Industrial Scientific Medical Research Articles

2×2 배열 패치 안테나 구조를 갖는 렉테나 설계 및 구현

In this paper, an antenna has been proposed for the operation of mobile devices such as Zigbee. The presented rectenna operates at ISM (Industrial Scientific Medical) band of 2.45 GHz and consists of <TEX>$2{\times}2$</TEX> array patch antenna and Villard voltage double rectifier circuit for high conversion efficiency. <TEX>$2{\times}2$</TEX> array patch antenna is fabricated in FR4 substrate having thickness of 1.6mm and dielectric constant of 4.7. The proposed <TEX>$2{\times}2$</TEX> array patch antenna resonates at 2.56GHz with return loss of 38.36dB, VSWR of 1.0244, and its impedance is matched to <TEX>$50{\Omega}$</TEX>. The fabricated rectenna has maximum conversion efficiency of 59.8% at an input power lever of 15dBm and load resistance of <TEX>$500{\Omega}$</TEX>.

Inverted‐E shaped monopole on high‐permittivity substrate for application in industrial, scientific, medical, high‐performance radio local area network, unlicensed National information infrastructure, and worldwide interoperability for microwave access

In this study, the simulation and measured results of coplanar waveguide (CPW)-fed inverted-E shaped monopole for application in industrial, scientific, medical (ISM), high-performance radio local area network (HIPERLAN), unlicensed National information infrastructure (UNII), and worldwide interoperability for microwave access (WiMAX) bands are presented. The CPW-fed inverted-E shaped monopole is fabricated on a high-permittivity substrate. The lower band is associated with the longer strips of the inverted-E shaped monopole whereas the higher band is associated with the middle and shorter strips of the inverted-E shaped monopole. The proposed antenna has good agreement between the measured and the simulation results. The proposed antenna has a 10 dB return loss with bandwidth 644 MHz (2033-2677 MHz) in the lower band and 1913 MHz (4815-6728 MHz) in the higher band. The proposed dual-band CPW-fed inverted-E shaped monopole covered the ISM, HIPERLAN, UNII and WiMAX bands.

Design of an implantable CPW fed dual dipole antenna for dual band biomedical applications

An implantable Coplanar Waveguide (CPW) fed dipole antenna operates in the Industrial, Scientific Medical (ISM) band and Wireless Medical Telemetry Services (WMTS) band for biomedical applications. The proposed implanted antenna is made compatible for implantation by embedding it in an alumina ceramic substrate. The proposed antenna was simulated using the method of moment's software IE3D by assuming the predetermined dielectric constant for the human body muscle, fat and skin tissues, and the parameters of an implantable antennas such as return loss, radiation pattern and Voltage Standing Wave Ratio (VSWR) with human body phantom liquid are plotted and it is verified with simulated results. The proposed antenna shows the lower return loss, perfect impedance matching and high gain as compared to other implanted antennas. The experiments permitted to identifying the most efficient tissue placements, and proposing some quantitative and general guidelines useful to characterise and design this kind of new system.

Design and analysis of implantable CPW fed bowtie antenna for ISM band applications

A novel implantable coplanar waveguide (CPW) fed crossed bowtie antenna is proposed for short-range biomedical applications. The antenna is designed to resonate at 2.45GHz, one of the industrial-scientific-medical (ISM) bands. It is investigated by use of the method of moments design equations and its simulation software (IE3D version 15). The size of the antenna is 371.8mm3 (26mm×22mm×0.65mm). The simulated and analyzed return losses are −23 and −25dB at the resonant frequency of 2.45GHz. We have analyzed some more performances of the proposed antenna and the results show that the proposed antenna is a perfect candidate for implantation. The proposed antenna has substantial merits like low profile, miniaturization, lower return loss and better impedance matching with high gain over other implanted antennas.

