa Tenggara, Indonesia, to determine whether a Waste Kuznet Curve (WKC) exists. The study runs from 2014 to 2020, using data acquired from several government official websites in ten Regencies/Districts. Fully Modified Ordinary Least Squares (FMOLS) and Dynamic Ordinary Least Squares (DOLS) regression approaches were employed to analyze this relationship. This inquiry yielded three important discoveries. First, a significant and negative link is seen between the development of the tourism business and the increase in MSW output. This demonstrates that the booming tourism sector hurts environmental conditions, exacerbating environmental issues that require government intervention. This empirical study investigates the relationship between the tourism industry and MSW creation in West Nusa Tenggara, Indonesia, to determine whether a WKC exists.

Porous hollow microspheres based on industrial solid waste enhance biomethane recovery from corn straw

The increasing production of industrial solid waste requires better disposal solutions. Porous hollow microspheres (PHM) are small inorganic materials with high surface area and adsorption capacity, but their potential for use in anaerobic digestion (AD) has not been explored. With PHM as additive, the effects of different industrial solid wastes (waste glass, steel slag, and fly ash) with different loadings (2 %–8 %), respectively, on the AD of corn straw were investigated in this study. The results showed that PHM could supplement trace elements and promote biofilm formation, which effectively shortened the lag period (25.00–60.87 %) and increased the methane yield (4.75 %–16.28 %). The 2 % PHM loading based on steel slag gave the highest methane yield (300.16 NmL/g VSadd). Microbial and PICRUSt2 analyses indicated that PHM enriched hydrolytic and acidogenic bacteria, increased the abundance of methanogenesis-related enzyme genes. This study provides a theoretical basis for the comprehensive utilization of coupled industrial and agricultural wastes.

Unlocking the potential: Transforming hazardous waste into solid cementitious materials

Incineration fly ash and mineral slag represent hazardous and industrial solid wastes necessitating immediate remediation in China. The liberation and stabilization of heavy metals have erected formidable barriers to their reclamation and repurposing. This study presents a pivotal technology for creating all-solid waste cementitious materials, with the optimal parameters consisting of a dosage of 55.773% incineration fly ash, 38.822% cementitious materials dosage, and 5.405% adhesive powders dosage. Furthermore, a comprehensive evaluation model has been developed to assess the performance of these materials. Several extraction procedure experiments were conducted to investigate the leaching behavior of heavy metals under various leaching scenarios, which suggests the diffusion coefficients of heavy metals under the optimal ratio are all less than 3 × 10–13 m2/s, affirming the effective stabilization and the absence of potential migration risks. The primary mechanisms of solidification involved include ion exchange reactions for charge balance and the encapsulation of precipitates through cementation, both of which contribute to the solidification of heavy metals. The findings will illuminate advanced strategies for reducing waste, enhancing resource efficiency, and promoting environmentally friendly building practices, as well as provide a promising avenue for achieving sustainability goals in construction projects, leading to reduced environmental impact and improved long-term sustainability. The integration of ACM-SW can pave the way for transformative advancements in sustainable building practices, ultimately leading to a more environmentally friendly and resilient built environment.

Discharge Electrode Degradation in Dry Electrostatic Precipitator Cleaning of Exhaust Gases from Industrial Solid Waste Incinerators

The electrodes of industrial electrostatic precipitators degrade as a result of two phenomena: corrosion and erosion. The first is chemical degradation by highly reactive compounds formed during combustion, in particular, during the incineration of municipal or industrial wastes or high-sulfur coal. The degradation intensity of electrostatic precipitator electrodes depends on the chemical composition of the exhaust gasses. High concentrations of chlorides, fluorides, or sulfur in the exhaust gasses cause strong corrosion of the electrostatic precipitator elements. The second mechanism is the erosion caused by solid particles conveyed by the exhaust gas stream due to their collision with the electrodes. In this study, the analysis of the degradation of electrodes of an electrostatic precipitator downstream of an industrial waste incinerator was carried out. The industrial wastes of unknown sources were subjected to thermal degradation in a rotary kiln. The aim of this study was to provide fundamental knowledge about the mechanisms of electrode degradation located on the surface of discharge electrodes of electrostatic precipitators during the combustion of industrial wastes.

Practical experience to theoretical innovation: A model for recovering metal resources from industrial solid waste − A case study of copper smelting slag

Industrial solid waste (ISW), a byproduct of modern industrial production, poses significant challenges to sustainable development due to limitations in economic and technical capabilities. Despite containing valuable metal resources, the lack of a coherent approach to its treatment has hindered progress in addressing this longstanding issue. In response, we introduce an innovative model for metal resource recovery from ISW (ISWMRR), with a specific focus on copper smelting slag (CSS) as a prevalent example. This study underscores the efficacy of mineral phase reconstruction technology in converting CSS from a liability to an asset, thereby ensuring a sustainable stream of high-quality raw materials for green steel production amid declining iron ore reserves. Experimental findings indicated that employing the ISWMRR model enabled the successful production of iron products from CSS, yielding an iron concentrate with a TFe (total iron) fraction of 87.21 wt% and iron recovery of 91.24%. This approach facilitated the cost-effective, environmentally friendly, and efficient recovery of iron resources from CSS. By furnishing a novel theoretical framework, our research seeks to guide scientists and industry stakeholders engaged in ISW management.