The short-term effects of antenna insulation thickness on path losses in wireless telemetry implants at microwave frequencies

Various physiological parameters can be monitored non-invasively using wireless biotelemetry links. The development of sophisticated ultra low power consuming transceivers allows the transmission of large amounts of data from the inside of the body to an external receiver in real time at microwave frequencies.Antenna impedance matching is crucial for obtaining an acceptable propagation link budget in a wireless telemetry link. The dielectric properties of biological tissue induce detuning to transceiver antennas when implanted into the body. To counteract detuning problems, implant antennas are coated with biocompatible insulating material. The study investigates the propagation losses of a wireless communication link at different insulation thicknesses of medical grade silicone in the Industrial-Scientific-Medical (ISM) radio band at 2.45 GHz. The wireless link consisted of an implantable unit which was placed between two pads of tissue substitute material and an external receiver which was connected to a laptop. Predefined data packets were transmitted from the implant, the received packets were analyzed, packet errors and packet losses were logged and the received signal strength indicator values (RSSI) were recorded. Our results showed that the mean RSSI values of insulated transmitter antennas - embedded in tissue equivalent material - provide more safety distance to critical receiver sensitivity level than uncoated antennas.The conducted measurements let us conclude that with increasing thickness of the insulation layer, the antenna becomes less sensitive to detuning by adjacent tissue substitute material. Therefore tuned antennas are less influenced by the surrounding tissue after implantation.

The short-term effects of antenna insulation thickness on path losses in wireless telemetry implants at microwave frequencies

Various physiological parameters can be monitored non-invasively using wireless biotelemetry links. The development of sophisticated ultra low power consuming transceivers allows the transmission of large amounts of data from the inside of the body to an external receiver in real time at microwave frequencies.Antenna impedance matching is crucial for obtaining an acceptable propagation link budget in a wireless telemetry link. The dielectric properties of biological tissue induce detuning to transceiver antennas when implanted into the body. To counteract detuning problems, implant antennas are coated with biocompatible insulating material. The study investigates the propagation losses of a wireless communication link at different insulation thicknesses of medical grade silicone in the Industrial-Scientific-Medical (ISM) radio band at 2.45 GHz. The wireless link consisted of an implantable unit which was placed between two pads of tissue substitute material and an external receiver which was connected to a laptop. Predefined data packets were transmitted from the implant, the received packets were analyzed, packet errors and packet losses were logged and the received signal strength indicator values (RSSI) were recorded. Our results showed that the mean RSSI values of insulated transmitter antennas - embedded in tissue equivalent material - provide more safety distance to critical receiver sensitivity level than uncoated antennas.The conducted measurements let us conclude that with increasing thickness of the insulation layer, the antenna becomes less sensitive to detuning by adjacent tissue substitute material. Therefore tuned antennas are less influenced by the surrounding tissue after implantation.

Wireless Communication Solution for Distributed Structural Health Monitoring

Abstract This paper describes a design of wireless distributed SHM (Structure Health Monitoring) system with a particular emphasis on comparison of wireless communication standards. The presented solution is being deployed in the TULCOEMPA project. Several wireless communication standards are compared, with their benefits, disadvantages and typical areas of application. A choice of proper ISM (Industrial Scientific Medical) band and reasons for use of Wireless Sensor Networks are also discussed. The last part of this paper presents the proposed structure and designed prototype. The chosen architecture of the system and the program algorithm used for communication and measurements are described.

스마트폰 앱을 이용한 산업용 엔진의 모니터링 시스템 개발에 관한 연구

In this study, a wire/wireless communication system transmitting the operation data of engine from the ER (Engine Room) to the engine controller of ECR(Engine Control Room) has been developed through the communication of ISM(Industrial Science Medical) Band for the test operation environment improvement of medium speed engine. This wire/wireless communication system is composed of the RTU (Remote Terminal Unit) gathering and transmitting engine data as well as the MCU (Master Control Unit) receiving engine status information from the RTU to be sent to the engine controller (PLC). Through this study, a trial product of RTU and MCU has been manufactured. A test bench that has made temperature, pressure and pick-up sensor into a module for the local test of prototype was produced a test bench. In addition, at the same time save the data to a Web server and the smart phone real-time monitoring system has been developed using Wi-Fi communications. The ultimate objective of this study is to develop a wireless smart phone monitoring system of engine for the operator of engine to be able to monitor and control engine status even from the outside of engine room and control room based on this study.

Low-Power Far-Field Wireless Powering for Wireless Sensors

This paper discusses far-field wireless powering for low-power wireless sensors, with applications to sensing in environments where it is difficult or impossible to change batteries and where the exact position of the sensors might not be known. With expected radio-frequency (RF) power densities in the 20-200- μW/cm2 range, and desired small sensor overall size, low-power nondirective wireless powering is appropriate for sensors that transmit data at low duty cycles. The sensor platform is powered through an antenna which receives incident electromagnetic waves in the gigahertz frequency range, couples the energy to a rectifier circuit which charges a storage device (e.g., thin-film battery) through an efficient power management circuit, and the entire platform, including sensors and a low-power wireless transmitter, and is controlled through a low-power microcontroller. For low incident power density levels, codesign of the RF powering and the power management circuits is required for optimal performance. Results for hybrid and monolithic implementations of the power management circuitry are presented with integrated antenna rectifiers operating in the 1.96-GHz cellular and in 2.4-GHz industrial-scientific-medical (ISM) bands.

5.8-GHz Integrated Differential Rectenna Unit Using Both-Sided MIC Technology With Design Flexibility

A 5.8-GHz integrated differential rectifying antenna (rectenna) unit with design flexibility is proposed, and its performance is confirmed experimentally. It positively uses both-sided microwave integrated circuit (MIC) technology, and its antenna feed circuit includes filters which suppress 2nd harmonic. This proposed rectenna unit is a very simple, compact and novel configuration. It operates in a differential mode, and effectively integrates an antenna array with a rectifying circuit. Its configuration provides the pragmatically advantages such as antenna array design flexibility and rectenna unit extensibility. Herein, the behavior of the rectenna unit was successfully confirmed under low radio frequency (RF) power density. Maximum RF-DC conversion efficiency at 5.8 GHz of Industry-Science-Medical (ISM) band was approximately 27% with the load resistance of 390 Ω when the received power density (PD) was 0.031 W/m2.

A new wireless asynchronous data communications module for industrial applications

All the sensors such as temperature, humidity, and pressure used in industry provide analog outputs as inputs for their control units. Wireless transmission of the data has advantages on wired transmission such as USB port, parallel port and serial port and therefore has great importance for industrial applications. In this work, a new wireless asynchronous data communications module has been developed to send the earth magnetic field data around a ferromagnetic material detected by a KMZ51 AMR sensor. The transmitter module transmits the analog data obtained from a source to a computer environment where they are stored and then presented in a graphical form. In this design, an amplitude shift keying (ASK) transceiver working at the frequency of 433.92MHz which is a frequency inside the so called Industrial Scientific Medical band (ISM band) used for wireless communications. The analog data first fed into a 10-bit ADC controlled by a PIC microcontroller and then the digital data is sent to the transmitter. A preamble bit string is added in front of the data bits and another bit string for achieving synchronization and determination the start of the data is used. The data arriving at the receiver is taken by the microcontroller and sent to a LCD display as well as the serial port of a computer where it is written in a text file. A Visual Basic based graphics interface is designed to receive, store and present the data in the form of graphical shapes. In the paper, all the work has been explained in detail.

A hybrid dielectric resonator antenna based upon novel complex perovskite microwave ceramic

Abstract The microwave dielectric properties of Nd(Mg 0.5− x Ca x Sn 0.5 )O 3 ceramics were examined to evaluate their exploitation in mobile communication. The X-ray diffraction patterns of Nd(Mg 0.43 Ca 0.07 Sn 0.5 )O 3 ceramics revealed no significant variation of phase with sintering temperatures. Nd(Mg 0.43 Ca 0.07 Sn 0.5 )O 3 ceramics that were sintered at 1550 °C for 4 h had the following properties: a density of 6.88 g/cm 3 , a dielectric constant ( e r ) of 19.51, a quality factor ( Qf ) of 100,400 GHz, and a temperature coefficient of resonant frequency ( τ f ) of −57.8 ppm/°C. The proposed hybrid dielectric resonator covered the industrial, scientific, medical (ISM), high-performance radio local area network (HIPERLAN), and unlicensed national information infrastructure (UNII) bands. A 12.5% bandwidth (return loss

Feasibility Study of Optically Transparent CPW-Fed Monopole Antenna at 60-GHz ISM Bands

This paper presents a feasibility study on an optically transparent planar monopole lozenge antenna at the 60-GHz industrial-scientific-medical (ISM) band. The feeding of this antenna is composed of a 50- $\Omega$ meshed coplanar waveguide. The size of the proposed antenna is around 2.3 $\,\times\,$ 2.3 mm $^{2}$ . The transparent and conductive material used to fabricate the proposed antenna is made of a gold grid layer deposited on a 0.2-mm-thick fused silica 7980 Corning substrate. The theoretical transparency equals 83% with a sheet resistance of 0.44 $\Omega$ /sq. The simulated and measured results of the transparent monopole antenna are compared to a nontransparent (but identical) antenna. It was found that both antennas have the same performances in terms of bandwidth, radiation pattern, and gain. The measurements show the same behavior for transparent and nontransparent antennas. These results confirm the absence of ohmic and skin depth losses in the gold grid layer at 60-GHz ISM bands and provide the possibility of implementing transparent antennas with performances absolutely identical to the nontransparent ones, with the advantage of a soft visual impact.

Design of a Miniaturized High-Isolation Diversity Antenna for Wearable WBAN Applications

This paper proposes a miniaturized high-isolation diversity antenna for wearable wireless body area network (WBAN) applications. An inverted-F type radiating element is used to reduce the overall dimension of the proposed antenna to <TEX>$30mm{\times}30mm{\times}2.5mm$</TEX>. The antenna performance on the human body phantom is analyzed through simulation and the performance of the fabricated antenna is verified by comparing the measured data with that of the simulation when the antenna is placed on a semi-solid flat phantom with equivalent electrical properties of a human body. The fabricated antenna has a 10 dB return loss bandwidth over the Industrial Scientific Medical (ISM) band from 2.35 GHz to 2.71 GHz and isolation is higher than 28 dB at 2.45 GHz. The measured peak gain of antenna elements # 1 and # 2 is -0.43 dBi and -0.54 dBi, respectively. Performance parameters are analyzed, including envelope correlation coefficient (ECC), mean effective gain (MEG), and the MEG ratio. In addition, the specific absorption ratio (SAR) distributions of the proposed antenna are measured for consideration in use.

A 1 V 5 mA Multimode IEEE 802.15.6/Bluetooth Low-Energy WBAN Transceiver for Biotelemetry Applications

This paper presents a 1 V multi-mode RF transceiver for wireless body area network (WBAN) applications. Operating in the 2.36 GHz Medical Body Area Networks (MBANs) and the 2.4 GHz Industrial, Scientific & Medical (ISM) frequency bands, the transceiver implements rotated differential-phase shift keying (DPSK) and Gaussian filtered frequency shift keying (GFSK) modulation for both IEEE 802.15.6 Narrow Band (NB) and Bluetooth Low-Energy (LE) PHY standards. Also included is a proprietary 900 MHz ISM band transmitter utilizing FSK modulation. The wireless transceiver operates half-duplex, and for IEEE 802.15.6 achieves -104/-96.5 dBm receiver input sensitivity (for 10% packet error rate) at data rates of 121.4/971.4 kbps and -94 dBm for Bluetooth LE (for 0.1% bit error rate) at 1 Mbps. Transmit power up to +3/+5 dBm is achievable for IEEE 802.15.6 and Bluetooth LE respectively. The transceiver consumes 4.8 mA during IEEE 802.15.6 & Bluetooth LE receive, and 4.6 mA during Bluetooth LE transmit at -10 dBm output power, from a 1.0 V supply. For IEE802.15.6 transmission at -10 dBm output power, 5.9 mW is consumed, dropping to 1.7 mW for proprietary 900 MHz transmission. This performance surpasses state-of-the-art power consumption and represents the first published transceiver for the IEEE 802.15.6 NB PHY standard. It is fabricated in a 0.13 μm CMOS technology and occupies approximately 5.9 mm <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">2</sup> .

Wearable Quarter-Wave Folded Microstrip Antenna for Passive UHF RFID Applications

A wearable low-profile inset-fed quarter-wave folded microstrip patch antenna for noninvasive activity monitoring of elderly is presented. The proposed antenna is embedded with a sensor-enabled passive radio-frequency identification (RFID) tag operating in the ultra-high frequency (UHF) industrial-scientific-medical (ISM) band around 900 MHz. The device exhibits a low and narrow profile based on a planar folded quarter-wave length patch structure and is integrated on a flexible substrate to maximise comfort to the wearer. An extended ground plane made from silver fabric successfully minimises the impact of the human body on the antenna performance. Measurements on a prototype demonstrate a reflection coefficient (S11) of −30 dB at resonance and a −10 dB bandwidth from 920 MHz to 926 MHz. Simulation results predict a maximum gain of 2.8 dBi. This is confirmed by tag measurements where a 4-meter read range is achieved using a transmit power of 30 dBm, for the case where the passive wearable tag antenna is mounted on a body in a practical setting. This represents an almost 40% increase in read range over an existing dipole antenna placed over a 10 mm isolator layer on a human subject.

A Wireless Magnetoresistive Sensing System for an Intraoral Tongue-Computer Interface

Tongue drive system (TDS) is a tongue-operated, minimally invasive, unobtrusive, and wireless assistive technology (AT) that infers users' intentions by detecting their voluntary tongue motion and translating them into user-defined commands. Here we present the new intraoral version of the TDS (iTDS), which has been implemented in the form of a dental retainer. The iTDS system-on-a-chip (SoC) features a configurable analog front-end (AFE) that reads the magnetic field variations inside the mouth from four 3-axial magnetoresistive sensors located at four corners of the iTDS printed circuit board (PCB). A dual-band transmitter (Tx) on the same chip operates at 27 and 432 MHz in the Industrial/Scientific/Medical (ISM) band to allow users to switch in the presence of external interference. The Tx streams the digitized samples to a custom-designed TDS universal interface, built from commercial off-the-shelf (COTS) components, which delivers the iTDS data to other devices such as smartphones, personal computers (PC), and powered wheelchairs (PWC). Another key block on the iTDS SoC is the power management integrated circuit (PMIC), which provides individually regulated and duty-cycled 1.8 V supplies for sensors, AFE, Tx, and digital control blocks. The PMIC also charges a 50 mAh Li-ion battery with constant current up to 4.2 V, and recovers data and clock to update its configuration register through a 13.56 MHz inductive link. The iTDS SoC has been implemented in a 0.5-μm standard CMOS process and consumes 3.7 mW on average.

EFFICIENT DATA AND POWER TRANSFER FOR BIO-IMPLANTED DEVICES BASED ON ASK MODULATION TECHNIQUES

This paper presents a fully integrated system for implanted micro-system devices with efficient power and data transfer based on amplitude shift keying (ASK) modulation techniques. A proposed efficient class-E power amplifier is presented. The design presents a full transcutaneous inductive powering system to transfer power and data from an outside human body to implanted devices such as implanted microsystems to stimulate and monitor the nerves and muscles with low band frequency of 13.56 MHz according to the industrial–scientific–medical (ISM) band to avoid the tissue damage. A novel ASK demodulator powered with 1.9 V is proposed with a power recovery system. The modulation index is 13% and the modulation rate 7.3% with data rate 1 Mbit/s, and with power efficiency 66%. The system has been designed using 0.35-μm fabricated CMOS technology. The mathematical model is given and the design is simulated using OrCAD PSpice 16.2 software tool and for real-time simulation, the electronic workbench MULISIM 11 has been used to simulate the class-E power amplifier.

Impact of High Power Interference Sources in Planning and Deployment of Wireless Sensor Networks and Devices in the 2.4 GHz Frequency Band in Heterogeneous Environments

In this work, the impact of radiofrequency radiation leakage from microwave ovens and its effect on 802.15.4 ZigBee-compliant wireless sensor networks operating in the 2.4 GHz Industrial Scientific Medical (ISM) band is analyzed. By means of a novel radioplanning approach, based on electromagnetic field simulation of a microwave oven and determination of equivalent radiation sources applied to an in-house developed 3D ray launching algorithm, estimation of the microwave oven's power leakage is obtained for the complete volume of an indoor scenario. The magnitude and the variable nature of the interference is analyzed and the impact in the radio link quality in operating wireless sensors is estimated and compared with radio channel measurements as well as packet measurements. The measurement results reveal the importance of selecting an adequate 802.15.4 channel, as well as the Wireless Sensor Network deployment strategy within this type of environment, in order to optimize energy consumption and increase the overall network performance. The proposed method enables one to estimate potential interference effects in devices operating within the 2.4 GHz band in the complete scenario, prior to wireless sensor network deployment, which can aid in achieving the most optimal network topology.

Fingerprinting 무선측위 알고리즘을 이용한 영역 기반의 주파수 간섭 관리 기법

미래의 지능형 공장 환경은 관리자가 M2M (Machine-to-Machine) 통신을 이용하여 원격으로 공장 안의 기기들의 동작 상태와 환경을 인지하고 관리하는 것을 목표로 하고 있다. 하지만, 공장 안에서 사용하는 통신 프로토콜인 WLAN (Wireless Local Area Network), ZigBee, Bluetooth 등은 동일한 ISM (Industrial Scientific Medical) 대역을 사용하기 때문에 상호 간섭이 발생하게 된다. 본 논문에서는 Fingerprinting 무선측위 기술을 이용하여 영역 기반으로 주파수를 할당하는 기법을 제안한다. 그리고 일반적인 기법이 가지고 있는 측위 성능의 문제점을 개선하기 위하여, k-NN (Nearest Neighbor) 알고리즘을 적용하고 또한 이를 기반으로 한 새로운 기법도 제안한다. 모의실험 결과를 통해 제안된 무선측위 알고리즘이 다른 기법들보다 측위 성능의 오차가 감소하였으며, 궁극적인 목표로 하고 있는 채널 간섭율 또한 향상되었기에 주파수의 간섭을 보다 효율적으로 관리할 수 있다는 결론을 얻었다. 아울러 지속적인 위치 추정을 통하여 공장 환경 내 안전도 보장할 수 있음을 확인하였다. In an intelligent automated manufacturing environment, an administrator may use M2M (Machine-to-Machine) communication to recognize machine movement and the environment, as well as to respond to any potential dangers. However, commonly used wireless protocols for this purpose such WLAN (Wireless Local Area Network), ZigBee, and Bluetooth use the same ISM (Industrial Science Medical) band, and this may cause frequency interference among different devices. Moreover, an administrator is frequently exposed to dangerous conditions as a result of being surrounded by densely distributed moving machines. To address this issue, we propose in this paper to employ a location-based frequency interference management using fingerprinting scheme in industrial environments and its advanced localization schemes based on k-NN (Nearest Neighbor) algorithms. Simulation results indicate that the proposed schemes reduce distance error, frequency interference, and any potential danger may be responded immediately by continuous tracing of the locations.